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Confinement Effects On High-Strength Concrete: ACI Structural Journal July 2001

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Confinement Effects On High-Strength Concrete: ACI Structural Journal July 2001

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Confinement effects on high-strength concrete

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ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL TECHNICAL PAPER
Title no. 98-S52

Confinement Effects on High-Strength Concrete


by Hong Mei, Panos D. Kiousis, Mohammad R. Ehsani, and Hamid Saadatmanesh

An experimental investigation was conducted on the stress-strain 4. The split cylinder strength for low-strength concrete
characteristics of steel sleeve confined high-strength concrete (LSC) and HSC can be conservatively represented by the ex-
(HSC). The axial load and strains of concrete, and the axial and pression fcp′ = 6 f c ′ in psi units;
hoop strains of the confining steel sleeves were measured. From 5. The ACI Code1,2 current expression for the modulus of
these measurements, accurate stress-strain relations of the con- rupture fr = 7.5 f c ′ may be too conservative for HSC. The
crete core were produced, along with confinement calculations
alternative expression fr = 2( f c ′ )2/3 appears to be more rep-
based on von-Mises elastoplastic response of the steel sleeves.
Confinements ranging from 5 to 19 MPa were calculated. This con- resentative of the test data;
finement had a profound effect on the strength of concrete, as much 6. In the inelastic range, HSC exhibits less volume dilata-
as tripling its unconfined strength of 70 MPa. The increase in duc- tion, which explains the observed reduced confining effec-
tility was found to develop slower for low amounts of confining tiveness of spiral reinforcement;
steel due to a lagging development of confining pressure. This was 7. The effects of high strain rate on the strength appear to
attributed to the reduced tendencies of HSC to exhibit lateral be less in HSC;
expansion and the early yielding of the sleeve hoop stresses due to 8. At the material level, HSC is less ductile than NSC. At
the biaxial nature of stresses within the sleeves. the section level for reinforced concrete elements, however,
the effects of the reduced ductility are less clear; and
Keywords: confinement; ductility; high-strength concrete. 9. It may be possible to obtain an essentially flat descend-
ing region of the stress-strain curve, provided that spirals
INTRODUCTION with sufficiently high yield strength and low pitch are used.
Concrete structures in areas of significant earthquake Research reported by Yong, Nour, and Nawy5 Mander,
overloads require increased strength and ductility, and accu- Priestley, and Park6 and other researchers shows trends sim-
rate methods to estimate them. Improvements in the strength ilar to the trends previously reported.
and ductility of concrete structures are commonly obtained The reduced effectiveness of the transverse reinforcement
by increased lateral confinement with the use of transverse caused by the lack of extensive microcracking, and the over-
reinforcement. Spirals and ties in the shape of circles, all brittleness of HSC, indicated by the steep prefailure as-
squares, diamonds, octagons, overlapping squares, and cent followed by the very rapid postfailure descent of the
others are being used for this purpose. In addition, numerous stress-strain relation, are probably the most important fea-
computational approaches have been presented in the litera- tures that affect the way one should design using HSC.
ture to estimate the effects of confinement on the strength Martinez, Nilson, and Slate7 found that the common ap-
and ductility of concrete. Some basic concepts related to proach of estimating lateral confinement, by assuming
strength and ductility have been introduced in the ACI that the transverse reinforcement has yielded, results in un-
Code,1,2 especially with respect to the ductility of compres- conservative estimation of the load capacity and ductility,
sion members. These concepts are empirical or semi-empir- especially when high-strength steel (> Grade 60) is used.
ical in nature, and have been based on large numbers of tests Nevertheless, recent research in Japan8,9 indicates that HSC
on low or medium strength concrete, while high-strength can be confined effectively even though such confinement is
concrete (HSC) has been mostly overlooked. probably obtained without necessarily achieving yielding of
the transverse reinforcement.
The applications of HSC are constantly increasing due to The intent of this study is to investigate the development
the rising demands for stronger and more inexpensive struc- of confinement in laterally reinforced HSC, and to develop a
tural materials. Recent research has shown that HSC behav- simple model to predict the effect of such confinement.
ior deviates from that of normal-strength concrete (NSC). Transverse reinforcement in the form of steel sleeves of dif-
Thus, classical approaches to design may not be as effective ferent wall thicknesses has been chosen to facilitate the de-
or as safe when they are applied to HSC. velopment of uniform lateral stresses. This process can also
Related studies by Ahmad and Shah3,4 indicate that: serve as a small scale testing of HSC columns that are reha-
1. An increase in compressive strength decreases the con- bilitated by steel wrapping to improve earthquake resistance.
fining effectiveness of spiral reinforcement;
2. There is a significant difference in the compressive RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
stress-strain curves of NSC and HSC. The stress-strain be- Literature on experimental studies on HSC, especially in
havior of HSC is linear to a higher fraction and postpeak the material level, is relatively scarce. The existing design
stress loss is more abrupt;
3. The ACI equation for estimating the secant modulus of ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 4, July-August 2001.
elasticity Ec = 33w1.5 f c ′ predicts values as much as 20% MS No. 00-185 received August 9, 2000, and reviewed under Institute publication
policies. Copyright © 2001, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, includ-
too high for concrete with a compressive strength in the ing the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright propri-
etors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the May-June 2002 ACI Structural
vicinity of 12,000 psi (~80 MPa); Journal if received by January 1, 2002.

