Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 21, No. 5, p. 50-57, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Indigenous knowledge practices on management of key crop

pests in Kitui West Subcounty, Kenya
David Mutua Kitheka*, Benjamin K. Muli

School of Agriculture, Environment, Water and Natural Resources South Eastern Kenya University,
Kenya

Article published on November 05, 2022

Key words: Indigenous knowledge, Pest management, Control

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa's subsistence agriculture is characterized by food deficits, recurrent famines, and
poverty caused by irregular rainfall, deteriorating soil fertility, pests, and illnesses. Pests have not spared
Kitui County's small-scale farmers. They've resorted to unjustified and unregulated pesticide use. In
addition to chemical exposure, there is a risk of degradation and loss of valuable Indigenous Knowledge.
The current study gathered information on traditional pest management approaches in Kitui West sub-
county, Kitui County, Kenya with an aim of documenting it. It included a field study using a questionnaire
and a desk evaluation of current information in Kitui west. Results of the current study indicated that
farmers adopt various AIK methods to manage field and storage pests. Older farmers (46.10%) are more
likely to adopt indigenous pest management practices than younger farmers (0.7%). More educated farmers
favored chemical pest control over less educated farmers. The current study provides valuable information
which can be used by farmers and policy makers in making pest management decisions.
* Corresponding Author: David Mutua Kitheka  [email protected]

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Introduction pesticide residues causing harm to aquatic ecosystems.

Sub-Saharan Africa's subsistence agriculture is According to USGS (1999), pesticides from every major
characterized by food deficits, cyclic famines, and chemical class pollute groundwater globally. Once
poverty caused by erratic rainfall patterns, declining groundwater is contaminated, it may take years to
soil fertility, and crop pests and diseases (Ogendo et dilute and clean up the chemicals, and the process may
al., 2013; Mihale et al., 2009). Pests and illnesses be costly and complex (Aktar et al., 2009).
cause 15–100% and 10–60% of pre-and post-harvest
food grain losses, respectively (Saxena et al., 1990; Before modern pesticides, farmers effectively used
Wanjekeche, 1997). Kaminski and Christiansen indigenous knowledge (IK) to manage field and
(2014) estimate pest-related maize crop losses in storage pests on farms (Kiplang'at and Rotich, 2008),
Uganda, Malawi, and Tanzania between 1.4% to 5.9%. so they were less exposed to chemicals, and
Insects jeopardize food security. Farmers fight pests pollinators were unaffected. Studies suggest
using synthetic insecticides. Most subsistence farmers combining scientific knowledge with AIK improves
don't know how to safely apply synthetic pesticides, pest management (Ogendo et al., 2013). AIK is a key
contaminating farm produce with pesticide residues. source of knowledge for sustainable development
Synthetic pesticides cause ecological and medical (Anyira 2010; Claxton, 2010) and offers great
difficulties, yet they don't minimize pest losses prospects for enhanced agricultural production and
(Blackman and Eastop, 1999). Kumar (2010) noted food security (Zaid and Egberongbe, 2011). With the

that rapid environmental, social, economic, and present trends in pesticide use and the fact that much

political changes in indigenous communities pose a IK is unrecorded, there is a rising risk that this IK

threat to their indigenous knowledge. According to may erode with shifting generations, hence the need

WHO (2016), pesticide residue in food is a leading to identify and document IK methods employed in

cause of diseases like cancer. Pesticide use has hurt Kitui West Sub County

pollinators, reducing agricultural output (Thompsons

Materials and method
and Hunt, 1999). Grain pests threaten subsistence
The study was carried out in Kitui west Sub County,
grain production, storage, and handling (Ogendo et
Kitui County. Kitui County is one of Kenya's 47
al., 2013). Damage from field insects varies by season,
counties, located 160km east of Nairobi. It's the sixth-
crop, growth stage, and agronomic practices (John et
largest county, covering 30,496.4km2. There are 8
al., 2015). Approximately 1.3 billion tons (One-third)
subcounties in Kitui County namely; Kitui West, Kitui
of the food produced globally is lost anually during
Central, Kitui Rural, Kitui South, Kitui East, Mwingi
postharvest operations (Gustavsson et al., 2011).
North, Mwingi West and Mwingi Central. Kitui West
Insect pests cause most storage losses (Kumar and
is an administrative unit covering three divisions
Kalita, 2017). Food supply chain losses are highest
namely; Kauwi, Mutonguni and Usiani. Kitui West
during storage, according to several studies (Kumar
Sub County's population according to the national
and Kalita, 2017). Types of storage structures
census in 2019 was 70,871. Kauwi and Mutonguni
contribute to food losses. After 90 days in granaries
divisions were chosen purposively for the study due to
and polypropylene bags, Costa (2014) estimated
their distinct cultural identities and AIK knowledge.
maize grain losses of 59.48%.
Kitui West Sub County receives meager and
Kenya has promoted synthetic pesticides for over 50 unpredictable rainfall and is arid and semi-arid
years (Ogendo et al., 2013). Despite high pesticide (ASAL). Maize and beans are the principal crops
costs, pollution, and water contamination, this has grown. Green grams, cassava, millet, sorghum,
continued. Pesticides contaminate soil, water, turf, and cowpeas, and pigeon peas are also grown.
vegetation and are toxic to birds, fish, beneficial
insects, and other non-target organisms. Runoff from One hundred and eighty four (184) respondents were
pesticide-treated areas contaminate surface water with randomly selected from a target population of 500

