WE CARE

OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

Our Culture -“WE CARE”

WE CARE ABOUT OUR COLLEAGUES
Why? We need each other to achieve our goals
Through:
• Responsible leadership
• Commitment
• Mutual respect
• Open Communication
• Personal development

WE CARE ABOUT OUR SHAREHOLDERS

Why? We wish to be an attractive company
Through:
• Value
• creation
• Accountability
• Development
• Responsiveness

WE CARE ABOUT OUR CUSTOMERS

Why? Our customers’ success is our success
Through:
• Commitment to our customers’ requirements
• Performance
• Mutual trust
• Capability and technology
• Involving our suppliers and partners

WE CARE ABOUT OUR SOCIETY

Why? Society provides the framework for our business
Through
• Commitment
• Sustainable development
• Social responsibility

2
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EMC’s VALUES 4
1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 5
1.1. COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND REGULATIONS 6
1.2. TO WHOM THE CODE APPLIES 6
1.3. EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES 6
1.4. ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMC LEADERSHIP 7
1.5. PROTECTION FROM RETALIATION 8
1.6. ACCOUNTABILITY AND DISCIPLINE 9
1.7. SEEKING GUIDANCE AND REPORTING BREACHES OF THE CODE 9

2. WE VALUE OUR COLLEAGUES 10

2.1. HEALTH AND SAFETY 11
2.2. SUBSTANCE AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 12
2.3. WORKING CONDITIONS 13

3. WE VALUE OUR CUSTOMER 15

3.1. OUR COMMITMENT TO QUALITY 16
3.2. FAIR COMPETITION AND ANTI-TRUST 17
3.3. BID RIGGING 19
3.4. THIRD PARTY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 20
3.5. CONFIDENTIALITY AND APPROPRIATE CONTACT WITH COMPETITORS 21

4. WE VALUE OUR SHAREHOLDERS 22

4.1. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 23
4.2. RECEIVING HOSPITALITY, ENTERTAINMENT AND GIFTS 24
4.3. PROVIDING HOSPITALITY, ENTERTAINMENT AND GIFTS 26
4.4.PROVIDING HOSPITALITY,GIFTSANDENT ERTAINMENT TOPUBLIC OFFICIALS 27
4.5. PROTECTING OUR ASSETS 29
4.6. PROPER USE OF OUR INFORMATION SYSTEM 31
4.7. ACCURATE BOOKS AND RECORDS 32
5. WE VALUE OUR SOCIETY 34
5.1.CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 35
5.2.ANTI-CORRUPTION & BRIBERY 37
5.3.INTEGRITY DUE DILIGENCE ON THIRD PARTIES 39
5.4.POLITICAL AND CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS 40
5.5.GLOBAL TRADE COMPLIANCE 41

EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

3
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

EMC’S Values
These values are vital to our success, and have helped us create a culture that is
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EMC Core Values

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• :HDFWSURIHVVLRQDOO\DQGIDLUO\LQGHDOLQJZLWKRXUYHQGRUVVXEFRQWUDFWRUVDQG
partners.
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• :HEHOLHYHLQWHDPZRUNDQGJRRGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV  
• %XVLQHVVHWKLFVDQGLQWHJULW\LVRXUVWDQGDUG  
• :HEHOLHYHLQGHYHORSLQJWKHFRPSHWHQFHDQGFDSDELOLWLHVRI(0&HPSOR\HHV
• :HUHZDUGH[FHOOHQWSHUIRUPDQFHRILQGLYLGXDOV JURXSVDQGDSSUHFLDWH
• success.
• :HFDUHDERXWFXVWRPHUVFROOHDJXHVVKDUHKROGHUVDQGVRFLHW\

4
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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1. Introduction and Overview

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

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 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

1.1 Compliance with laws and regulations

The EMC Code of Conduct

represents our commitment to

comply with all applicable

legal requirements in the

countries where we operate,

and our commitment to

conduct our business in an

ethical manner.

1.2 To whom the code applies

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1.3 Employee responsibilities

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In particular:
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channels.
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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1.4 Additional Responsibilities for EMC leadership

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UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

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• 6HUYHDVDUROHPRGHOIRUWKHKLJKHVWHWKLFDOVWDQGDUGVDQGZRUNWRFUHDWHDQG
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• %HSURDFWLYH7DNHUHDVRQDEOHDFWLRQVWRSUHYHQWDQGLGHQWLI\PLVFRQGXFWZLWKLQ
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FRPSOLDQFHREOLJDWLRQV

EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

7
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

1.5 Protection from retaliation

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LQYHVWLJDWHGDQGLISURYHGUHWDOLDWRUVZLOOEHGLVFLSOLQHGXSDFFRUGLQJWR
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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1.6 Accountability and discipline

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1.7 Seeking guidance and reporting breaches of the code

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• Egypt: 00202 26189999 &002026189960

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

9
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

2. We Value our Colleagues

10
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

2.1 Health and Safety

Our Standard
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

11
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

2.2 Substance and alcohol abuse

Our Standard
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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2.3. Working conditions

Our Standard
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• respect.
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

13
 WE CARE
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Warning Signs – harassment

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not in another.

14
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

3. We Value our Customer

EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

15
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

3.1. Our commitment to Quality

Our Standard
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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3.2. Fair Competition and Anti-Trust

Our Standard
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

17
 WE CARE
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Employee responsibilities
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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3.3. Bid Rigging

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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21
 WE CARE
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4. We Value our Shareholders

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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Our Standard
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

23
 WE CARE
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concerts and sports events.
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

25
 WE CARE
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4.3. Providing Hospitality, Entertainment and Gifts

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our reputation.
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event.
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26
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
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4.4. Providing Hospitality, Gifts and Entertainment to

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

27
 WE CARE
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Red Flags

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that alert a reasonable person
that illegal or improper conduct
has occurred, or that there is
a heightened risk that such
conduct may occur. In each
such instance, further inquiry,
due diligence, and consultation
is necessary before action is
taken.
The examples set out below
are not exhaustive. If an
employee has knowledge of
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caution must be applied.

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28
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

29
 WE CARE
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4.6. Proper use of our information system

Our Standard
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Employee responsibilities
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• 'RQRWVKDUH(0&¶VSURSULHWDU\LQIRUPDWLRQZLWKFXVWRPHUVRUVXSSOLHUVZLWKRXW
proper approval.
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4.7. Accurate Books and Records

Our Standard
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principles.
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32
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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Remember: All business transactions on behalf of EMC must be

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Employee responsibilities
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correct.
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

33
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

5. We Value Our Society

34
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 WE CARE
OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU

5.1. Corporate Responsibility

Our Standard
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add value.

EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

35
 WE CARE
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EMC and Employees Responsibilities

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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5.2. Anti-Corruption & Bribery

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

37
 WE CARE
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It is prohibited to:
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38
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
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5.3. Integrity Due Diligence on Third Parties

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standards.

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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

39
 WE CARE
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5.4. Political and Charitable Contributions

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40
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5.5. Global Trade Compliance

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activities.
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EMC CODE OF CONDUCT

41
 WE CARE
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42
EMC CODE OF CONDUCT
 ‫شـــــــركـة مصــــــر للصيانــــــــــــة‬
‫إحدى شركات قطاع البترول‬
Egyptian Maintenance Co.