548 ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001


Hong Mei is a senior structural engineer at Teng & Associates, Inc., Chicago, Ill. He
received his BSCE in China, and his MSCE from the University of Arizona, Tuscon,
Ariz.

Panos D. Kiousis is an associate professor of engineering at the Colorado School of


Mines, Golden, Colo. His research interests include the static and dynamic behavior
of high- and regular-strength concrete, cemented soils, elastoplastic response of con-
tinua, and soil-structure interaction.

Mohammad R. Ehsani, FACI, is a professor of civil engineering and engineering


mechanics at the University of Arizona. He is a member of ACI Committee 408, Bond
and Development of Reinforcement, and past secretary of Joint ASCE-ACI Committee
352, Joints and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures.

ACI member Hamid Saadatmanesh is a professor of civil engineering at the Univer-


sity of Arizona. He is a member and past secretary ACI Committee 440, Fiber Rein-
forced Polymer Reinforcement; and a member of ACI Committee 503, Adhesives for
Concrete. His research interests include repair and rehabilitation of structures.
Fig. 2—Illustration of Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.

not be what is expected from the solution of Eq. (1) using σθ


= 448 MPa. Instead, p will be calculated by measuring the
steel sleeve strains. The corresponding stresses are then calcu-
lated using a von Mises elastoplastic constitutive model.
The selected wall thicknesses and the assumed confine-
ments are listed in Table 1. The expected peak strength based
on the assumption of σθ = 448 MPa and the actual peak
strength are also listed in Table 1.
The anticipated (theoretical) failure stress for each case is
estimated based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion,
which has often been used in the literature to approximate
Fig. 1—Schematic of cylindrical specimen setup. the ultimate strength of concrete.10 Consider a triaxial failure
state of stress with isotropic stresses in the horizontal orien-
equations have been developed for NSC and seem to be in- tation ( f2′ = f3′ ). This state along with the Mohr-Coulomb
accurate for HSC applications. The development of a consis- failure envelope are presented in Fig. 2. Note that the radius
tent set of experimental data accompanied by a simple of the failure circle is r = ( fcc′ − f2)/2, while the coordinate
analytical process to aid in the prediction of HSC response to of the center of the circle is C = ( f2′ + fcc) /2. From Fig. 2, it
loading will be a significant contribution to the existing state is found that
of the art.
′ – f2
f cc
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS -----------------
-
r 2
To achieve the goals of this study, a series of triaxial com- cos φ = -------- = ---------------------------------------
OC f 2′ – f cc
pression tests on HSC specimens has been designed. Each c cot φ + ----------------- -