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 Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.

farmers in Kauwi and mutonguni divisions of Kitui compare Kitui West Sub-county's divisions'
West Subcounty. productivity, land size, and AIK application. Using
content analysis, qualitative data was sorted into
Both primary and secondary data was collected themes, categories, and patterns to detect trends and
during this study. The collection of primary data patterns. Correlation analysis was used to explore the
involved field observation, note-taking and association between gender and education level in the
interviews. A structured questionnaire which utilization of African indigenous knowledge.
comprised closed and open-ended questions was used
for the survey. Before the survey, the questionnaire Results
was pilot-tested. According to Orodho (2005), 10% of The main challenges that affect crop production in the
the sampled population is enough for a pilot study; study area include unreliable and poorly distributed
hence 18 respondents were covered. Review of rainfall (36.6%), pests and diseases (26.0%),
relevant books, articles, scientific journals, discussion inadequate farm inputs (22.9%) and inadequate
papers, theses, institutional reports, and working knowledge and skills (10.5%), and unreliable markets
papers provided secondary data. and inadequate land (4.0%). According to the study,
farmers know about various crop-damaging pests in
Determining the effectiveness of ash in controlling the area. Majority of respondents (97%) said stalk-
cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus) borers, aphids, beetles, weevils, larger grain borers,
According to Kitheka (unpublished data), 41.1% of rodents, and birds are their main field pests. A variety
farmers use ash to control storage pests. 21.7% of of AIK techniques have been used to manage field and
farmers said cowpea is the most pest-prone crop storage pests with varying degrees of success in the
during storage. Ash and cowpea were chosen for study area. Results of the current study indicate that
validation. The investigation was conducted at ash was the most effective AIK method for the control
SEKU's agriculture lab. During the studies, 10kg of of field pests, followed by the use of cow dung, donkey
newly harvested cowpeas were used. Two kilograms waste, pepper, and honey wax (Fig. 1).
of ash from a farmer's property were sieved with a
2mm sieve. One hundred (100) cowpea seeds were Table 1. Major crops that are grown in Kitui West
randomly selected from 10kgs and counted for Sub-county.
infestation. 100 seeds were placed in a 4-by-8-inch Crop (Common and Scientific name) Family Percent
khaki paper packet. This was repeated 120 times to Maize (Zea mays) Gramineae 17.1%
Greengrams (Vigna radiata) Fabaceae 16.1%
generate 100-seed samples. 120 samples (each with Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Fabaceae 15.3%
100 seeds) were randomly separated into four groups Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) Fabaceae 15.3%
Pigeon peas Cajanus cajan) Fabaceae 14.1%
(each with 30 samples) and maintained at room Dolichos (Lablab purpureus) Fabaceae 12.3%
temperature at SEKU. 30 samples were kept Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Poaceae 4.7%
Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Poaceae 2.8%
untreated as a control group. In categories 2–4, 30 Bananas (Musa acuminate) Musaceae 0.1%
samples were treated with ashes. Each second- Others: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Asteraceae)

category sample received 5 grams of ashes. In groups

3 and 4, each sample received 10 and 15 grams. After
one week, the number of contaminated seeds in each
sample was reported. Five weeks passed.

Data Analysis
Data was examined qualitatively and quantitatively.
Respondents' gender, age, education level, and land
size were measured for central tendency and chi- Fig. 1. Popularity of different AIK methods for the
square independence. Chi-square tests were used to management of field pests in Kitui West.

