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Sequence and Series

More practice questions for PreCalculus students.

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Sequence and Series

More practice questions for PreCalculus students.

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lemonbakery.van
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© © All Rights Reserved
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102 ¢ SEQUENCE & SERIES ‘Theory and Problems for Math. SEQUENCE AND SERIES isa function with the domain a set of consecutive integers. The symbol t, , called the nth ‘ated with the domain value n. Unless otherwise te sequence has a finite domain, and an infinite A sequencé term, or general term, represents the range value ass specified, the domain is the set of natural numbers. Af sequence has an infinite domain, ‘A recursion formula defines each term of a sequence in terms of one or more of the preceding terms, ‘The sum of the terms in a sequence is called a series. A finite sequence creates a finite series, and an infinite sequence creates an infinite series. Series can be represented using summation notations, Arithmetic Sequence and Series (Optional) 1. aatd,a+2d, sat (nd, “a” is the first term and “d” is the difference, or the amount you add to a term to get the next term. “n” is the number of terms, so “n” isa natural number (I ,2,3 ...ete.) at(n-Nd =2(a+8) or S,=S(2a+ (nN) 3 S,=F@+9 3 22+ (n— Dd) 4. S{Gx+7) Ifthe variable isin the base, then the summation may be arithmetic. a=45)+7=22, ¢=312)+ d=3, n=12-5+1=8 5, =r > §, $(22+43) = 260 or 5. Given the arithmetic sequence: @, b, c > arithmetic mean is b= or b-a=c-b Geometric Sequence and Set 1. aaryar?,.......,ar"" ‘2” is the first term and “r” is the ratio, or the amount you multiply one term to get the next. ““n” is the number of terms, so “n” is a natural number (I,,2,3 ...etc.) a-rt 3. or Sy T (r#l) 4, 354.2" the variable isin the exponent, then the summation may be geometric 4-2 216, 624.2009 3512 =2, n=10-5+1=6 ar” _16~16(2)" _16-2(512) 008 > S= 008 or S,=<—" +5, - 2 b 5. Given the geometric sequence a, b,c: geometric ratio is = ac —> geometric mean x a6 of a,cis b = tac Conyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing ~All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book isnot covered by their licensing agreement, No part of this publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. ree eee SY PPV VV VV Vir vVivivvvyyyyyyyyry ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math SEQUENCE & SERIES ¢ 103 , on condition that -1 Trucker -» Regional Market —> Trucker —» Wholesaler -> Trucker — Retailer -» Consumer Ifthe farmer gets 75 cents a kilogram, and if each person in the chain makes a profit of 20%, how much does the consumer pay? €) Determine the value of x which makes 2,2°,2'* a geometric sequence. f) What value of x in x, 2e+2, 3x+3 will forma geometric sequence? {#) What number must be added to each of -2, 4, 19 so that the resulting numbers are 3 terms of a geometric sequence? hh) Ifa sheet of paper 0.002 em thick is tom in half 50 times, with all the pieces piled on top of each other prior to each tear, how thick is, the stack of paper, to the nearest km? i) Ifthe first 2 terms of'a geometric sequence are V2, V2, what is the 4th term? J) Find the 10th term of a geometric sequence whose first term is 3, B and whose 6th term is “2 k) What is the geometric mean of 4sin? @ and 4cos? @ in terms of sine only? }) The enrolment at Earl Marriott Secondary in Surrey, B.C. was 400 in 1973. Ifthe school’s population has increased by 5% a year, how tmany students will be going to the school in the year 2010? Copyright © ‘by Crescent Beach Publishing Al rights reserved. Cancopy © has riled that this book mot covered by their licensing agreement. No par of this publication may be reproduced without expt permission of the publisher. PRAARHRAHAARARAARARARARHRARARAAAARARERARRARHRARARARAAAAAAAAAAAE ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Mat Geometric Series 12, Information is given about a geometric series with sum 5, , and common ratio Find the indicated unknown, 2) Ss h) S,=39,a=35 r= 13. How many terms are in the following finite series? a) Yates ») Y2'-8 ms s ©) Yt-s 4d ye 5 14, Find the sum ofthe following finite geometric series: a) 30)" ») Y2ca" a a 9 You" ® Yisoy’ a #) Yiogitt SEQUENCE & SERIES ¢ 107 NOTES / WORK AREA Copyright G by Crescent Beach Publishing ~ Al rights reserved. Cancopy © has riled that this book i wot covered by ‘heir licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission of the publisher. 108 # Theory and Problems for Senior High Math ‘SEQUENCE & SERIES NOTES / WORK AREA 15, Find the sum ofthe following infinite series a) 3G) b) Yay je © Se 9 Loe" 9 Ye a ts 8) hy ~ V3 - V6 - 23 -2v6 - % 16. Write the following geometric series using sigma notation with k= 1 as the first term: a) 346412424448 b) 2-6+ 18-544... +1312 d) 8H4H2414.. 40 eit 17. Solve: a) Solve for xD) x! b) Solve ors: S1(2x)" =2 ©) Find the sum d(F+ a mi Se—9 ©) Evaluate "(cos)" 0 <8 <360" =31, solve for a Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that tis book isnot covered by ‘ther licensing agreement, No part of this publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher AAHAARHRARAARRAHHOHARHHARHHHAAHRAAEAHAHEHHEHAAHAAAHAHERAAEE “Theory and Problems for Senior High Math 18. Finite Series Solve: a) Which is larger, and by what amount: 2° +2! +2? +..+2"', or 2"? b) Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric series: 1-34-24 ©) If f, =100ands, = 4, of a geometric sequence, find the common ratio "” and the first term “a” d) Whats the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric series: V+ 24 VB? €) Thesum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 180 with the first term being 12. What is the common ratio? f) 1f64 students enter a singles tennis tournament, how many matches ‘must be played before we have a winner? g) Ifthe sum of a geometric series is 101.01, and the first term is 100 and the last 0.01, find: 7) the number of terms ii) the common ratio. h) Ifyou invest $1 000 at the beginning of each year at 10% interest compounded annually, what is the value of the annuity at the end of 30 years? How much of this is accumulated interest? 1) You are offered two pay packages as follows: $40 000 with increases of 5% for 5 years, or $43 000 with increases of 3% for 5 years. Which offer is better if (@ your goal is to have the largest pay after 5 years? (i) your goal is to have the largest total amount of money after 5 years? i) Ifa person received a 10% salary increase each year and earned a total of $155 680.05 by the beginning of the Sth year, determine the starting salary. k) An equilateral triangle has sides of length 10. If the midpoints of each side are joined to form another triangle, and this process is continued, what is: (Othe perimeter of the Sth triangle? (i) the total perimeter of the first 5 triangles? }) Ifthe product of the first 3 terms of a geometric sequence is -8, and their sum is “', what is the common ratio of the sequence? SEQUENCE & SERIES ¢ 109 NOTES/ WORK AREA Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing ~All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book is not covered by ‘their licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission of the publisher. 