specimen is 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter and 203 mm (8 in.) 2
in height. The confinement is developed with the use of steel
sleeves (Fig. 1). The core of the specimen is then loaded axially, This expression can be rearranged to relate the confined
generating Poisson-type lateral expansion that reacts with the compression strength fcc to the confining stress f2′
steel sleeve to produce confinement. Strain gages are attached
on the outer surface of the sleeves to evaluate the actual f cc = f 2 ′ K p + 2c K p (2)
stresses. To obtain different confinement levels, sleeves of
various wall thicknesses are chosen. These thicknesses are
calculated based on the assumption that the steel sleeves are where c is the cohesion intercept; Kp = tan2(45 + φ/2); and
thin wall cylinders subjected to uniform internal pressure φ is the angle of internal friction of concrete, often taken
that is sufficient to cause them to yield. This results in the approximately equal to 48 degrees.
following relation
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Specimen geometry
pD
t = --------- (1) Eighteen specimens (two for each confinement), confined
2 σθ as shown in Table 1, have been tested. The specimens were
prepared by filling the steel sleeves with HSC rated at fc′ =
where t is the sleeve wall thickness; p is the internal sleeve 71 MPa (10,300 psi). The core of the specimens (that is, the
pressure (that is, the specimen confinement); D is the internal concrete fill) has 102 mm (4 in.) diameter and 203 mm (8 in.)
diameter of the sleeve; and σθ is the sleeve hoop pressure that height. The vertical load is applied only to the concrete core.
is assumed to be equal to the yield stress of the sleeve steel: To reduce vertical shear transfer across the steel sleeve-
448 MPa (65,000 psi). It is not guaranteed, however, that the concrete core interface, two layers of dry lube were sprayed
steel sleeves will yield due to the rather small lateral expan- on the inner surface of the steel sleeve before the concrete
sion of HSC subjected to axial compression (as was previ- core was placed. To help the alignment of the vertical load
ously discussed). As a result, the actual confinement p may and avoid applying vertical stress on the steel sleeve directly,

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001 549


Table 1—Theoretical confinement of specimens
Sleeve Assumed ultimate Experimental ulti- Experimental
f cce
Numerical wall thick- confining - × 100%
mate confining Theoretical peak peak strength ------
sequence ness, mm pressure, MPa pressure, MPa strength fcct , MPa f cce, MPa f cct
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.0 71.0 100.0
2 0.4 3.4 2.8 94.5 96.0 101.0
3 0.8 6.9 5.9 118.0 118.0 99.9
4 1.2 10.3 7.4 141.0 134.5 95.4
5 1.6 13.8 10.9 165.0 148.0 90.0
6 2.0 17.2 13.6 189.7 167.4 88.3
7 2.3 20.7 15.2 211.0 181.0 85.9
8 2.7 24.1 16.3 235.0 197.6 84.1
9 3.1 27.6 18.7 258.0 222.0 86.1