Code of Conduct ‫ميثاق السلوك األخالقي‬

Tone from the top. ‫رسالة إدارة الشركة‬

EMC has -an ever-increasing multicultural workforce ‫شركة مصر للصيانة تحظى بتواجد متزايد للموارد البشرية‬
and asset portfolio across a number of countries. This ‫ وان‬،‫متعددة الثقافات واألصول عبر عدد من البلدان واألقطار‬
rapid growth ،together with an evolving regulatory ‫تطور منظومات التشريعات والقوانين جنبا إلى جنب مع هذا النمو‬
landscape ،presents its own unique set of challenges.
‫ وقد تم وضع "قيمنا‬،‫السريع يمثل مجموعة فريدة من التحديات‬
Our Corporate Values have been developed to address
these challenges and sustain our continued growth. ‫المؤسسية" لتتصدي لهذه التحديات ولمواصلة نمونا المستمر‬

EMC’s “Code of Conduct” is a tool to help us make the ‫دليل "ميثاق السلوك األخالقي" لشركة مصر للصيانة وسيلة‬
right choice in every situation and is one of our guides ‫تساعدنا على اختيار القيام بالتصرف الصحيح في أي موقف من‬
to doing the right thing in our business. ‫ وهو من مراجعنا للقيام بالشيء الصحيح في مجال‬،‫المواقف‬
.‫أعمالنا‬

Adherence to our code of conduct is a prerequisite for ‫إن االلتزام بميثاق السلوك األخالقي شرط أساسي للعمل في شركة‬
working at EMC. It gives guidance towards our daily ‫ إذ انه يعطي الدليل نحو التحديات التي نواجهها‬.‫مصر للصيانة‬
challenges, and helps to do things right, and by this ‫ وبهذا نحمي‬،‫ ويساعد على القيام باألشياء بشكل صحيح‬،‫يوميا‬
protect EMC’s reputation. These guidelines apply to all
– ‫ وتنطبق هذه المبادئ التوجيهية علينا جميعا‬.‫سمعة شركتنا‬
of us independent of in which country we are, offshore
as well as onshore, managers as well as employees. ‫بغض النظر عن البلد الذي نكون به سواء في‬-‫مديرين وموظفين‬
.‫البحر أو في البر‬
To make EMC to succeed with that, we have to build a ‫ علينا أن نبني ثقافة‬،‫ولكي تنجح شركة مصر للصيانة في ذلك‬
good culture and act with integrity. .‫جيدة وان نعمل بنزاهة‬
We believe that EMC employees are fully capable of ‫إننا نؤمن أن العاملين بشركة مصر للصيانة قادرون على اتخاذ‬
making the right decisions when faced with difficult ‫ وواثقون أنهم‬،‫القرارات الصحيحة عند مواجهة خيارات صعبة‬
choices and that they will be guided by their good ‫ ومع هذا‬.‫سوف يسترشدون في ذلك بحكمهم الرشيد على األمور‬
judgment. However, We should never feel that we
‫فال ينبغي أن نشعر دائما "انه يتوجب علينا المضي قدما‬
“have to do it alone” when we are unsure of what is the
right thing to do. One of the responsibilities we share is ‫والتصرف بمفردنا" إن لم نكن متأكدين أننا تقوم بالتصرف‬
to seek guidance from our managers or other internal ‫ إن واحدة من المسؤوليات التي نتقاسمها هي التماس‬.‫الصحيح‬
sources when we need it. ‫ أو من غيرهم من المراجع‬،‫التوجيه وطلب العون من مديرينا‬
.‫الداخلية كلما دعت الحاجة‬
Never be afraid to ask for advice if you are in doubt ‫ال تترددون ابدأ في طلب المشورة إذا كنتم في شك حول ما هو‬
about what is the right thing to do in a situation. Please .‫الشيء الصحيح الذي ينبغي عليكم القيام به في موقف ما‬
have the courage to speak up if you see anything that ‫وأرجوكم أن نتحلى بالشجاعة للتحدث واإلبالغ عند رؤية شيء‬
appears to breach this Code. Your concerns will be
‫ وسوف نتعامل مع بالغاتك‬،‫يخرق أو يخالف تعليمات هذا الميثاق‬
considered seriously.
.‫بكل جدية‬
As you read this entire code of conduct on the following ‫ استرشد‬،‫عند قرأتك لهذا الميثاق بالكامل على الصفحات التالية‬
pages, be guided by its expectations and continue to ‫بتوقعاته وداوم على دعم مهنية شركة مصر للصيانة بااللتزام‬
support EMC’s professionalism by adhering to our
values in your work every day. .‫بقيمنا في عملك اليومي‬

Dr. Sami Wehbe Eng. Ashraf Bahaa

Managing Director Chairman & Managing Director

Issue 02, Dated 02 / 11 /2021

 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

©ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧªΎϧΗϓΎϘΛ
Ύ˰˰˰ϧϓ΍Ωϫ΃ϕ˰˰˰ϳϘΣΗϊϳρΗ˰˰˰γϧϰ˰˰˰ΗΣέ˰˰˰ΧϷ΍ϰ˰˰˰ϟ΍˱ϼϛΝΎ˰˰˰ΗΣϧϥ˰˰˰Σϧˮ΍ΫΎ˰˰˰ϣϟΎ˰˰˰ϧ΋ϼϣίΑϡ˰˰˰ΗϬϧϥ˰˰˰Σϧ
ΔϛέΗ˰˰˰ηϣϟ΍
ˮϑϳϛ
Δϟϭ΅γϣϟ΍ΓΩΎϳϘϟ΍ ‡
ϡ΍ίΗ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ϟϻ΍ ‡
ϝΩΎΑΗϣϟ΍ϡ΍έΗΣϻ΍ ‡
έϣγΗϣϟ΍ϝλ΍ϭΗϟ΍ ‡
έϳϭρΗϟ΍ϭΏϳέΩΗϟ΍ ‡
ΎϧϳϣϫΎγϣΑϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ
ΔΑΫΎΟΔϛέηϥϭϛϧϥ΃ϰϧϣΗϧˮϡΗϬϧ΍ΫΎϣϟ
ˮϑϳϛ
ΔϓΎοϣΔϣϳϗϕϳϘΣΗ ‡
Δϳϟϭ΋γϟ΍ϝϣΣΗ ‡
έϭρΗϟ΍ ‡
ΔΑΎΟΗγϻ΍ ‡

Ύϧ΋ϼϣόΑϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ
ΎϧΣΎΟϧϭϫΎϧ΋ϼϣϋΡΎΟϧˮϡΗϬϧ΍ΫΎϣϟ
ˮϑϳϛ
Ύϧ΋ϼϣϋΕΎΑϠρΗϣΑϡ΍ίΗ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ϟϻ΍ ‡
ϝΎόϔϟ΍ϭΩϳΟϟ΍˯΍ΩϷ΍ ‡
ΔϟΩΎΑΗϣϟ΍ΔϘΛϟ΍ ‡
ΎϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϟ΍ϭΓέΩϘϟ΍ ‡
ϝϣόϟ΍˯ΎϛέηϭϥϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϙ΍έη· ‡

ΎϧόϣΗΟϣΑϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ
ϪϟϼΧϥϣϝϣόϧϯΫϟ΍έΎρϹ΍ϭϫϊϣΗΟϣϟ΍ˮ΍ϡΗϬϧ΍ΫΎϣϟ
ˮϑϳϛ
ϡ΍ίΗ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ϟϻ΍ ‡
Δϣ΍ΩΗ˰γϣϟ΍ΔϳϣϧΗϟ΍ ‡
ΔϳόϣΗΟϣϟ΍ΔϳΎϋέϟ΍ ‡

٢
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϡϳϗ
˾ ΔϣΎϋΓέυϧϭΔϣΩϘϣ˺
˿ ΕΎόϳέηΗϟ΍ϭϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϊϣϕϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍˺̄˺
˿ Ωϋ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϕΑρΗϥϣϰϠϋ˺̄˻
˿ ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ˺̄˼
̀ ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΓΩΎϘϟΔϳϓΎο·ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ˺̄˽
́ ϝϳϛϧΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϡΎϘΗϧϻ΍ϥϣΔϳΎϣΣϟ΍˺̄˾
̂ ρΎΑοϧϻ΍ϭΔϠ΋Ύγϣϟ΍˺̄˿
̂ ϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣΕΎϔϟΎΧϣϥϋύϼΑϹ΍ϭΓΩϋΎγϣϟ΍ΏϠρ˺̄̀

