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PART 1
Read and answer questions 1-13

The Rise of Teotihuacán

The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers

northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its
growth by 200 –100 B.C. At its height, between about
A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more
than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square
kilometers. Q1 It had over 2,000 apartment
complexes, a great market, a large number of
industrial workshops, an administrative center, a
number of massive religious edifices, and a regular
grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much
planning and central control were involved in the
expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. Q7
Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps
religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica
(modern Central America and Mexico).

How did this tremendous development take place, and

why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Q2 Q8
Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s
geographic location on a natural trade route to the
south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian(a
type of volcanic glasslike rock used for manufacturing
tools and ceremonial objects) resources in the
Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for
extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is
much more difficult to pinpoint, for instance,
Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the
historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico
toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the
ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite,
and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as
the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in

Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of
relatively small centers coexisted in and near the
Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these
centers, Q3 Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a
volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land
covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a
potential rival, any one of a number of relatively
modest towns might have emerged as a leading
economic and political power in Central Mexico. Q9
The archaeological evidence clearly indicates,
though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise
as the predominant force in the area by the first
century A.D.

It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources

along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their
potential gave the city a competitive edge over its
neighbors. Q10 The valley, like many other places in
Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in
obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that
had been in great demand for many years, at least
since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished
between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a
secure market. Q4 Moreover, recent research on
obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that
some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs
originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian
must have been recognized as a valuable commodity
for many centuries before the great city arose.

Q5 Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave

the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide
variety of exotic goods, as well as a relatively
prosperous life. Such success may have attracted
immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Q11
Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted
to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as
early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved
some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines)
may have served as an additional population magnet.
Finally, the growing population was probably fed by
increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.

Q6 The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a

classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian
mining and working, trade, population growth,
irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian
operation, for example, would necessitate more
miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools,
and additional traders to carry the goods to new
markets. Q12 All this led to increased wealth, which
in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán.
The growing power of the elite, who controlled the
economy, would give them the means to physically
coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as
additions to the labor force. Q13 More irrigation
works would have to be built to feed the growing
population, and this resulted in more power and wealth
for the elite.

Questions: 1 - 6
Choose A,B,C or D

In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a

1 feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and
700 EXCEPT

A regularly arranged streets

B irrigation works

C many manufacturing workshops

D apartment complexes

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2

2
as a main factor in the development of Teotihuacán?

The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán

A
Valley
The potential for extensive irrigation of
B
Teotihuacán Valley lands
A long period of volcanic inactivity in the
C
Teotihuacán Valley
Teotihuacán’s location on a natural trade
D
route

What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco

3
prior to 200 B.C.?

Correct Answer: D

A It was a fairly small city until that date.

B It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.

It emerged rapidly as an economical and

C
political center.

D Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on

4
obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

Correct Answer: D

Obsidian’s value was understood only when

A
Teotihuacán became an important city.
The residents of Teotihuacán were
B
sophisticated toolmakers.
The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian
C
with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C.
Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs
D
came from the area around Teotihuacán.

Select choice that is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being

5 features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted
immigrants to the city.

Correct Answer: A

A The prosperity of the elite

B Plenty of available housing

Opportunities for well-paid agricultural

C
employment

D growing population

The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic

6
picture of positive feedback among

A population growth

B irrigation, and religious tourism

C obsidian mining and working

D All the above

Questions: 7 - 13
Fill in the blanks with not more than 3 WORDS

7 Teotihuacán had economic and religious contacts with

most parts of Mesoamerica

8 Main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location , the

Obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley itself

and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.

Correct Answer: obsidian resources

9 Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the

Predominant force in the area by the first century

A.D.

10 Teotihuacán was rich in Obsidian

11 Teotihuacán’s Elite may have

consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.

12 Increased wealth would attract more

Immigrants to Teotihuacán.

13 More irrigation works would have to be built and this will

result in more Power and wealth for the elite.

PART 2
Read and answer questions 14-28

Dinosaurs

A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from the

Greek for "terrible lizard", dinosaurs were not, in fact,
lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the
class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the five main classes
of Vertebrata, animals with backbones. Q14 Q22
However, at the next level of classification, within
reptiles, significant differences in the skeletal anatomy
of lizards and dinosaurs have led scientists to place
these groups of animals into two different
superorders: Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and
Archosauria, or archosaurs.

Q15 B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and

snakes and their prehistoric ancestors. Included
among the archosaurs, or "ruling reptiles", are
prehistoric and modern crocodiles, and the now
extinct thecodonts, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Q23
Palaeontologists believe that both dinosaurs and
crocodiles evolved, in the later years of the Triassic
Period (c. 248-208 million years ago), from creatures
called pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and
different types of thecodont are believed to have
evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles
known as eosuchians.