110 _¢ SEQUENCE & SERIES ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math, NOTES/ WORK AREA 19. 20. Infinite Series Solve: a) Find the sum of the infinit 1+0.9-+ 0.81 +0.729 + geometric sequence b) Find the sum of an infinite geometric series if the first term is 2, and each term is 4 times all the terms that follow it. ©) Why is it impossible to have an infinite geometric series with the first term 9 and a sum of 4? 4d) For what values of “x” does the series 1+ have a finite sum? ©) The first term in an infinite geometric series is 3. Find all possible values of the common ratio “* which will give a sum greater than 4. f) A weather balloon rises 100 m the first minute, and each minute after the first it rises 4% less than the previous minute, What is the ‘maximum height reached by the balloon? g) Ifa rectangle has dimensions 2 x 4, and each side is halved endlessly, what is the total area of all the rectangles formed if the process is continued without end? h) A 6.25 cm nail is driven 2 em into a board on the first hit, and 2 of the preceding distance on each of the next hits. How many hits are required to hammer the nail into the board? i) A ball dropped from 10 metres rebounds 3 of the distance from where it fell. (2) Find the total vertical distance that the ball travels before coming to rest, (i) Find the total vertical distance that the ball travels after 10 bounces. (ii) What is the total distance traveled after the tenth bounce? A nice nursery rhyme to end this section. As Iwas going to St. Ives Tmet a man with 7 wives Every wife had 7 sacks Every sack had 7 cats Every cat had 7 kits Kits, cats, sacks, and wives, How many were going to St. Ives? Coppright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book is not covered by ‘heir licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. AAAAAASAHRAAHRARHHROHRARAAAHRAHDHSHLAHSRAHRHARAAAAHRAARAGAAAARARARAAAR Tere rrr ereevrevreecessCrCC CVSS OOCOOSOOOOOHOSSESECEEEEEEEEES Theory and Problems for Senior High Math |QUENCE & SERIES - SOLUTIONS ¢ 111 SOLUTIONS 1 a) a-4,d=3; — 4,7,10,13,16 b) a=3,d= -3; 5.8 cdil5G ©) a= -5,d=-3; ee ee Dar-bdads -Be-de-bebd b) = at (nd > by =7 =at(n-l)d > + 3d + Bd -Wd + d=-} A) ty ty =—33 > [a + 18d) ~ [a 49d] = -33 > Bd - 9d = -33 > =i om Sx (2-8 +24-5) = Fas+ 120 = 1700 28 b) S,= Fare) > Sop = 480 = Rare ae=28 t ©) Sy= BQat(n-1)d) > Sy = 360- 2e(-3)+11d) 460 =-6 411d + d= 6 @) = a+ (n-I)d > ty = 43 =a 418d Is=a+ 4d 28 lad > d=2, 15 =at4Q) 9 a=7 00 (2.7 499.2) = 10.600 4-1, £= 100, =100; 5, = Bare) > Sop 1001+ 100) = 5.050 FOaHn—1)a) > Sie = Bo 1+99-1) = 5.050 d=2,8=51,0=25; S, n 25 “(a+8) + Sy = 2B +51)= 675 FOt E> Sas = FE+SN= 6 Fea Hn 1) d) > Ss Be 3424-2) = 675 Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — Al rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book is not covered by their licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. 112_¢ SEQUENCE & SERIES ~ SOLUTIONS. Theory and Problems for Senior High Math 8 w 40) }6-30), a=2, d= -3,2=-49, n= 18; 8, Fare) > Sy= 2-49) = —423 or S,=2@atn—d)> Se = Be.241m-3) = 423 a Ye» ,a S, = 2+) > = Fare) > S, -56, n= 17-6 +1=12 474 or 2 C23- 56)= 5,= “Qa4n-1)d)> Sy -Becays 11-3) = ~474 5, Middle term = average of f, ands, = “= or deed or (Ss+4}--)=¢- 2 Either method gives x = —4, therefore, the 3 numbers are -5 2,9 6. 