˺˹ Ύϧ΋ϼϣίέΩϘϧϥΣϧ˻
˺˺ Δϣϼγϟ΍ϭΔΣλϟ΍˻̄˺
˺˻ ΕΎϳϟϭΣϛϟ΍ϭΕ΍έΩΧϣϟ΍ϰρΎόΗ˻̄˻
˺˼ ϝϣόϟ΍ϑϭέυ˻̄˼
˺˾ Ύϧ΋ϼϣϋέΩϘϧϥΣϧ˼
˺˿ ΓΩϭΟϟΎΑΎϧϣ΍ίΗϟ΍˼̄˺
˺̀ έΎϛΗΣϷ΍ϊϧϣϭΔϟΩΎόϟ΍ΔγϓΎϧϣϟ΍˼̄˻
˺̂ Ε΍˯ΎρόϟΎΑΏϋϼΗϟ΍˼̄˼
˻˹ ϥϳέΧϼϟΔϳέγϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍˼̄˽
˻˺ ϥϳγϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊϣΏγΎϧϣϟ΍ϝλ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϭΔϳέγϟ΍˼̄˾

˻˻ Ύϧ΋ΎϛέηέΩϘϧϥΣϧ˽
˻˼ ΢ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎοΗ˽̄˺
˻˽ Ύϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭϪϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΔϓΎϳοϟ΍ϝϭΑϗ˽̄˻
˻˿ Ύϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭϪϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΔϓΎϳοϟ΍ϡϳΩϘΗ˽̄˼
˻̀ ϥϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥϳϟϭ΅γϣϟ΍ϰϟ·ϪϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΎϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭΔϓΎϳοϟ΍ϝ΋ΎγϭϡϳΩϘΗ˽̄˽
˻́ ΔϳΑϧΗϟ΍Ε΍έΎη·
˻̂ Ύϧϟϭλ΃ΔϳΎϣΣ˽̄˾
˼˺ ΎϧΑΔλΎΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϡΎυϧϟϝΛϣϷ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗγϻ΍˽̄˿
˼˻ ΔϘϳϗΩϟ΍έΗΎϓΩϟ΍ϭΕϼΟγϟ΍˽̄̀

˼˽ ΎϧόϣΗΟϣέΩϘϧϥΣϧ˾
˼˾ ΔϛέηϠϟΔϳϋΎϣΗΟϹ΍Δϳϟϭ΅γϣϟ΍˾̄˺
˼̀ Γϭηέϟ΍ϭΩΎγϔϟ΍ΔΣϓΎϛϣ˾̄˻
˼̂ ϯέΧϷ΍ϑ΍έρϷ΍ϥϋϕ΋ΎϘΣϟ΍ϭΔϫ΍ίϧϟ΍ϰλϘΗ˾̄˼
˽˹ ΔϳέϳΧϟ΍΍ϭΔϳγΎϳγϟ΍ΕΎϣϫΎγϣϟ΍˾̄˽
˽˺ ϲϣϟΎόϟ΍ϱέΎΟΗϟ΍ϝΎΛΗϣϻ΍˾̄˾

٣
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϡϳϗ
ϝ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϓϭέόϣΔ˰˰ ϓΎϘΛϕ˰˰ ϠΧϰ˰˰ ϠϋΎϧΗΩϋΎ˰˰ γΩ˰˰ ϗϭΎ˰˰ ϧΣΎΟϧϡ˰˰ ϋΩϲ˰˰ ϓϱέ˰˰ ϫϭΟϭϱϭ˰˰ ϳΣέ˰˰ ϣ΃ϡ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫ
Ύ˰˰ ϧόϣΗΟϣϭΎϧ΋Ύϛέ˰˰ ηϭΎ˰˰ ϧ΋ϼϣίϭΎ˰˰ ϧ΋ϼϣόΑϡ˰˰ ΗϬϧϭέΩ˰˰ ϘϧΎ˰˰ ϧϧ΄Αϥ˰˰ ϳέϳΛϛϟ΍
ϡ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϭΔϳϠΑϘΗ˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳϟΎΣϟ΍ΡΎ˰˰ Οϧϟ΍έ˰˰ λΎϧϋϡ˰˰ ϫ΃ϝ˰˰ ΛϣΗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑϡ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϋϭϣΟϣϥ·
ˬΎϧ΋Ύϛέ˰˰ ηϊ˰˰ ϣϭˬΎ˰˰ ϧϧϳΑΎ˰˰ ϣϳϓΎ˰˰ ϧϟΎϣϋ΃ϱΩ΅˰˰ ϧΎ˰˰ ϣΩϧϋΎϧϛϭϠ˰˰ γΑϕ˰˰ ϠόΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣϳϓΔ˰˰ ϳϣϫ΃έ˰˰ ΛϛϷ΍έ˰˰ λΎϧόϟ΍΢˰˰ οϭΗ
ϡΎ˰˰ ϋϝϛ˰˰ ηΑϊ˰˰ ϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϭˬΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϭˬϥϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϭˬϥ˰˰ ϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϭˬ˯ϼ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϭ

ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟΔϳγΎγϷ΍ϡϳϘϟ΍
ϥ˰˰˰ϣϥ˰˰˰ϳϟϭΎϘϣϟ΍ϭˬΎ˰˰˰ϧ΋ϼϣϋϭΎ˰˰˰ϧϳϔυϭϣϟΔ˰˰˰΋ϳΑϟ΍ϭΔϣϼ˰˰˰γϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰˰Σλϟ΍Δ˰˰˰ϳΎϣΣΓέϭέ˰˰˰οΑϥ˰˰˰ϣ΅ϧϥ˰˰˰Σϧ ‡
ϥ˰˰˰ρΎΑϟ΍
ϙϟΫϕϳϘΣΗϟϥϳΩϫΎΟϝϣόϧϥΣϧϭˬϰϣγϷ΍ΎϧϓΩϫϭϫΎϧ΋ϼϣϋΎοέ ‡ 
˯Ύϛέηϟ΍ϭˬϥρΎΑϟ΍ϲϟϭΎϘϣϭˬϥϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϊϣΔϟ΍ΩϋϭˬΔϳϧϬϣϭΔϳϓέΣΑϝϣΎόΗϧϥΣϧ ‡
Δϣ΍έϛϭϡ΍έΗΣΎΑΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϲϔυϭϣϊϣϝϣΎόΗϟΎΑϥϣ΅ϧϥΣϧ ‡ 
ΩϳΟϟ΍ϝλ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϭˬϲϋΎϣΟϟ΍ϝϣόϟΎΑϥϣ΅ϧϥΣϧ ‡
ΔϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ϝΎϣϋϷ΍ΕΎϳϗϼΧ΃ϭΔϫ΍ίϧϟ΍ΎϧέΎϳόϣ ‡
ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϲϔυϭϣΕΎϧΎϛϣ·ϭΓ˯ΎϔϛέϳϭρΗΓέϭέοΑϥϣ΅ϧ ‡
ΕΎΣΎΟϧϟ΍έΩϘϧϭϥϣΛϧΎϣϛˬΕΎϋϭϣΟϣϟ΍ϭΩ΍έϓϸϟίϳϣΗϣϟ΍˯΍ΩϷ΍Γ΄ϓΎϛϣΑϥϣ΅ϧ ‡
ΎϧϟϭΣϥϣϊϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϭϥϳϣϫΎγϣϟ΍ϭˬΎϧ΋ϼϣϋϭˬΎϧ΋ϼϣίΑϡΗϬϧϭέΩϘϧ ‡

