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7 Initial Value Problems

This is a good book on initial value problems.

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Niccolo Aaron Mendoza Alcantara
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© © All Rights Reserved
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21 views

7 Initial Value Problems

This is a good book on initial value problems.

Uploaded by

Niccolo Aaron Mendoza Alcantara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic: Initial value problems

Question: Solve the initial value problem.

dy
= 2x + 3
dx

y = 5 when x = 0

Answer choices:

A y = x 2 + 3x + 5

B y=5

C y = 4x 2 + 3x + 5

D y = x 2 + 3x − 40

36
Solution: A

In order to find y, we multiply both sides of the equation by d x and then


integrate both sides.

dy = (2x + 3) d x

∫ ∫
dy = 2x + 3 d x

y = x 2 + 3x + C

Now, in order to find the specific equation that passes through y = 5 when
x = 0, we substitute these values into the general equation we found and
solve for C.

5 = 02 + 3(0) + C

5=C

Therefore, the specific equation we are looking for it

y = x 2 + 3x + 5

37
Topic: Initial value problems

Question: Solve the initial value problem.

f ′′(x) = cos x

f ′(0) = 1 and f (0) = 3

Answer choices:

A f (x) = sin x + 1

B f (x) = − cos x + x + 4

C f (x) = − sin x + 1

D f (x) = cos x + x + 2

38
Solution: B

Before we can find the equation for f (x), we must first find the equation for
f ′(x), which we do by integrating f ′′(x).

∫
f ′(x) = cos x d x

f ′(x) = sin x + C

Now we find the specific equation for f ′(x) by solving for C with the initial
condition given.

f ′(0) = sin 0 + C = 1

C=1

f ′(x) = sin x + 1

In order to find f (x), we integrate f ′(x) and find C by using the initial
condition for f (x).

∫
f (x) = (sin x + 1) d x

f (x) = − cos x + x + C

f (0) = − cos 0 + 0 + C = 3

−1 + C = 3

C=4

Therefore,

39
f (x) = − cos x + x + 4

40
Topic: Initial value problems

Question: Solve the initial value problem.

dy
= 11x 2 − 5x + 6
dx

y(0) = 7

Answer choices:

11 3 5 2
A y= x − x + 6x
3 2

11 3 5 2
B y= x − x + 6x + C
3 2

C y = x 3 − x 2 + 6x + 7

11 3 5 2
D y= x − x + 6x + 7
3 2

41
Solution: D

The question asks us to solve the initial value problem.

dy
= 11x 2 − 5x + 6
dx

y(0) = 7

In an initial value problem, you’re given two things; a differential equation,


and a function value at a specific input value. We know that the given
equation is a differential equation because it begins with dy/d x, which is
the notation for the first derivative of a function with respect to x.

To solve a differential equation, we separate the variables and integrate.


The result of the integration gives us a general function because the
function “could” contain a constant term, which becomes zero when we
differentiate the function. Thus, when we find the anti-derivative, we add a
constant labeled “C” to add the possibility of a constant term in the
function, although we do not know what that constant is. When we use the
initial condition, we will find the specific value of “C”. The initial value
enables us to find the value of “C”.

First, we’ll rewrite the differential equation, separating the variables, and
then integrate.

dy
= 11x 2 − 5x + 6
dx

dy = 11x 2 − 5x + 6 d x

42
∫ ∫
dy = 11x 2 − 5x + 6 d x

Since the integrand is a polynomial, we can change its terms so each term
has an exponent. Then we’ll perform the integration using the exponent
rule.

∫ ∫
y 0 dy = 11x 2 − 5x 1 + 6x 0 d x

11 3 5 2
y= x − x + 6x + C
3 2

Now we use the initial value y(0) = 7 to find “C”.

11 3 5 2
7= (0) − (0) + 6 (0) + C
3 2

We can see that C = 7. Replace the “C” with 7. The answer to the initial
value problem is

11 3 5 2
y= x − x + 6x + 7
3 2

43

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