Q16 C. The most important skeletal differences

between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the
bones of the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls
are found in a great range of shapes and sizes,
reflecting the different eating habits and lifestyles of a
large and varied group of animals that dominated life
on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years. Q24
However, unlike the skulls of any other known
animals, the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones
known as vomers. These bones extended on either
side of the head, from the front of the snout to the
level of the holes on the skull known as the antorbital
fenestra, situated in front of the dinosaur's orbits or
eyesockets.

D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal

or bidepal, fleet-footed or slow-moving, shared a
common body plan. Q17 Identification of this plan
makes it possible to differentiate dinosaurs from any
other types of animal, even other archosaurs. Most
significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had
evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically
beneath the body, rather than sprawling out to the
sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a dinosaur
had a sharply in-turned neck and a ball-shaped head,
which slotted into a fully open acetabulum or hip
socket. A supra-acetabular crest helped prevent
dislocation of the femur. The position of the knee joint,
aligned below the acetabulum, made it possible for the
whole hind limb to swing backwards and forwards.
Q25 This unique combination of features gave
dinosaurs what is known as a "fully improved gait".
Evolution of this highly efficient method of walking
also developed in mammals, but among reptiles it
occurred only in dinosaurs.

E. For the purpose of further classification, dinosaurs

are divided into two orders: Saurischia, or saurischian
dinosaurs, and Ornithischia, or ornithischian
dinosaurs. Q18 This division is made on the basis of
their pelvic anatomy. Q26 All dinosaurs had a pelvic
girdle with each side comprised of three bones: the
pubis, ilium and ischium. However, the orientation of
these bones follows one of two patterns. In
saurischian dinosaurs, also known as lizard-hipped
dinosaurs, the pubis points forwards, as is usual in
most types of reptile. By contrast, in ornithischian, or
bird-hipped, dinosaurs, the pubis points backwards
towards the rear of the animal, which is also true of
birds.

F. Q19 Of the two orders of dinosaurs, the Saurischia

was the larger and the first to evolve. It is divided into
two suborders: Therapoda, or therapods, and
Sauropodomorpha, or sauropodomorphs. The
therapods, or "beast feet", were bipedal, predatory
carnivores. They ranged in size from the mighty
Tyrannosaurus rex, 12m long, 5.6m tall and weighing
an estimated 6.4 tonnes, to the smallest known
dinosaur, Compsognathus, a mere 1.4m long and
estimated 3kg in weight when fully grown. The
sauropodomorphs, or "lizard feet forms", included
both bipedal and quadrupedal dinosaurs. Q27 Some
sauropodomorphs were carnivorous or omnivorous
but later species were typically herbivorous. They
included some of the largest and best-known of all
dinosaurs, such as Diplodocus, a huge quadruped
with an elephant-like body, a long, thin tail and neck
that gave it a total length of 27m, and a tiny head.

Q20 G. Ornithischian dinosaurs were bipedal or

quadrupedal herbivores. They are now usually divided
into three suborders: Ornithipoda, Thyreophora and
Marginocephalia. Q28 The ornithopods, or "bird
feet", both large and small, could walk or run on their
long hind legs, balancing their body by holding their
tails stiffly off the ground behind them. An example is
Iguanodon, up to 9m long, 5m tall and weighing 4.5
tonnes. The thyreophorans, or "shield bearers", also
known as armoured dinosaurs, were quadrupeds with
rows of protective bony spikes, studs, or plates along
their backs and tails. They included Stegosaurus, 9m
long and weighing 2 tonnes.

Q21 H. The marginocephalians, or "margined

heads", were bipedal or quadrupedal ornithschians
with a deep bony frill or narrow shelf at the back of the
skull. An example is Triceratops, a rhinoceros-like
dinosaur, 9m long, weighing 5.4 tonnes and bearing a
prominent neck frill and three large horns.

Questions: 14 - 21
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph

The origins of dinosaurs and

14 Paragraph A
lizards

Correct Answer:
Lizards and dinosaurs - two distinct superorders

Lizards and dinosaurs - two

15 Paragraph B
distinct superorders

Correct Answer: The origins of dinosaurs and lizards

Skull bones distinguish

16 Paragraph C dinosaurs from other
archosaurs

Correct Answer: 165 million years

Unique body plan helps

17 Paragraph D identify dinosaurs from
other animals

Classification according to
18 Paragraph E
pelvic anatomy

19 Paragraph F The suborders of Saurischia

20 Paragraph G Herbivore dinosaurs

21 Paragraph H Dinosaurs - terrible lizards

Correct Answer: Frills and shelves

Hold and drag the below answer to correct question

165 million years

The body plan of archosaurs

Lepidosaurs

Frills and shelves

Bird-hipped dinosaurs

Questions: 22 - 24
Complete the sentences below WITH NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS

22 Lizards and dinosaurs are classified into two different

superorders because of the difference in their

Skeletal anatomy

23 In the Triassic Period, Eosuchians

evolved into thecodonts, for example, lizards and snakes.