the height of the sleeve was increased to 216 mm (8.5 in.), as Table 2—Mixture proportions for 1 yd3 of high-
shown in the schematic of Fig. 1. strength concrete (HSC)
Component Weight, lb
Material properties Cement Type I and II, portland 801
The specimens were prepared in the Structural Engineer- Force 10,000 microsilicate 64
ing Laboratory of the University of Arizona and the material
Water 288
properties were obtained as follows:
Sand 1269
Steel sleeve—The sleeve is DOM 1020/ASTM A 513 with
yield stress σy = 448 MPa (65,000 psi) and ultimate strength Crushed rock 1615
σu = 552 MPa (80,000 psi). The elongation of steel at failure Admixture WRDA 19 (high-range water-reducing
admixture) (ASTM C 94 Type A and F)
8
is 10%. The modulus of elasticity is E = 195 GPa (28,250 ksi).
WRDA 64 (H2O reducer) 1.5
These values were obtained at the Rock Testing Laboratory of
the University of Arizona by building a cylindrical chamber
using a steel sleeve and two spherical ends. The chamber was while the axial stresses σa were integrated over the core sur-
loaded by internal hydraulic pressure to failure. face and subtracted from the applied load.
Dry lube—The spray lube used in the inner surface of the All tests were performed using the 2.2 MN (500,000 lb)
steel sleeve to reduce shear transfer was of type 2W757B universal compression machine at the Rock Testing Labora-
T.F.E. tory at the University of Arizona. The specimens were
placed in the loading frame (Fig. 3) and were loaded at a
Concrete—The mixture proportions for one cubic yard of
strain rate of 0.00031/s.
HSC are outlined in Table 2. The expected compressive
strength fc′ was 76 MPa (11,000 psi). The measured com-
pressive strength was 71 MPa (10,300 psi) at 28 days. All Test results
specimens, confined and unconfined, were tested within a The axial stress-strain relations of the concrete core are
period of two days. The measured unconfined strength of presented in Fig. 4 as a function of the volumetric percent of
71 MPa is assumed for all specimens. The fineness modulus confining steel, which is calculated as 4t(D + t)/D2. The ef-
of coarse aggregate and sand were 5.71 and 3.39, respectively. fects of confinement are very apparent both in increasing the
axial strength, and in increasing the ductility of the speci-
Concrete mixing—The mixing process to obtain the HSS
mens. Also noticeable is the increase of the strain at peak
is as follows:
stress from approximately 0.002 for the unconfined speci-
1. Mix rock and microsilicate for 3 to 5 min; mens to almost 0.01 for the heavily confined specimen (steel
2. Add 75 to 80% water and WRDA 64 and mix for 3 min; wall thickness = 3.1 mm or 12.3% confining steel ratio). The
3. Add sand and cement. Mix for 2 min; set 3 min; mix an specimens with sleeve wall thicknesses up to 1.16 mm (or
additional 2 min; 4.6% confining steel ratio) were tested to failure, which oc-
4. Add WRDA 19 and mix for 3 min; and curred when the sleeve raptured. This is clearly indicated in
5. Let the mixture set for 3 min and place in the molds. Fig. 5 for specimens with confining steel of 1.5, 3.1, and
4.6% (1B, 2B, and 3B, respectively). At that time, shear fail-
Instrumentation and test setup ure plains inclined to 65 to 70 degrees were formed. Loading
Strain gages Type WA-06-500WT-120 were used to mea- of the other specimens with the larger confinement was ter-
sure the hoop and axial strains of the outer surface of the minated before ultimate failure due to deformation limita-
steel sleeves at two diametrically opposite points at the mid- tions of the testing machine. In some cases, however, shear
height of each specimen. The vertical strains on the HSC failure plains seemed to begin to form.
core were measured by direct deformation measurements To evaluate the actual stresses that the steel sleeve applies
using linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). on the concrete core, the axial εas and hoop εθs strains of the
The incremental steel strains were used to evaluate the steel sleeve were recorded and are plotted in Fig. 6. As pre-
corresponding stresses. The initial yield of steel was calcu- viously stated, a dry lube was used in the inner surface of the
lated using the von-Mises criterion of failure followed by steel sleeve to reduce the shear transfer between the concrete
complete integration of equations of plasticity to evaluate core and the sleeve. As can be seen from Fig. 6, the axial
the postyield response. The evaluated hoop stresses σθ were strains of the steel sleeve were not eliminated. Comparing
used with Eq. (1) to evaluate the applied confinement p, Fig. 4 and 6, it is concluded that, at best, a 50% reduction was

550 ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001


Fig. 5—Failed specimens illustrating prevailing failure
modes.

Fig. 3—Loading setup.

Fig. 6—Strains within steel sleeves.