٤
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϣΎϋΓέυϧϭΔϣΩϘϣ
ˬΕΎ˰˰ϳϗϼΧϷ΍ϥ˰˰ϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϟ΍ϲ˰˰ϓϑ˰˰υϭϣϝϛϪ˰˰Αϰ˰˰ϠΣΗϳϥ΃ϲ˰˰ϐΑϧϳΎ˰˰ϣ΢˰˰οϭϳϲϣ˰˰γέϥΎ˰˰ϳΑϭ˰˰ϫϕΎ˰˰Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ϫ
ˬΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϟ΍˯ϼ˰˰˰ϣϋϭˬΎ˰˰˰ϧ΋ϼϣίϊ˰˰˰ϣΎ˰˰˰ϧϠϣΎόΗΩ˰˰˰ϧϋϭˬΔ˰˰˰ϳϣϭϳϟ΍Ύ˰˰˰ϧϟΎϣϋϷΎ˰˰˰ϧ΋΍Ω΃Ω˰˰˰ϧϋΔ˰˰˰ϠοΎϔϟ΍ΕΎϳϛϭϠ˰˰˰γϟ΍ϭ
ϡΎ˰˰ ϋϝϛ˰˰ ηΑϊ˰˰ ϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϭˬΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϙϼ˰˰ ϣϭϥϳϣϫΎ˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϭ
Ω˰˰ ϗϭϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϪ˰˰ ϳϠϋϡΎ˰˰ ϗϱΫ˰˰ ϟ΍αΎ˰˰ γϷ΍ϲ˰˰ ϫΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑΕΎϳϛϭϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭϡ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϋϭϣΟϣϥ·
Ύϧ˰˰ γϟϭˬΕΎ˰˰ όϗϭΗϟ΍ϭΉΩΎ˰˰ Αϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϫ΃ϥΎ˰˰ ϳΑϰ˰˰ Ϡϋί˰˰ ϛέϧΎ˰˰ ϧϧ΃Ι˰˰ ϳΣˬ˱Ύ˰˰Σο΍ϭϭ˱΍έ˰˰ λΗΧϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃Ύ˰˰ ϧϳϋ΍έ
Δ˰˰ ϳϠϳλϔΗϟ΍Ε΍ΩΎ˰˰ ηέϹ΍ϭΩ˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϘϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛΩέ˰˰ γΩΩ˰˰ λΑ
ˬΔ˰˰ ΣϳΣλϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϘϳέρϟΎΑϭϡϳϠ˰˰ γϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ Α΋Ύλϟ΍ϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋϷ΍˯΍Ω΄˰˰ ΑΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟ΍α˰˰ ϛόϳΎ˰˰ οϳ΃ϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫ
Ύ˰˰ ϣϭˬΩ˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϗϭˬϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗϥ˰˰ ϣϥϳϔυϭϣϭΓέ΍Ω·±Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍Ϫ˰˰ Αϡί˰˰ ΗϠΗΎ˰˰ ϣϟΎ˰˰ ϣΎϫ΍έΩ˰˰ λϣϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫΩ˰˰ όϳϭ
Δ˰˰ ϧϬϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϳϗϥ˰˰ ϣϪ˰˰ Αϥ˰˰ ϣ΅Η
ϡ˰˰˰γΎΑΔ˰˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ϝΎ˰˰˰ϣϋϷ΍Δ˰˰˰γέΎϣϣϟΕΎ˰˰˰όϗϭΗϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰˰ϳϗϼΧϷ΍Δ˰˰˰ϳϬϳΟϭΗϟ΍ΉΩΎ˰˰˰Αϣϟ΍ϕΎ˰˰˰Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϫΎ˰˰˰ϧϟέ˰˰˰ϓϭϳ
ϑ˰˰ϗ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ϓ˱ϼ˰ ϳϟΩΩ˰˰όϳϪ˰˰ϧϛϟϭˬϊ˰˰ϳο΍ϭϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ϓΎϛΞ˰˰ϟΎόϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϛϣϳϻϕΎ˰˰Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ϫΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰η
΢˰˰ ο΍ϭέ˰˰ ϳϏ΢˰˰ ϳΣλϟ΍έΎ˰˰ ϳΗΧϻ΍ϭ΃ϡϳϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϑέ˰˰ λΗϟ΍Ύ˰˰ Ϭϳϓϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍

٥
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΕΎόϳέηΗϟ΍ϭϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϊϣϕϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍˺-˺

•¢–CC {–GgCC Ic¤}–GyCC }HgFyCC 7’cCC k¤H—CC kÃ

gCCCDcF ˆCCCH ‘CCCD*¢hGc+ cCCCœH*zhG* ¥CCCEÊ1&±*
¥CC CDgM4cCC {G*KgCC dµ*gCC ¤I¢IcG*jcCC d–hµ*
gMy+cCCœGc™<&*$*2&±cCCŸ+—CC™‡I¥CChG*˜K^CCG*
gCCC¤EÊ1&*

Ωϋ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϕΑρΗϥϣϰϠϋ˻-˺
ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϬΑ˯Ύ˰˰ ϓϭϟ΍ϭˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϔυϭϣΔ˰˰ ϓΎϛΔϳϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫΩ˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϘΑϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍Ω˰˰ όϳ
ϝΑϘΗ˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϓϭέ˰˰ οΎΣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϭ˰˰ ϣϧϟ΍ϭΡΎ˰˰ Οϧϟ΍ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϰ˰˰ ϠϋΓέΩΎ˰˰ ϗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝ˰˰ όΟϳΎ˰˰ ϣϭ˰˰ ϫ
ϡ˰˰ Ϭϧϣϊ˰˰ ϗϭΗϳϭˬΔϛέ˰˰ ηϠϟ΍Ω΍Ω˰˰ Ηϣ΍Δ˰˰ ϣΩΧϟ΍ϭ˰˰ ϣΩϘϣϭΎ˰˰ ϫϭΩέϭϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η˯Ύϛέ˰˰ ην˰˰ όΑέ˰˰ ΑΗόϳ
Ύ˰˰ ϬϧϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝ˰˰ ϳΛϣΗΩ˰˰ ϧϋϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫΡϭέ˰˰ Αϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ˼-˺
Δ˰˰ϳϗϼΧϷ΍ΕΎ˰˰ϔλ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋ΃ϰ˰˰ϠϋυΎ˰˰ϔΣϟ΍ϝ˰˰Ο΍ϥ˰˰ϣϲό˰˰γϟ΍Δ˰˰ϧΎϳλϟ΍έ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϲ˰˰ϔυϭϣϊ˰˰ϳϣΟϰ˰˰Ϡϋ
ϲ˰˰ϠϳΎ˰˰ϣϳϓιΎ˰˰Χϝϛ˰˰ηΑϭϡ˰˰ϳϘϟ΍ϰ˰˰ϠϋΔ˰˰ϣ΋ΎϘϟ΍ΔϛέΗ˰˰ηϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ϓΎϘΛϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ϟΎϣίϟΎΑαΎ˰˰γΣ΃ϕ˰˰ϠΧϭ
ΔϛέηϟΎΑΔλΎΧϟ΍ϡ΍ίΗϟϻ΍ΕΎγΎϳγϭϕΎΛϳϣϟ΍΍ΫϬΑΓΩέ΍ϭϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟΎΑΔϳ΍έΩϰϠϋϥϛ
ϭ΃ϥϳϓέ˰˰˰ηϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰˰ϟ·΢˰˰˰΋΍ϭϠϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ΕΎϛΎ˰˰˰ϬΗϧ΍ϥ΄˰˰˰ηΑΔ˰˰˰ϠϣΗΣϣϑϭΎ˰˰˰Χϣϱ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϋύϼ˰˰˰ΑϹΎΑ΍έϭ˰˰˰ϓϡ˰˰˰ϗ
ΔΑ˰˰˰γΎϧϣϟ΍Ε΍ϭ˰˰˰ϧϘϟ΍ϝϼ˰˰˰Χϥ˰˰˰ϣϭ΃ϡ΍ί˰˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰˰γϣ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηΕΎρ΍έΗ˰˰ ηϻ˱Ύ˰˰ϘΑρϭˬΔ˰˰ ϘΑρϣϟ΍ΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϕ˰˰ ϔΗΗΔ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧ΃ϭϪ˰˰ ϧϣ΃Δ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑϑέ˰˰ λΗ
Ύ˰˰ ϬϣϳϗϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ