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Other field pest control methods mentioned include differences in the use of AIK between the two
uprooting and burying affected plants, spraying a divisions. The responders were 50 years old on
mixture of wood ash and cow urine on plants, average. Most respondents (78.1%) were above the
spraying Aloe vera and detergent soap on plants, age of 40, while the minority (21.9%) were between
spraying green leaves maize soup and the filtrate on the ages of eighteen and thirty-nine. Male-headed
plants, scaring birds away with scarecrows, poisoned households accounted for only thirty-five percent
bait to catch rodents, uprooting and burying affected (35%) of all households, with female-headed
plants, and using coriander (Coriandrum sativum) households accounting for the majority (65%). The
seeds the physical killing of the pests and use of Aloe majority of farmers over the age of 50 (46.10
vera and neem (Azadirachta indica). percent) used AIK to manage field and storage
pests. The use of AIK was influenced by age. It
Effect of age and education on the use of AIK found that as one's age increased, so did the use of
The age and educational levels of the two divisions AIK in pest management. Older farmers had more
of Kitui West Sub-county did not show major expertise with AIK procedures and were more
variations. In addition, there were no notable confident in implementing AIK practices. (Fig. 2)

Table 2. Effect of different concentrations of ash on infestation rates of Bruchids (Callosobrochus masculatus)
on cowpea exposed for different lengths of time.
Concentration of ash Mean (±SE) number of infested seeds (n=30)
(grams per 100 seeds) After 7 days After 14 days After 21 days After 28 days P-value
0g 5.33±0.308Aa 3.97±0.337Abc 3.53±0.261Abc 4.03±0.36Abc <0.05
25g 4.03±0.481Ba 2.87±0.302Bac 2.57±0.355Bcd 2.33±0.211Bcd <0.05
50g 1.00±0.144Ca 1.00±0.136Ca 0.53±0.124Cbc 0.63±0.112Cac <0.05
75g 1.13±0.150Ca 0.83±0.167Cab 0.57±0.114Cbc 0.33±0.100Cc <0.05
P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Means within a column followed by same upper-case letters are not significantly different and means within a
row followed by same lower-case letters are not significantly different (Tukey test, P≤0.05).

Effectiveness of wood ash in managing cowpea

bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus) under storage
conditions
All ash concentrations employed in the study affected
bruchid infestation rates (Callosobruchus
maculatus). Different ash concentrations affected
bruchid infestation rates. 5g of ash treated 100 seeds
showed a greater infection rate. Fewer with 10g and
15g wood ash. The infestation rate by bruchids was
Fig. 2. Effect of age on the use of AIK in Kitui West. not significantly different between 10g and 15g ash in
100 cowpea grains at 7-day intervals. 14-day, 21-day,
Majority of AIK users had primary education (53.5%), and 28-day intervals showed a similar tendency.
followed by no formal education (25.7%), followed by
14.1% AIK practitioners have a secondary education, Discussion
and 4.2% have a university degree. Males (2.5%) had Scientists and agriculture stakeholders agree on the
more secondary and tertiary education than females. usefulness of AIK in pest management, and its earned
30% of farmers have no pesticide training. a global reputation (Muthee et al., 2019). This is
because the chemical technique causes more harm
The results also indicate that the use of AIK did not than good to consumers, and AIK relies only on
depend upon the level of education (p-value of 0.001). natural goods. Using AIK for pest management also

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 Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.

helps ensure the planet's sustainability. Insect pests, extension services, or inputs. This may explain why
rats, and birds have been shown to be a big problem formal education and indigenous knowledge are
for most farmers (Deng et al., 2009; Laizer et al., unrelated. Kiplang'at and Rotich (2008) found that
2019). This is corroborated by the findings of the people with good AIK lacked formal education.
current study in Kitui West subcounty. . Results of the Abdulsalam-Saghir and Banmeke (2015) observed a
current study have shown that farmers apply various similar link in Ogun, Nigeria, suggesting that
AIK methods in management of field and storage education hurts AIK. This may be because young
pests. This concurs with the findings by Theresa et al. farmers have less time to interact with elderly farmers
(2014) in Nigeria where a wide variety of natural due to their hectic school schedules (Tijani et al.,
products was found to be useful for pest management. 2007; Deng et al., 2009; Abdulsalam-Saghir and
In another study in the Rift Valley Province, Kenya, Banmeke, 2015).
Kiplang'at and Rotich (2008) found that tobacco juice
was used to control weevils on maize and beans. Acknowledgement
Elwell and Maas (1995) woring on the natural ways of The authors would like to sincerely express their
pest control in Zimbabwe showed that spraying crops gratitude to South Eastern Kenya University for the
with fragrant plants like lantana and khaki weed opportunity and knowledge gained throughout the
emits a strong, unpleasant fragrance that repels crop years, Grace Musomba, Grace Mawia, and Bobsammy
pests. According to Dethier et al. (1960), ash and Munyoki for their continuous support.
various plant extracts repel or kill pests.. According to
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