24 Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known

animals because of the presence of vomers:

Two long bones

Questions: 25 - 28
Phone call about the second-hand furniture

25 Dinosaurs differed from lizards, because

are both divided into two

orders.

Correct Answer: the former had a "fully improved gait".

26 Saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs

both had a pelvic girdle

comprising six bones.

27 Unlike therapods, sauropodomorphs

did not always eat meat.

28 Some dinosaurs used their tails to balance, others

could walk or run on their

back legs.

Correct Answer:
walked or ran on four legs, rather than two.

Hold and drag the below answer to correct question

the former had a "fully

improved gait".

were not usually very heavy.

their hind limbs sprawled out

to the side.

walked or ran on four legs,

rather than two.

PART 3
Read and answer questions 29-40

The Creators of Grammar

No student of a foreign language needs to be told that

grammar is complex. By changing word sequences
and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes,
we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning.
We can turn a statement into a question, state
whether an action has taken place or is soon to take
place, and perform many other word tricks to convey
subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity
inherent to the English language. Q29 All languages,
even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever
grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun
system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and
I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another
person and I'. In English, all these meanings are
summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Q35
Grammar is universal and plays a part in every
language, no matter how widespread it is. So the
question which has baffled many linguists is - who
created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is impossible

to answer. To find out how grammar is created,
someone needs to be present at the time of a
language's creation, documenting its emergence.
Many historical linguists are able to trace modern
complex languages back to earlier languages, but in
order to answer the question of how complex
languages are actually formed, Q33 the researcher
needs to observe how languages are started from
scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.

Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the

Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a number
of different ethnicities were forced to work together
under colonizer's rule. Q34 Since they had no
opportunity to learn each other's languages, they
developed a make-shift language called a pidgin.
Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language
of the landowner. Q30 They have little in the way of
grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener
to deduce when an event happened, and who did what
to whom. [A] Q40 Speakers need to use
circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for
a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group
of children to be exposed to it at the time when they
learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not
simply copy the strings of words uttered by their
elders, Q32 they adapted their words to create a
new, expressive language. [D] Complex grammar
systems which emerge from pidgins are termed
creoles, and they are invented by children.

Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign

languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply
a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical
machinery that is found in spoken languages.
Moreover, there are many different languages used
worldwide. The creation of one such language was
documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all
deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979
a new government introduced schools for the deaf.
Q31 Although children were taught speech and lip
reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they
began to invent their own sign system, using the
gestures that they used at home. It was basically a
pidgin. Q38 Each child used the signs differently, and
there was no consistent grammar. However, children
who joined the school later, when this inventive sign
system was already around, developed a quite
different sign language. Although it was based on the
signs of the older children, the younger children's
language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a
large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning.
What is more, all the children used the signs in the
same way. A new creole was born.

Q37 Some linguists believe that many of the world's

most established languages were creoles at first. The
English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from
the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-
did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most
widespread languages were partly created by children.
Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery
in their brains, which springs to life when they are first
trying to make sense of the world around them. Their
minds can serve to create logical, complex structures,
even when there is no grammar present for them to
copy.

Questions: 29 - 40
Choose the most suitable option for each question

In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information

29
about the Cherokee language?

To show how simple, traditional cultures can

A
have complicated grammar structures
To show how English grammar differs from
B
Cherokee grammar
To prove that complex grammar structures
C
were invented by the Cherokees.
To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the
D
Cherokee language

30 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?

A It contained complex grammar.

B It was based on many different languages.

It was difficult to understand, even among

C
slaves.

D It was created by the land-owners.

All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign

31
language are true EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

A The language has been created since 1979.

The language is based on speech and lip

B
reading.
The language incorporates signs which
C
children used at home.
The language was perfected by younger
D
children.

In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be

placed? STATEMENT: It included standardised word
32
orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the
pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.

Correct Answer: D

A A

B B

C C

D D

33 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

Correct Answer: A

A from the very beginning

B in simple cultures

C by copying something else

D by using written information

34 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

Correct Answer: B

A complicated and expressive

B simple and temporary

C extensive and diverse

D private and personal

Which sentence is closest in meaning to this sentence?

35 SENTENCE: Grammar is universal and plays a part in every
language, no matter how widespread it is.

All languages, whether they are spoken by a

A few people or a lot of people, contain
grammar.
Some languages include a lot of grammar,
B
whereas other languages contain a little.
Languages which contain a lot of grammar
CQuestions Part common
are more 1 1 2
that 3 4
languages5that6 7

contain a little.