ksi), yield stress σy = 448 MPa (65 ksi), and Poisson’s ratio
ν = 0.3. The plasticity equations and the numerical imple-
mentation of the von-Mises criterion are well known and are
not discussed herein. The results of this analysis, however,
are very significant for the purpose of this study and are
shown in Fig. 7 as a plot of the vertical strain of the concrete
core versus the steel sleeve induced confinement. The signif-
icance of these results is quite evident. It is found herein that:
1) the confining pressure is smaller than that implied from
Fig. 4—Effects of steel confinement in strength and ductility
the assumption that σθ = σy for the steel sleeve (compare the-
of concrete cylinder.
oretical and experimental confinement values in Columns 3
and 4 of Table 1); and 2) that confinement develops in a lag-
achieved. In this figure, as is done throughout this paper, ten- ging way.
sile strains are negative.
The reason for the lower value of the confining pressure is
illustrated in Fig. 8, which shows the von-Mises yield func-
Analysis of test results tion under plane stress conditions. A typical wall element of
As was previously stated, the selection of the sleeve wall the steel sleeve is subjected to such biaxial state of stress
thicknesses was based on the assumption that the hoop stress with a compressive axial stress σa and a tensile hoop stress
of the sleeve σθ = σyield. It was expected that this assumption
σθ. This results in a stress path in the fourth quadrant of the
would not be accurate, but was used as a first estimation. To
σa − σθ space, which at failure results in both σa and σθ to
calculate the actual confinement stresses on the concrete
be less than σy. This of course implies that the steel sleeve
core, the strain history of the steel sleeve was integrated
using the von-Mises criterion for steel. No hardening was carries part of the axial load or
assumed for the steel. The material parameters for steel are
as follows: modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa (29,000 P = Pc + P s (3)

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001 551


Fig. 9—Failure envelope of tested concrete.

Fig. 7—Calculated confining stresses based on von-Mises


failure criterion.

Fig. 10—Calculated ductility as function of confining steel.

based on the fact that on a p-q plot, a stress state is represent-


Fig. 8—Stress path of typical steel sleeve element. ed by a point rather than a circle. This allows for easy least-
squares fit of the failure line, which can then be transformed
where Pc is the force carried by the concrete cylinder, and Ps to the Mohr-Coulomb failure envelop, as shown in Fig. 9. It
= σaπDt is the axial force carried by the steel sleeve. Thus is found herein that the internal friction angle of the speci-
the axial stresses of concrete should be evaluated as mens tested is φ = 49.5 degrees.
Effects on ductility—Ductility measurements for the tested
specimens in this study are incomplete because the specimens
P P – σa π Dt
f c = -----c = -------------------------
- (4) with volumetric confinement greater than 4.6% did not reach
Ac 2
πD ultimate failure due to testing facilities limitations on the ap-
----------
4 plied displacement. Useful conclusions can, however, be
drawn in spite of this limitation. For the purposes of this
study, ductility is defined as the energy absorbed by the spec-
This adjustment has already been made in the plot of Fig.
imen to its failure (or the end of testing). The effects of con-
4. It is to be recalled that the axial and hoop stresses of the
finement to ductility are presented in Fig. 10, where clearly
steel sleeve have been calculated from the integration of the
an almost linear relation is observed between ductility and
recorded strains using the von-Mises elastoplastic flow rule.
percent confining steel. One should remember, however, that
The effects of confinement on the strength and ductility of the actual ductility values for the specimens with higher than
the concrete core are presented as follows: 4.6% confinement are larger than what is presented in Fig.
Effects on strength—Using the calculated confinement 10, because they were evaluated at ultimate testing capabili-
stresses shown in Fig. 7, a plot of the failure points in terms ty rather than ultimate failure state, as previously discussed.
of the two dimensional confinement p = (f2′ + fcc)/2 versus The implications of the results presented in Fig. 4, 5, 9,
the stress deviator q = (fcc − f2′ )/2 is generated and presented and 10 are far-reaching. It is demonstrated that significant
in Fig. 9. The choice of a p-q plot rather than a f-v (normal- increase of the strength and ductility of HSC can be
shear stress) plot for the direct Mohr-Coulomb circles plot is achieved. This can only be done, however, by using large