٦
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΓΩΎϘϟΔϳϓΎο·ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ˽-˺

ΔϳϟΎΗϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣϟ΍ϊϣϕϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϙϧϣΎοϳ΃ϊϗϭΗϳˬϱΩΎϳϗϊϗϭϣϲϓΕϧϛ΍Ϋ·
έϣΗ˰˰˰γϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰˰ϳϠόΗϟ΍ϰ˰˰˰ϠϋϊΟ˰˰˰ηΗϭϲ˰˰˰ϋΎϣΟϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϭΩ˰˰˰ϬΟϟ΍έΩ˰˰˰ϘΗϝ˰˰˰ϣϋΔ˰˰˰΋ϳΑϕ˰˰˰ϠΧϲ˰˰˰ϓΓΩϋΎ˰˰˰γϣϟ΍‡
ϝ˰˰˰λ΍ϭΗϟ΍Ε΍ϭ˰˰˰ϧϗ΢˰˰˰ΗϔΗϭΔ˰˰˰ϟΩΎΑΗϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰˰ϳϘϟ΍ϡέ˰˰˰ΗΣΗϭ
ϪϠόϓϙϳϠϋ˱΍έϭυΣϣϥϭϛϳΩϗΎϣϝόϔϳϥ΃ϑυϭϣϥϣΏϠρΗϻ‡
Ύ˰˰ ϬϘϳΑρΗΔ˰˰ ϳϔϳϛϭϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γΎϳγϭϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϗϝΎ˰˰ ϳΣϡ˰˰ Ϭόϣϝ˰˰ λ΍ϭΗϭˬϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟΎ˰˰ όΟέϣϥ˰˰ ϛ‡
Δ˰˰ ϳϣϭϳϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϬϟΎϣϋ΃Δ˰˰ ϳΩ΄Η˯Ύ˰˰ ϧΛ΃
ϰ˰˰ ϠϋϝΩ˰˰ ΗΔ˰˰ ϓΎϘΛϰ˰˰ ϠϋυΎ˰˰ ϔΣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝ˰˰ ϣϋ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧϷ΍έ˰˰ ϳϳΎόϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋϷϪ˰˰ ΑϱΫ˰˰ ΗΣϳ˱Ύ˰˰ΟΫϭϣϧϥ˰˰ ϛ‡
ϡ˰˰ ϬΗϳΎϋέϭ˯ϼ˰˰ ϣίϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϳϣΟΑϡΎ˰˰ ϣΗϫϻ΍
˯ϭ˰˰˰γΩ˰˰˰ϳΩΣΗϭϊ˰˰˰ϧϣϟΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϋΔ˰˰˰ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑΔϟϭ΅˰˰˰γϣΕ΍˯΍έ˰˰˰Ο·ΫΎ˰˰˰ΧΗΎΑϡ˰˰˰ϗϭ˱ϼ˰˰˰ϋΎϓ˱ΎλΧ˰˰˰ηϥ˰˰˰ϛ‡
έ˰˰ Λ΅ΗΩ˰˰ ϗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋύϼ˰˰ ΑϹΎΑϡ˰˰ ϗϭϙ˰˰ ΑΔ˰˰ λΎΧϟ΍ϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϋϭϣΟϣϝ˰˰ Χ΍Ωϑέ˰˰ λΗϟ΍
ϲ˰˰ ϗϼΧ΃ϝϛ˰˰ ηΑϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϥ˰˰ ϳϠϣΎόϟ΍ΓέΩ˰˰ ϗϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ
΍Ϋ˰˰ ϬϟΔ˰˰ ϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ΕΎϛΎ˰˰ ϬΗϧϻ΍ϝϭ˰˰ ΣΔϠ΋˰˰ γϷ΍Ρέ˰˰ ρϲ˰˰ ϓΡΎ˰˰ ϳΗέϻΎΑϥ˰˰ ϳϠϣΎόϟ΍Ύ˰˰ Ϭϳϓέό˰˰ ηϳΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϕ˰˰ ϠΧΑϡ˰˰ ϗ‡
Ύ˰˰ Ϭϧϋύϼ˰˰ ΑϹ΍ϭϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γΎϳγϭϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍
ϕΎΛϳϣϟ΍ΕΎγΎϳγϭ΃Ωϋ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϊϣϰϓΎϧΗϳϱΫϟ΍ϝϣόϟ΍ϙϭϠγ΢ϳΣλΗϟΔϳέϭϓΕ΍˯΍έΟ·ΫΧΗ΃‡
ΔΑΎΟΗ˰˰ γϻ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϥ˰˰ ϘϳΗϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋΩ˰˰ ϧϋϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳέΧϵ΍ϥϳϓέ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΓΩϋΎ˰˰ γϣϟ΍α˰˰ ϣΗϟ΍‡
ϭ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϳϳέΎΟΗ˯Ύϛέ˰˰˰ηϭ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϳΑϭΩϧϣϭ΃˯ϼϛϭϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϑ΍έ˰˰˰ηϹΎΑϡϭ˰˰˰ϘΗΕ˰˰˰ϧϛ΍Ϋ·ϑ˰˰˰ϗϭϣϱϷϰ˰˰˰ϠΛϣϟ΍
Ύ˰˰˰ϬΑϡ΍ί˰˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϭϕΎ˰˰˰Λϳϣϟ΍Ω˰˰˰ϋ΍ϭϘϟϡ˰˰˰ϬϣϬϓϥ˰˰˰ϣΩ˰˰˰ϛ΄ΗˬΕΎ˰˰˰ϣΩΧϲ˰˰˰ϣΩϘϣ

٧
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϝϳϛϧΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϡΎϘΗϧϻ΍ϥϣΔϳΎϣΣϟ΍˾-˺

Δϛέ˰˰ ηϥΈ˰˰ ϓˬΎ˰˰ ϫέΎϳΗΧ΍ϡ˰˰ Ηϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ώ˰˰ ϳϠΑΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ Ϙϳέρϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϧϋώ˰˰ ϠΑ˵ϣϟ΍ϙϭϠ˰˰ γϟ΍˯ϭ˰˰ γωϭ˰˰ ϧϥ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ υϧϟ΍ν˰˰ ϐΑ
ϡΩ˰˰˰ϘϳιΧ˰˰˰ηϱ΃ϩΎ˰˰˰ΟΗϲ˰˰˰ϔϳυϭϡΎ˰˰˰ϘΗϧ΍ϭ΃ί˰˰˰ϳϳϣΗϱ΃ϊ˰˰˰ϣ΢ϣΎ˰˰˰γΗΗϥ˰˰˰ϟϕ˰˰˰ϘΣΗϟ΍Ω˰˰˰όΑΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣ
ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γΎϳγϟϭ΃ϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ Ϭϟϡϭ˰˰ ϋίϣϙΎ˰˰ ϬΗϧ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋ΍έ˰˰ ϳέϘΗ
ΎϬΑϝϣόϧϲΗϟ΍ϥ΍ΩϠΑϟ΍ϥϣΩϳΩόϟ΍ϲϓΔϳϠΣϣϟ΍ϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϠϟϕέΧϡΎϘΗϧϻ΍΍ΫϫΩόϳ
ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϑϭ˰˰ γˬΎ˰˰ ϬΗΎΑΛ·ϡ˰˰ Η΍Ϋ·ϭνϳϔΗ˰˰ γϣϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΎ˰˰ Ϭϳϓϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ΗϳϭˬΔ˰˰ ϳΩΟΑϡΎ˰˰ ϘΗϧϻ΍ϱϭΎ˰˰ ϋΩϊ˰˰ ϣϝ˰˰ ϣΎόΗϧ
.ΔϳέΎ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϠϟ˱Ύ˰˰ϘΑρϥ˰˰ ϳϣϘΗϧϣϟ΍ΏΎ˰˰ Ϙϋ

