SAS 1: Recognizing the Particle Nature of Matter Different Characteristics of the 3 Common States of Matter

The Particle Theory of Matter postulates the following:

Spaces between the individual particles are very large compared to
the sizes of the particles
● Particles of matter have spaces between them
Together close, attract the most
● Particles attract each other
● All particles of the same substance are identical to each
other in every way. Different substances are made of
different particles
Matter is made up of tiny particles. All matter is made of extremely
tiny particles (much, much smaller than cells) .
● Particles are always in motion. The temperature of the
particles controls how much they move about. As
temperature increases, kinetic energy increases and
particles of matter move faster

● Matter composed of atoms and molecules best

● It is non-matter when it does not possess the describes the particle nature of matter
characteristic/s of Particle Theory of Matter. ● What happens to the kinetic energy of particles during a
phase change from a solid to a liquid? It remains the
SAS 2: Identifying States of Matter and Phase Changes same.
● Deposition is an example of a phase change from a gas
to a solid.
● At absolute zero temperature, matter does not exist.
● Explain why ice floats on water is an example of a
high-order thinking question about particle nature of matter,
states of matter, and phase changes?
● Sublimation is a phase changes requires the greatest
amount of energy

SAS 3: Identifying Properties of Matter

Physical properties of matter are properties that can be measured

or observed without matter changing to a different substance. For
example, whether a given substance normally exists as a solid,
liquid, or gas is a physical property. Consider water. It is a liquid at
room temperature, but if it freezes and changes to ice, it is still water.
Generally, physical properties are things you can see, hear, smell, or
Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with feel with your senses.
component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and
fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, Physical change occurs when the physical properties of a substance
but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are altered, but the composition
are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state remains the same. No new substance forms in a physical change.
has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its
container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Examples of physical properties: Color, Hardness, Electrical
Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as conductivity, Heat conductivity, Melting point, Boiling point and
well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and phase changes.
electrons, both of which can move around freely.
Chemical property is one which is observed when matter
undergoes a transformation that results in a change of composition.
Gasoline will burn in air to form products which are very different
from the original material. Iron will rust in moist air to form a Ductility - Ability to be drawn into a thin wire
compound called iron oxide. (Karla used a machine to transform copper into wires for her art and
crafts project.)
Changes that do alter the identity of a substance. Chemical
changes, also called chemical reactions, are the result of the Malleability - ability to deform under pressure or hammering
chemical properties of mater. After a chemical change, the without cracking or breaking.
composition is no longer the same. (Diane hammered metal sheets to create a sword for her warrior
princess costume.)
Physical properties of matter are categorized as either intensive or
extensive Viscosity - a liquid's resistance to flow.
(Anna had a hard time pouring condensed milk into the mixing bowl.)
Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present.
Ex: Color, Odor, Taste, Luster, Malleability, Ductility, Conductivity, Flexibility - refers to how bendable something is.
Hardness, Melting/ freezing point, Boiling point, Density. (Jenny likes playing with her long rubber pencil. She is fond of
bending it in different angles and tying it to make knot)
Extensive properties do depend on the amount of matter present.
Ex: Weight, Volume, Length, Width, Mass, Surface area.

Module 4: Classifying Matter

ACID- substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in
water.

BASE- substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in

water.
Special Properties of matter: COLLOID- a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a
Diffusibility - capability of being poured or spread out. dispersing medium made of another substance.
(Perfume Fragrance)
COMPOUND- substance composed of atoms of two or more
Brittleness - is the property of being broken easily. elements chemically united in fixed proportions.
(Hazel easily broke her ceramic piggy bank to buy a
birthday present for her sister.) ELEMENTS- substances that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.
Thermal - Those properties of a material which is related to its
conductivity of heat. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE- the individual component of a
(Emma used a stainless steel kettle to boil water.) mixture remain physically separated and can be seen as separate
components.
Compressibility - the measure of how much a given volume of
matter decreases when placed under pressure. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE- the composition of mixture, after
(Scuba divers use air tanks to breathe underwater.) sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the solution.

Elasticity - The property of matter to regain its original shape and INORGANIC COMPOUND- compounds other than organic
size after removal of the deforming forces compounds.
(Mitch and Tin played with a slinky during recess. They kept
stretching its ends far away from each other but once they MATTER- anything that occupies space and has mass.
let go, it goes back to its original state.)
METAL- element that are good conductor of heat and electricity and
Capillarity - defined as the ascension of liquids through slim tube, have the tendency to form positive
cylinder or permeable substance. ions in ionic compounds.
(Christine went to the hospital to donate blood. She was amazed on
how her blood was able to pass through small tubes. METALLOID- element with properties intermediate between those of
metals and non- metals.
MIXTURE- combination of two or more substances in which the
substances retain their identity.

NON- METAL- element that usually poor conductors of heat and

electricity.

ORGANIC COMPOUND- compounds that contain carbon, usually in

combination with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
sulfur.

OXIDES - substances that contains at least one oxygen atom and

one other element in its chemical formula.

SALTS - is the product of the reaction between an acid and a base

(other than water). An inorganic salt
is just any salt that doesn't contain carbon.

SOLUTION- A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

SUBSTANCE- a form of matter that has a definite or constant

composition.

SUSPENSION- heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large

particles scattered through solid, liquid,
gas and it is bigger than solution and colloid.

Additional note:
ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT ELEMENTS ARE JUST IN PERIODIC
TABLE AND COMPOUND ARE MULTIPLE ATOMS TO FORM A
MOLECULE.

Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom.

Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more different
types of elements.

Examples of Pure Substances

All elements are mostly pure substances. A few of them include
gold, copper, oxygen, chlorine, diamond, etc. Compounds such as
water, salt or crystals, baking soda amongst others are also grouped
as pure substances.

Module 5: Gathering Quantitative Data

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard

or known value.

Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to

each other.

Precision is independent of accuracy

There are three rules on determining how many significant

figures are in a number:

1. Non-zero digits are always significant.

2. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY
are significant.
But according to sir from his last activity, there are 6 rules in finding
the significant figures.

Significant figures, also known as significant digits, are a set of rules

used to express the precision of a measured or calculated value.
These rules help ensure that the final result reflects the precision of
the original data.

Here are the key rules for significant figures:

1. Non-zero digits (1-9) are always significant. Example: 357 has

three significant figures.

2. Leading zeros (zeros before the first non-zero digit) are not
significant and are considered placeholders. Example: 0.005 has
one significant figure (the digit 5).

3. Captive zeros (zeros between non-zero digits) are always

significant. Example: 506 has three significant figures.

4. Trailing zeros in a decimal number are always significant.

Example: 12.300 has five significant figures.

5. Trailing zeros in a whole number without a decimal point are not

considered significant. Example: 1200 has two significant figures.

6. In numbers written in scientific notation, all digits are significant.

If ang problem kay tag as pariha anang no. 14-15 kay i diritso ra
Example: 2.54 x 104 has three significant figures (2, 5, and 4).
gihapon siya.

Operations with Significant Figures:

Addition and Subtraction: The result should be rounded to the least

number of decimal places in any of the original numbers. Example:
12.345 + 6.7 = 19.045 → Rounded to 19.1 (1 decimal place).

Multiplication and Division: The result should have the same number
of significant figures as the original number with the fewest
significant figures. Example: 3.14 x 2.18 = 6.8532 → Rounded to
6.85 (3 significant figures). Important Note: These rules apply to
measured or calculated values and not to exact numbers or
constants. For example, in the expression 2.54 cm (1 inch = 2.54
cm), the value "2.54" has three significant figures because it is an
exact conversion factor.