http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.

com

EARTHING TRANSFORMERS FOR POWER SYSTEMS

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

ABSTRACT:-

Normally power systems and net works are operated under variable complex stresses.In power systems the faults are not avodable even after taking utmost care at every stagefrom planning to maintainance. The grounding of a circuit reduces potential stresses under fault condition. Power feeding from delta delta or if there is no accessibility for star connected transformers occasionally shorted to ground is very common-un-intentional grounding occurs any where from the feeding system to utilization equipment The main objective of grounding neutral is to make a short circuit current sufficient in magnitude for the relay action. This article restricted to zig-zag type with oil filled transformers. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from generator to transformers. In the absence of a power transformer of suitable capacity, connection and design a separate grounding transformer can be used . They are inductive devices intended primarily to provide a neutral point for grounding purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss about the difference between Earthing transformer and Power transformer and to discuss about the designing of earth transformers.

INTRODUCTION:A transformer is a device which electromagnetically transfers A.C. voltage from one level to another level. An earthing transformer is a transformer primarily to provide a neutral point for grounding purpose. The sole duty of the grounding transformer is to pass ground current during an earth fault., and it carries no useful load. The desirable quantities of an earthing transformer are low zero impedance and low losses (no load losses). http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

FUNCTION OF EARTHING TRANSFORMERS: Apart from providing an easy path to ground current during an earth fault, the following additional functions are also to be achieved Holding the neutral shift with in the limits Permitting the circulation of unbalanced load current in the neutral To limit the current during line to earth faults To earth the system To provide single phase line to neutral load Can be used with resistance /reactance/arc suppression coil

COMPARISION TRANSFORMERS:-

BETWEEN

EARTHING

AND

POWER

The selection any transformer mainly by two factors-namely, primary voltage and load .For an earthing transformer load is short time or short duty ( only at the time of fault) ,normally from a few seconds to one minute

COMPARISION CHARACTERISTICS
2.29MVA (S.C) 6.6KV 600 Amps(ET@) ET@ Purpose KVA rating Voltages in general No of windings 2MVA11/0.433KV Dynl 1 (PT@) PT@ or lowering

To provide a neutral point Raiding for earthing voltages Short time Up to 33kv One/two Continuous

Higher voltages(even 220KV and above) One/two/three

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com Direction of power flow S.C with stand duration Losses Uni direction 10sec.to 1 min No load losses BI-directional 2 sec No load losses and load losses Normal Short circuit impedance

Magnetizing current Priority for impedance Short circuit current Leakage reactance

Very less Zero sequence impedance

Depends on system from Up to 25 times normal few hundred amperes to few current thousand amperes Little More

Type of voltage mixed Transportation Short circuit temperature In degrees centigrade Harmonic residuals Load factor Insulation Efficiency Cost

Constant(in general) Road 250 free Low Uniform More Less

Constant/variable/regulation Road/Rail 250 exist High Uniform/graded Less More

Weights, losses, dimensions and cost factors are much lower. Rise of oil /winding temperature is very less.

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com Higher specific loading and efficiency. More significant factor is zero sequence impedance.

Significance of zero sequence parameters

In symmetrical components the positive sequence is one having normal phase sequence; the second is of negative sequence with reversed phase sequence; and the third that has no sequence and is called zero sequence are important parameters. An earth fault is one that part of the current in the faulty phase returns to the supply through the earth. This is due to a symmetrical component consisting of three single phase currents - one in each line, and all being in phase. In general, the impedance of the transformer is the main factor which influences applications. The zero sequence impedance of a standard earthing transformer can be calculated from the following formula: 3E Zs = In Where Zs=Impedance in ohms / phase E=Line-to-line voltage in KV In=neutral current in amps In a certain system it is necessary to insert resistance or reactance to restrict the fault current. The zero sequence impedance is used in short circuit calculations. When a zero sequence component of three line currents are compounded, they will add together to produce a resultant called a residue, whilst the positive and negative sequence components get cancelled in the transformer. The magnetic field produced by a zero-sequence set of currents is radically different from those produced by negative or positive sequence currents, and http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com therefore zero sequence impedance is generally very different from positive and negative impedances. A zero sequence reactance is equal to or less than a positive sequence and it depends on the form of core construction and disposition of the windings

Why inter-connected star winding is preferred?

The purpose to establish a suitable ground path can be achieved with the help of three pairs of concentric coils connected to oppose ampere turns. As the fluxes oppose, the transformer takes a very small magnetizing current during normal condition. Lines of force enclosing both coils on one limb are therefore impossible. The earth fault current finds little impedance. This connection has unique characteristics, and is preferred to other types of neutral deriving transformers. The main features are: Winding has much lower impedance to zero sequence currents. Free form harmonic residuals. Stable neutral can be obtained. Most economical and practical. Can be used with three phase system without secondary winding. Permitting single phase line to neutral. Can be economically used with resistance/reactance/are suppression coil. Equivalent KVA is approximately 57.5% of star-delta transformer. Avoidance of undesirable stresses in the insulation. Can be used with either delta or star connected winding to feed desired load. It keeps zero sequence impedance constant even when auxiliary winding under load. Fault current is not reflected on to the secondary side (auxiliary winding).