٨
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ρΎΑοϧϻ΍ϭΔϠ΋Ύγϣϟ΍˿-˺

ϙ˰˰ ϟΫΑϡΎ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϥ˰˰ ϳέΧϵ΍Ι˰˰ ΣϭΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γΎϳγϭϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫΉΩΎ˰˰ Αϣϭ΢˰˰ ΋΍ϭϠϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϙΎ˰˰ ϬΗϧ΍ϥ·
ϝϣ˰˰ ηΗΩ˰˰ ϗΔ˰˰ ϳΑϳΩ΄ΗΕΎ˰˰ ΑϭϘϋϲ˰˰ ϓϙ˰˰ ϟΫΏΑ˰˰ γΗϳϭέ˰˰ ρΧϲ˰˰ ϓΎϬΗόϣ˰˰ γϊ˰˰ οϳϭΔϳϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣϠϟΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍νέ˰˰ όϳ
Ω˰˰ ϗΎόΗϟ΍˯Ύ˰˰ Ϭϧ·
ΕΎ˰˰ΑϭϘϋϭϱϭΎ˰˰ϋΩϲ˰˰ϓΎ˰˰οϳ΃ΏΑ˰˰γΗΗΩ˰˰ϗΕΎόϳέ˰˰ηΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϥ˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍Δ˰˰ϔϟΎΧϣϥ΄˰˰ΑΔ˰˰ϳ΍έΩϰ˰˰Ϡϋϥϭ˰˰ϛΗϥ΃Ώ˰˰Οϳ
ΔϳέΎ˰˰γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϠϟ˱Ύ˰ ϘΑρΔ˰˰ϳ΋ΎϧΟΕΎ˰˰ϣϛΎΣϣ˯΍έ˰˰Ο·ϰ˰˰ϟ·ϥΎ˰˰ϳΣϷ΍ν˰˰όΑϲ˰˰ϓϝ˰˰λΗΩ˰˰ϗϲ˰˰Ηϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϗ
ϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣΕΎϔϟΎΧϣϥϋύϼΑϹ΍ϭΓΩϋΎγϣϟ΍ΏϠρ̀-˺
ϥ˰˰ ϛϟϭˬέ˰˰ ηΎΑϣϟ΍ϑέ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϝ˰˰ ϣόϟΎΑΎ˰˰ ϬϬΟ΍ϭΗϥ΃ϝ˰˰ ϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϑϭΎ˰˰ Χϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰ υόϣΔϳϭ˰˰ γΗϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳ
ϕ˰˰˰ϳέρϥ˰˰˰ϋΔ˰˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϗέ˰˰˰ϳϐϟ΍ϭ΃ΔϫϭΑ˰˰˰ηϣϟ΍Δρ˰˰˰ηϧϷΎΑΓΩΎ˰˰˰ϓϹ΍ϭ΃ΔϠ΋˰˰˰γϷ΍Ρέ˰˰˰ρϲ˰˰˰ϓέΎ˰˰˰ϳΧϟ΍Ύ˰˰˰οϳ΃ϙ˰˰˰ϟ
˰˰˰ΑϝΎ˰˰λΗϻ΍
ϝΎϣΟΩϣΣ΃αΩϧϬϣϟ΍)ϡ΍ίΗϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋γϣƒ
ΎϧΑΔλΎΧϟ΍ΓΩϋΎγϣϟ΍ϡΎϗέ΃ϰϠϋϝΎλΗϻ΍ϙϧϛϣϳΎϣϛ
˹˹˻˹˻˿˺́̂̂˿˹ ˹˹˻˹˻˻˿˺́̂̂̂̂‡
ϭ΃ϥϭ˰˰ ϧΎϘϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ϬΗϧΗΎ˰˰ Ϭϧ΃Ω˰˰ ϘΗόΗϝ˰˰ ϣϋϙϳέ˰˰ ηϭ΃ϝ˰˰ ϳϣίΎ˰˰ ϬΑϡϭ˰˰ ϘϳΔρ˰˰ ηϧ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΄ΑΔ˰˰ ϳ΍έΩϰ˰˰ ϠϋΕ˰˰ ϧϛ΍Ϋ·έ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
Ύ˰˰ Ϭϧϋϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣϭ΃ϙϓέ˰˰ ηϣύϼ˰˰ Α·Ώ˰˰ ΟϳˬϕΎ˰˰ Λϳϣϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫ

٩
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Ύϧ΋ϼϣίέΩϘϧ˻

١٠
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Δϣϼγϟ΍ϭΔΣλϟ΍˺-˻
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϑΩ˰˰ ϬϧϭˬΕΎ˰˰ ΑΎλϹ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳϟΎΧϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗΙ˰˰ ϳΣΑΔ˰˰ ϳΣλϭΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΅ϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΁ϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑέ˰˰ ϳϓϭΗϰ˰˰ ϟ·ϑΩ˰˰ Ϭϧ
ϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϕέ˰˰˰ρ΄˰˰˰ϔϛ΃ϭΕΎ˰˰˰γέΎϣϣϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰οϓ΄ΑϝΎ˰˰˰ϣϋϷ΍Δ˰˰˰ϳΩ΄Ηϭϝϭ˰˰˰λϷ΍Δ˰˰˰ϳΎϣΣϰ˰˰˰ϟ·ϙ˰˰˰ϟΫϛ

ϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϡ˰˰ ϋΩϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϟΎόϔϟ΍ΔϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϝϼ˰˰ Χϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΅ϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΁ϭΔ˰˰ ϳΣλϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϧϓΩϫϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗρ˰˰ ϘϓΎ˰˰ ϧϧϛϣϳ
ϲ˰˰ Ηϻ΍ϙΗΎϳϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣϥ˰˰ ϣϓϲ˰˰ ϟΎΗϟΎΑϭϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϟϝΎ˰˰ όϔϟ΍
Ε˰˰ ϧΎϛˬΎ˰˰ ϧϠλ΍ϭΗΩ΍ίΎ˰˰ ϣϠϛϓˬ΢˰˰ Ηϔϧϣϟ΍ϝ˰˰ λ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋϊΟ˰˰ ηΗϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ υϓΎΣϣϟ΍ϭέ˰˰ ϳϓϭΗΑϡ˰˰ ϗ‡
ΔϣϳϠ˰˰ γέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧϣ΁έ˰˰ ϳϏϑ˰˰ ϗ΍ϭϣϱϷϝ˰˰ οϓ΃ΎϧΗΑΎΟΗ˰˰ γ΍
ϙϠϣϋϲϓΔϘΑρϣϟ΍Ε΍˯΍έΟϹ΍ϭΕΎγΎϳγϟ΍ϭΕΎόϳέηΗϟ΍ϭϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟΎΑϡ˵ ˶Ϡϣ˵ ϙϧ΃ϥϣΩϛ΄Η‡
ϙ˰˰ ΗΣλϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϳΩϬΗϝ˰˰ ΛϣϳΩ˰˰ ϗϑ˰˰ ϗϭϣϱ΃ϭ΃Γέ˰˰ ρΧϟ΍Ω΍ϭ˰˰ ϣϠϟΏέ˰˰ γΗϱ΃ϥ˰˰ ϋέϭ˰˰ ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϙϓέ˰˰ ηϣώ˰˰ ϠΑ΍‡
Δ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϠϟ˱΍έέ˰˰ οΙΩ˰˰ ΣϳΩ˰˰ ϗϭ΃ˬϙ˰˰ ΋ϼϣίΔϣϼ˰˰ γϭΔ˰˰ Σλϭ΃ϙΗϣϼ˰˰ γϭ
ΙΩ΍ϭΣϟ΍˯΍έϭΔϳέΫΟϟ΍ΏΎΑγϷ΍ΩϳΩΣΗϟϕ΋ΎϘΣϟ΍ϰλϘΗΕ΍˯΍έΟ·ΔϓΎϛϲϓϥϭΎόΗ
Δϳέ΍ΩϹ΍ΎϧΗϣυϧϷΔϳΟέΎΧϟ΍Ε΍ΩΎϬηϟ΍ϰϠϋυΎϔΣϟ΍ϭϝϭλΣϠϟΔϳϣ΍έϟ΍ΩϭϬΟϟ΍ϊϣϥϭΎόΗ
ϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϝ˰˰˰ϣόϧΎ˰˰˰ϣϭΩΎ˰˰˰ϧϧ΃ϰ˰˰˰ϠϋΩ˰˰˰ϳϛ΄Ηϟ΍ϲ˰˰˰ϓ΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϫΩϋΎ˰˰˰γϳϭ ϭˬϭί˰˰˰ϳϷ΍ϭαΎ˰˰˰γϭϻ΍OHSASϝ˰˰˰Λϣ
Ύ˰˰˰ϧΗΎϣΩΧϭΎ˰˰˰ϧΗΎΟΗϧϣϭΎ˰˰˰ϧΗϣυϧ΃ϥϳ˰˰˰γΣΗ

١١
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΕΎϳϟϭΣϛϟ΍ϭΕ΍έΩΧϣϟ΍ϰρΎόΗ˻-˻

Ύ˰ϧέΎϳόϣ
ϥ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϣΎϫ΍˯ί˰˰ ΟϪ˰˰ ΟϭϧϭΝΎ˰˰ ΗϧϹ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ΛϋΎΑϭΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΁ϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑέ˰˰ ϳϓϭΗΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡί˰˰ ΗϠΗ
ϝΎϣόΗ˰˰˰γ΍Γ˯Ύ˰˰˰γ·ϭˬΔϋϭέ˰˰˰ηϣέ˰˰˰ϳϐϟ΍Ε΍έΩ˰˰˰Χϣϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰˰γ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϣϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϥΎϛ˰˰˰ϣϭ˰˰˰ϠΧϥ˰˰˰ϣΩ˰˰˰ϛ΄ΗϠϟΎ˰˰˰ϧΩϭϬΟ
ΕΎ˰˰ ϳϟϭΣϛϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ρΎόΗϭΎ˰˰ ϬΑΡέ˰˰ λϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϗΎϘόϟ΍
ϩΫ˰˰ ϳϔϧΗ˯Ύ˰˰ ϧΛ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ϳϟϭΣϛϟ΍ϭ΃Δϋϭέ˰˰ ηϣέ˰˰ ϳϐϟ΍Ε΍έΩ˰˰ Χϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳΛ΄ΗΕ˰˰ ΣΗΩέ˰˰ ϓϱ΃ΏΑ˰˰ γΗϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ
Δϟ˯Ύ˰˰ γϣϠϟϊ˰˰ οΧϳΩ˰˰ ϗϲ˰˰ ϟΎΗϟΎΑϭΔ˰˰ ϧϣ΁έ˰˰ ϳϏϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϕ˰˰ ϠΧϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η΢˰˰ ϟΎλϟϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃
Ώ˰˰ ϳΩ΄Ηϟ΍ϭ

ϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗϥ΃ϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳˬΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ΑΗΗϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃ϲ˰˰ ϓϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϓϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗΎ˰˰ ϣΩϧϋ
ϙ˰˰˰ϠϣϋϡΎ˰˰˰Ϭϣ˯΍ΩϷΩ΍ΩόΗ˰˰˰γ΍ϰ˰˰˰ϠϋΎ˰˰˰ϣ΋΍Ωϭˬ˱Ύ˰˰˰υϘϳΗϣ
Ε˰˰˰ϟϭΎϧΗΎ˰˰˰ϣ΍Ϋ·Ύ˰˰˰ϬόΑΗΗϝΎ˰˰˰ϣϋ΃ϲ˰˰˰ϓϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϲ˰˰˰ϓϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϕϼ˰˰˰ρϹ΍ϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋωϭ˰˰˰ϧϣϣ
ΕΎ˰˰˰ϳϟϭΣϛϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϣωϭ˰˰˰ϧϱ΃Ε˰˰˰ϟϭΎϧΗϭ΃Δϋϭέ˰˰˰ηϣέ˰˰˰ϳϐϟ΍Ε΍έΩ˰˰˰Χϣϟ΍

١٢
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϝϣόϟ΍ϑϭέυ˼-˻

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Ώ˰˰ ϫ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϭΔϳέ˰˰ ηΑϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϧΩέ΍ϭϣωϭ˰˰ ϧΗέΩ˰˰ ϘϧΎ˰˰ ϧϧ΃ϲ˰˰ ϧόϳ΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϭϝΩΎ˰˰ ΑΗϣϟ΍ϡ΍έ˰˰ ΗΣϻΎΑ΃Ω˰˰ ΑΗΎ˰˰ ϧ΋ϼϣίΑΔ˰˰ ϳΎϧόϟ΍ϥ·
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟΎ˰˰ ϧϣϝϛΎ˰˰ ϬϠϣΣϳϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϓϼΗΧϻ΍ϭΓΩ˰˰ ϳέϔϟ΍
ϭ˰˰ ϣϧϟ΍ϊϳΟ˰˰ ηΗΔ˰˰ ϳϣϫϷ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϪ˰˰ ϧ΃ϡ˰˰ Ϡόϧϥ˰˰ ΣϧϭˬΎ˰˰ ϧϓ΍Ωϫ΃ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϝ˰˰ Ο΃ϥ˰˰ ϣν˰˰ όΑϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϧοόΑϟΔ˰˰ ΟΎΣΑϥ˰˰ Σϧ
˱Ύ˰˰οϳ΃ϲ˰˰ ϧόΗΎ˰˰ ϧ΋ϼϣίΔ˰˰ ϳΎϋέϥ·Ύ˰˰ ϧΑϫ΍ϭϣϭΎ˰˰ ϧΗ΍έΩϘϟέϣΗ˰˰ γϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϭρΗϟ΍ϝϼ˰˰ Χϥ˰˰ ϣϲ˰˰ ϧϬϣϟ΍ϭϲλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍
ϭ΃ϡϭ˰˰ Οϫϱ΃ϥϭΩΔ˰˰ ΑΫϬϣϭΓέ˰˰ οΣΗϣΔ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑϝ˰˰ ϋΎϔΗϧϥ΃ϭν˰˰ όΑϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϧοόΑ˯΍έ΁ϡέ˰˰ ΗΣϧϥ΃Ώ˰˰ ΟϳΎ˰˰ ϧϧ΃
Ω˰˰ ϳΩϬΗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϘϳΎοϣ
ϝϣόϟ΍ΕΎϘϔλϭ΃ΕΎϳϗέΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϑϳυϭΗϟ΍ϲϓϲϧϭϧΎϗέϳϐϟ΍ίϳϳϣΗϟ΍ϥϋΩΎόΗΑϻ΍˱Ύοϳ΃ϝϣηϳϡ΍έΗΣϻ΍