1, = a+ (n= 1d 24=8+(n—1)-t .1=65 (30 days in September, 31 days in October, and 4 days in November). ‘That means he died on November 4, Toa) a=4,r=2 ; 4,8,16,32,64 Bhandir Pope e Te Qa=l,r=m 3 1, da 3 24 V2, -2-202 , 44 V2 ,-4-4N2 8 + 42 Q a=1+V3 ,r=1-V3 3 143, 2423 ,-8 + 43 , -20+ 123 = 1: (-3)" = -2187 V2 - (-V2)'' = - 64 = V2 - (3) = 812 ) 4, = ar! > ty = 5 ae = 3x? - (4x?y?)P = 12 288x"4y"* Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book is not covered by thelr licensing agreement. No part of this publication may be reproduced without explicit permission of the publisher. » » ’ ’ ’ » , , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ » » , , , ’ , ’ ’ ’ , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ y , ’ ’ ’ ’ » » » ’ , ’ ’ ’ » ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ , ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math SEQUENCE & SERIES - SOLUTIONS _¢ 113 9 a) t= ar"! + t, = 1536 = 3-2) > 512 = 2)" > 2! n=l 9 = 10 ; ie boas at 5 -tng (2 (jane -1l=oneR 336 (3) a () oe ©) pe ao = 2212 = VERY 9-32 = VB 3 = AD" = DS 10 4 n=11 d) t,= ar"! > 1,=128 tear a= Se oe 729 ty = art! >t, =14.92992 = 5 - (S)! 9 2.985984 = (1.2)"! > 12 = 1.2") > n-l=69n=7 > ty = 3+ (a)? = 786432 b) t,=ar™! > t= 15 - 2)" = -1920 a a “2 Therefore, fy = 2) (- 3 Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — All rigs reserved. Cancopy @ has ruled that this book isnot covered by their licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be repreduced without explicit permission of the publisher ud ¢ 1. a) b) °) a) ° 8) hy id k) SEQUENCE & SERIES ~ SOLUTIONS Theory and Problems for Senior High Math andthe 3"term is f, = (a°b3) (a 23) = ab 75> r= 45 3 So, ar =15-> a(45)*=15> a=—— So, > a5) oa ‘Therefore, (45) = Met), syearedoe sequence is — 4,-6,-9 20+) Sex VFS, 2485416 = 2? 4 17x38 + —9x=-54 > x=6 —2+x d+x f5, = ar" = 0,002 (2) = 2.2517998 x 10? em = 2.2517998 x 10'° m = 2.2517998 x 10” km = 22517 998 km thick. (Compare: Moon is “only” 3.84 10° km from earth.) 22. sofind r= 2 2 sar = @hb* 5 1, = ar'= a=3, ty x _ 400s" 4sin®O > x7 =16 sin? cos?@ > x sind -cos@ = £2(2sin9 -cos@)= £2sin20 Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this Book is not covered by thelr licensing agreement. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. DHRAAPHRAORAAAARAKRHHKHKRAKLHAAHRALKAARARAARARAKRRAKKAAARARAAAS ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math SEQUENCE & SERIES ~ SOLUTIONS ¢ 115 11.) ¢,= ar", the number of terms is 2010 — 1973 + 1=38 > ty, = 400(1.05)"” = 2 433 students 8-83)" 3) 12a) 5, = Sy = SD = 158 i598 a) 5, -! 64 b) Sy= 2H gy = SOE BOY _ ngs 1-2 ©) 5-5-8? , 765 = a-256a + -255a = -765 4a a) t= ar" > 27 = 8? = -B re -2 -848(-2)° 5, = BHC" _ 3305 ) cat 53 > a=n aay 5,7 5, = BORG" 8. 3325 4 p a oy tira 2 =P rae -ar" =12-28 = 12-298 s5,=2 ++ y= 222 3060 or 5, = 2212-0 | 1 o20 “Therefore, Sy = -1 020 or 3.060 a-ar" ana? 8) 8-93 = SF, 99 wg 32a > -31a = -93 4 a3 = art! + 1, = 30) > R hy) s,- = 5 30 = > 9 - oe > =r tre ee = rt+r-12 =0 + (r+ 4)r-3)-0 ore -4, 13.a) 35-8 +1 = 28 b) 6-841 = 5-7 ©) 9-a+1= 10-4 d) bat 14.8) S30)" 5 a= 3, 63-27 = 384, & Method t: S, = Method 2: S, = Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing —Allrights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled tat this book isnot covered by ‘het licensing agreement. No part of his publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe pulser 116 # SEQUENCE & SERIES ~ SOLUTIONS, ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math 14. b) S2eat pa=2 2-(-3)"" = -354294, 1 = 12,7 = ° = 075 : ©) Lis.’ so = 018, 6= ON = 18x04, r= Or, n = 8 0.18-0.18(0.1)" = 0.20 8) log ¢ +log 3 + log $ +....+ log f= h) log4+log?+log2+log 4 + log $=log(t-3.2-4-.