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

From the above, it is very clear that the inter-connected star winding can be utilized either as an earthing transformer or power transformer, or in combination depending upon the requirement.

Rating and its inter-related parameters of an earthing transformer

The earthing transformer is of short time rating (10 seconds to 1 minute). The rating of an earthing transformer is entirely different from that of a power transformer. Power transformers are designed to carry total load continuously, whilst an earthing transformer carries no load, and supplies current only if one of the lines becomes grounded. It is usual to specify the single phase earth fault current, that the earthing transformer must carry for sufficient time. Since it is almost working on no-load, dictates to have low iron losses. Because of it being a short time device, its size and cost are less than that of a continuous duty transformer of equal KVA rating. The KVA rating of a three phase earthing transformer or a bank is the product of normal line to neutral voltage (KV) and the neutral or ground amperes that the transformer is designed to carry under fault conditions for a specified time. The total earth fault current and V the line voltage, the earthing transformer short time rating is equal to 3VI.

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

v/3 v/3 v/3

Three phase inter connected star neutral earthing transformer

When specifying rating of the earthing transformer the important parameters are:

1. Voltage:- The line-to-line voltage of the system. 2. Current:-The maximum neutral current to carry for a specified duration. In a grounded system it is based on the type of grounding. Depending on their duration, several rates of short 3. Time:-Designed to carry rated current for a short time duration i.e., 10 seconds to 60 seconds .Depending upon the time setting of the protective gear on the system, And the location of the transformer .Earthing transformer time is 10 sec for protection, and for feeder it I 60 sec. 4. Reactance:-this quantity is a function of the initial symmetrical three phase short circuit KVA. It is also based on the type of grounding, and type of application of lightning arrester and transient over voltages.

Major design, constructional and manufacturing features

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

The desired electrical parameters of the earthing transformer are to be achieved by verifying the calculations based on electrical, mechanical and thermal computations. Such as the required electrical strength, mechanical ruggedness, dynamic and thermal resistance of the windings in the event of short circuit, are to be Solved carefully at the designed stage. when designed as an earthing transformer it is Usually manufactured as an auto transformer (inter-start).

Schematic winding arrangement of interconnected star earthing transformer

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

The following brief details refer to a core type oil filled transformer with cylindrical windings for zig-zag-with or without auxiliary winding-which are popular all over the world. The core of such a transformer is built in the same manner as that of a transformer the only difference is that instead of two windings per limb which is divided into two equal portions, and connected as shown in figure. The currents flowing are in opposition, there by undesirable harmonics are avoided. The choice of the winding configurations are dictated by zero sequence impedance in a single winding .with an auxiliary by both zero sequence and short circuit impedance. Auxiliary winding may be used continuously to supply station auxilaries. The type of windings may be either multilayer helical or disc windings mainly based on current and voltages .generally, voltages of these transformers are up to 33 KV and currents up to several kilo amps based on system requirements .figure-3

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

shows different configurations .figure-3b&3care required to meet both zero sequence impedance and short circuit impedance .magnetic and electric loadings are similar to that of a power transformer .the basis for intimate temperature rise calculation is that all the heat is stored in the copper without dissipation to insulating media or surroundings .according to standards ,the end temperature rise depends on the duration of the fault the ultimate being 250 c for a copper winding in oil .for continuous rating the calculation is similar to that of a normal power transformer .insulation design is mainly based on delectric constants of paper and oil .the ideal stress distribution can be obtained through field plotting by the finite element method .because of the frequent short circuit capability, remedial measures like strengthening of the coils, proper materials, and avoidance of magnetic asymmetry are to be observed. Since only iron losses are to be dissipated, the tank dissipation is adequate in a majority of the cases with auxiliary loading proper care is necessary in respect of heat dissipation for the reliability of the transformer. In case of earthing transformers for industrial applications and for heavily polluted atmosphere the demand is for bushings of higher creep age distances to avoid frequent flashovers. Furthers, the external surfaces are to be painted with epoxy base paint .testing of these transformers are in accordance with national and international

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com standards to verify various parameters. And, transportation of these transformers are similar to small power transformers.

Conclusion:Through the earthing transformers are of smaller ratings compared to normal power and EHV transformers these are very critical equipments in utility and industrial applications. Their fault currents are different for different installations. Comparison of these industrial transformers are to be carefully differentiated. A deep study is required for different earthing methods, and for coordination of the system equipments for reliable operation. Further research study on a distribution transformer with out major modification of their electrical parameters is desired. When geomagnetic field disturbances caused by DC induced currents enter power system at grounded neutral, these are to be carefully evaluated in comparison with line to earth fault currents. Reference: 1. Electrical India journal,

http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com