552 ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001


amounts of confining steel. As it is shown in Fig. 4, the use NOTATION
of 1.5% by volume of confining steel has a rather small ef- c = cohesion intercept of concrete
Di = steel sleeve inner diameter
fect in the ductility of the specimen. Figure 7 provides an in- fc = compression stress of concrete
teresting insight in this phenomenon. At low amounts of fcc = confined strength of concrete
transverse steel, the development of confinement is devel- fcce = experimental confined strength of concrete
oped in a lagging way because HSC does not tend to expand fcct = theoretical confined strength of concrete
f 2′ = steel sleeve imposed confining pressure in concrete cylinders
laterally as much as regular strength concrete. The axial f c′ = compression strength of concrete
compression of the sleeves is also contributing to this phe- fcp′ = split cylinder strength of concrete
nomenon. The lag is reduced for the larger amount of trans- fr = modulus of fracture of concrete
verse steel. In this case, the confinement is developed faster Kp = tan2(45 + φ/2)
p = internal steel pressure. (Same as f2′)
due to the larger axial rigidity (that is, the product of the P = applied axial load
cross-sectional area and the modulus of elasticity) of the Pc = part of axial load carried by core
confining reinforcement. Ps = part of axial load carried by steel sleeve
Se = experimental confined strength of concrete cylinder
The effects of spiral reinforcement may prove to be differ-
St = theoretical confined strength of concrete cylinder
ent than the ones observed using sleeves. Because the spiral t = sleeve wall thickness
wires are subjected to pure uniaxial tension, they are expected φ = angle of internal friction of concrete
to develop the full yield stress rather than the reduced values σa = steel sleeve axial stress
observed herein. On the other hand, spirals cannot provide the σθ = steel sleeve hoop stress
same uniformity of confinement that is provided by steel
sleeves. Future related experiments using spirals rather than REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural
sleeves will demonstrate the differences. Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (318R-99),” American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1999, pp. 391
2. ACI Committee 340, “ACI Design Handbook: Design of Reinforced
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Concrete in Accordance with the Strength Design Method of ACI 318-83,”
Tests on confined HSC cylinders were conducted to evalu- American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
ate the effects of interactive confinement on the strength and 3. Ahmad, S. H., and Shah, S. P., “Complete Triaxial Stress-Strain Curves
ductility of HSC. It was found that HSC is pressure sensitive for Concrete,” Proceedings, ASCE. V. 108, ST. 4, Apr. 1982, pp. 728-742.
4. Ahmad, S. H., and Shah, S. P., “Stress-Strain Curves of Concrete Con-
with a friction angle of 49.5 degrees. It exhibits, however, a fined by Spiral Reinforcement,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 79, No. 6,
much smaller Poisson-type of lateral expansion due to axial Nov.-Dec. 1982, pp. 484-490.
compression. As a result, interactive confinement is slow to 5. Yong, Y. K.; Nour, M. G.; and Nawy, E. G., “Behavior of Laterally
develop unless larger than common amount of confining steel Confined High-Strength Concrete under Axial Loads,” Journal of Struc-
tural Engineering, V. 114, No. 2, Feb. 1988, pp. 332-351.
is used. When interactive confinement due to lateral reinforce- 6. Mander, J. B.; Priestley, M. J. N.; and Park, R., “Observed Stress-
ment is developed, it results in significant gains in ductility, Strain Behavior of Confined Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering,
which for the experiments conducted herein developed in a V. 114, No. 8, Aug. 1988, pp. 1827-1849.
linear relation to the amount of confining reinforcement. 7. Martinez, S.; Nilson, A. H.; and Slate, F. O., “Spirally-Reinforced
High-Strength Concrete Columns,” Research Report No. 82-10, Depart-
It is concluded that HSC can become ductile if enough ment of Structural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., Aug.
confining steel is used. Further studies on specimens con- 1982.
fined by spirals, as well as columns subjected to combined 8. Sugano, S.; Nagashima, T.; Kimura, H.; Tamura, A.; and Ichikawa, H.
A., “Experimental Studies on Seismic Behavior of High-Strength Con-
axial and bending loads are needed to establish more detailed crete,” Proceedings, 2nd International Symposium on Utilization of High-
accounts of the proper amount and configuration of confin- Strength Concrete, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., 1990.
ing steel reinforcement. 9. Muguruma, H., and Watanabe, F. A., “Ductility Improvement of High-
Strength Concrete Columns with Lateral Confinement,” Proceedings, 2nd
International Symposium on Utilization of High-Strength Concrete, Uni-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS versity of California, Berkeley, Calif., 1990.
NSF support of this research through projects MSS-9257344 and MSS- 10. Chen, W. F., and Han, D. J., Plasticity for Structural Engineers,
9504186 is kindly acknowledged. Springer-Verlag, 1988.

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2001 553


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