$)= log} =log | ~log7 = -log7 15, i ~All rights ‘led that this book is not covered by Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing — All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book isnot covered their licensing agreement. No par ofthis publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. DRAHAHAAARAARARLAKLKRAAKRAAARARARARARAKRAAAAAAAAARAIAAARRE ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math SEQUENCE & SERIES - SOLUTIONS ¢ 117 15. d) Ys24 va-5 e) Levey" ta itd, woke, ant 0 20 age razi fee git L e 1st Tre hy -V3-V6~ 23-26... ‘Therefore, sum is infinite. VI = 1.4, sorrisnot in range —1 13122 = 3)" > 6561 = (-3)"' > (38 = (-3)"' a n-l =Bon=9 sents Sea * Peace y oareree the answer is ~3 Step 2: Y(-F-3)* © Multiply step I by — a : Step 3: )2(-3* 3)" = ).2-(-3)' © Simplify using exponent rules a co Copyright © by Cresceni Beach Publishing ~All rigits reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book is not covered by ‘ther licensing agreement, No part of this publication may be reproduced withou explicit permission of the publisher » > . . , » » » » . ’ » » » » » , , , ’ ’ ’ , , , , , , , , , , , , ’ , 118_¢ SEQUENCE & SERIES ~ SOLUTIONS, Theory and Problems for Senior High Math .t= ar 16.) > -384 = 20-2)" > None 2 ‘¢ Write r value to variable exponent, Ask yourself by what must you multiply -2 inorder to get 2; the answer is © Multiply step 1 by - o 2 Step3 )13(-2)'(-2)* = Y3-2)* * Simplify using exponent rules @) 84442414... 40; a=8,r=4,n=0 So © Write r value to variable exponent. Step: YG) Ask youself by what must you multiply + inorder to get 8; the answer is 16 Step 2: )116-(4)" © Multiply step | by 16 Simplify using exponent rules ay ‘+ Write r value to variable exponent. Step: Y—— Ask yourself by what must you multiply Lon 1 Tor i order to.get Is the answer is 1.01 = Il Step2: 71.01 ‘© Multiply step 1 by 1.01 2 DO To vl 1 1 step3: Y—_ Ya + Simplify using exponent rules P* Econ" (on 7 (1.0 or Saov'aan+ = Fao" 17. a) » 5 = 2-4 4x =-3 > xe-3 4 answer is @ because r is outside the range -1 2-2c0s0=1 > 2c0s9=1-> 0088 -too0 = 60°, 300° f) a®+a' +a" =31 + a’ +a-30=0 > (a+ 6a—5)=0 > a=-6 or 5 2°-2"') | 18. a) 5S, = a+ + a=1000 10 aan _ azar" _ ¥2-y2(V2}° _ V2-32v2_ d) This is geometric with r= V2 +. Sy = ci. 4 =3iv2 _ ~31v2 (i+ v2) el = 3IN2(+v2 Te Galea) 2 80 > 124120 +12r? +126? =180 > 12r? +12r? +12r-168 = 0 > Part 4r-14=0 Since f(2)=0 +. by the rational root theorem = 2 is one solution —> (r=2)(r?+3r+7)=0 , (no real solutions for r? + 3r+7=0), therefore, r = 2 = 31v2 +62 ©) a+artar® tar? f) 32+16+8+4+2+1=63 or by proper subsets 2" —1 00 - 0.01 r > 101.01 = > 101.01 - 101.01 r = 100-001 r 101 r = 1.01 > ! 5 Q.01 = 100( 5)! > 104 = 10°") 5 4 = 249-1) 0 5 (® number ofterms m=3 (ii) common ratio r= shy h) Sj = 1000(1.1) + 1000(1.1)° + 1000(1.1)° + + 1000(1.1)°° a=ar" _ 1100-1100(1.1)" 1-i Accumulated interest = $180 943.43 — $30 000 = $150 943.43 Sy = = $180 043.43 is value of annufly “Copyright © by Crescent Beach Publishing ~All rights reserved. Cancopy © has ruled that this book snot covered by ‘their licensing agreement. No part of ths publication may be reproduced without explicit permission ofthe publisher. 120_¢ SEQUENCE & SERIES - SOLUTIONS ‘Theory and Problems for Senior High Math 18. i) ( 1, =40000(1.05)* = $51051.26, 4, = 43000 (1.03)° = $49 848.79 ~ the $40 000 initial pay is better after 5 years by $1202.47 a—ar" _ 40000 ~ 40000(1.05)* reaper anes st tecaet 43000 - 43000(1.03)° 1-103 the $43 000 initial pay is better after 5 years for total money by $6 065.12 = $272076.51 or (i) S.= Si = $278 141.63 soe =) 155.680.05 ~19568.005 > se, 9 161051 =0.61051.a = -15568,005 > a = $25 500 ) » 19. a) b) Geometric series @+ar+ar? +ar? + tease) een ea aa ae eee 8, rertaer’+... Forthe series ptr? +r? + 1 i 1 =r 9 Sr=1> r=4. For the original series 2+2r-+2r? + ..., withr= 4 <1 a Z : 5 4-49 ore 5 ©) {- Butan infinite geometric series has a finite sum only if -1

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