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϡ΍έΗΣΎΑϥϳέ΋΍ίϟ΍ϭˬ˯ϼϣόϟ΍ϭˬϝϣόϟ΍˯Ύϛέηϭˬ˯ϼϣίϟ΍ΔϓΎϛϝϣΎϋ‡
ΕΎϘϳΎοϣϟ΍ϥϣΔϳϟΎΧϝϣϋΔ΋ϳΑϰϠϋυϓΎΣ‡
ΏΑ˰˰ γϟ΍Ϫ˰˰ ϟΡέ˰˰ η΍Ϫ˰˰ Ηϐϟϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϟΎόϓ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣ˱΍˯ΎΗ˰˰ γϣΕ˰˰ ϧϛ΍Ϋ·ιΧ˰˰ ηϱ΃ώ˰˰ ϠΑ΍ϭΙΩ˰˰ ΣΗˬ˱Ύ˰˰ϧϛϣϣϥΎϛϥ·‡
ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϝ˰˰ όϓϥ˰˰ ϋϑ˰˰ ϗϭΗϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϬϧϣϪ˰˰ ϧϣΏ˰˰ Ϡρ΍ϭ
ϝηϔϟΎΑΔϳΩϭϟ΍ΔϳϭγΗϟ΍ΔϟϭΎΣϣΕ˯ΎΑ΍Ϋ·ϭ΃ˬ˱΍έϳρΧωϭοϭϣϟ΍ϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·ΔϳϣγέϯϭϛηέέΣ‡
Δϳ΋΍Ωόϟ΍ϭ΃Δ΋ϳγϣϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣϟ΍νέϋϭ΃έηϧΑϡϘΗϻ‡

١٣
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

εέΣΗϟ΍±έϳΫΣΗΕΎϣϼϋ
ΎϬΑΡϭϣγϣέϳϏϱΩγΟϝΎλΗ΍ϭ΃Ε΍˯Ύϣϳ·ϭ΃ΕΎϘϳϠόΗƒ
ΔϠΛΎϣϣϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣϟ΍ϥϣΎϫέϳϏϭ΃ΔϧϳϬϣϭ΃ΔϘ΋ϻέϳϏέϭλνέϋƒ
ΔϳγϧΟϭ΃ΔϧϳϬϣΕΎϘϳϠόΗϭ΃ΕΎϛϧϱ΃ƒ
ϥϳέϣΫΗϣϡϬϧ΃ϰϠϋΎϳΎΣοϟ΍ϥ΃ϭ΃ΎϳΎΣοϡϬϧ΃ϰϠϋϥϳηέΣΗϣϟ΍έϳϭλΗƒ

Ω˰˰ ϗωί˰˰ ϔϣϭ΃ϲ˰˰ ΋΍Ωϋϭ΃ϲ˰˰ ϟϻΫ·ϙϭϠ˰˰ γϭ΃ϱΩϭέ˰˰ ϳϏϪ˰˰ ϧ΃ϩέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃ϝ˰˰ ϳϣίϩΩ˰˰ ΟϳϱΫ˰˰ ϟ΍ϙϭϠ˰˰ γϟ΍έ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
ϲ˰˰ ηέΣΗϙϭϠ˰˰ γέ˰˰ ΑΗόϳ
Ω˰˰ ϗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎϳϛϭϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥΎ˰˰ ΑΎ˰˰ υϘϳΗϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗϥ΃ϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳϭεέ˰˰ ΣΗΎ˰˰ ϫέΎΑΗϋ΍ϡ˰˰ ΗϳΩ˰˰ ϗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϓέλΗϟ΍Ώ˰˰ ϧΟΗ
ϯέ˰˰ Χ΃ϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃Δ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϟϭΑϘϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗϻΩ˰˰ ϗϝ˰˰ ϣϋΔ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϟϭΑϘϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗ

١٤
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Ύϧ΋ϼϣϋέΩϘϧ˼

١٥
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΓΩϭΟϟΎΑΎϧϣ΍ίΗϟ΍˺-˼

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϲ˰˰ ϓϥ˰˰ ϳϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Ύϧ΋Ύϛέ˰˰ ηϭΎ˰˰ ϧ΋ϼϣόϟΓΩϭ˰˰ ΟΕ΍ΫΕΎ˰˰ ϣΩΧϭΕΎ˰˰ ΟΗϧϣέ˰˰ ϳϓϭΗΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡί˰˰ ΗϠΗ
Ύ˰˰˰ϧϳϠϋΏ˰˰˰ΟϳΓέ˰˰˰ϣϝϛϰ˰˰˰ϓϭΓέ˰˰˰ϣϝϭ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϣΔϣϳϠ˰˰˰γϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ΟΗϧϣϟ΍ϡϳϠ˰˰˰γΗΑϡί˰˰˰ΗϠϧˬΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰η
Ϫ˰˰ ϠϣόΑϡϭ˰˰ Ϙϧ˯ϲ˰˰ ηϝϛϥ΍ϭ˰˰ ϧϋΓΩϭ˰˰ Οϟ΍ϝ˰˰ όΟϧϥ΃Ύ˰˰ όϳϣΟ
Ύ˰˰ϧϳϟϭΎϘϣϭϥ˰˰ϳϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Ύϧ΋Ύϛέ˰˰ηϝ˰˰όΟΑΎ˰˰οϳ΃ϡϭ˰˰ϘϧˬΔϟϭ΋˰˰γϣΔ˰˰ϘϳέρΑΎ˰˰ϧ΋ϼϣόϟΔ˰˰ϣϳϗέ˰˰ϳϓϭΗΑΎ˰˰ϧϣ΍ίΗϟϻΔ˰˰ΟϳΗϧ
Ύ˰˰ϧΑΔ˰˰λΎΧϟ΍ΓΩϭ˰˰Οϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ϔλ΍ϭϣϊ˰˰ϣϕ˰˰ϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϋϥϭϟϭ΋˰˰γϣ
Γέ΍Ω·ϡ˰˰ υϧΑΔ˰˰ λΎΧϟ΍Δ˰˰ Ϡλϟ΍Ε΍ΫΔ˰˰ ϳϟϭΩϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔλ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗϣΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΓέ΍Ω·ϡΎ˰˰ υϧ
Ύ˰˰˰ϬϧϣΓΩ˰˰˰ϣΗόϣϭ ,62̂˹˹˺ ΓΩϭ˰˰˰Οϟ΍

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ωϭέηϣϭ΃ρΎηϧϭ΃ΔϣϬϣϱ΃ΫϳϔϧΗϲϓΓΩϭΟϟ΍ϥΎϣοϟϕέρϟ΍ϝοϓ΃ϡΩΧΗγ΍‡
Δ˰˰ ϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍Ε΍έ˰˰ ϳϐΗϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ ΑϘόϟ΍ϭέ˰˰ ρΎΧϣϟ΍ϝϛϲ˰˰ ϓέ˰˰ ϳϛϔΗϟ΍ϕ˰˰ ϳέρϥ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ ρΧϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϣϬϣϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϳΩΣΗΑϡ˰˰ ϗ‡
ΎϔϠ˰˰ γ
ΙΩ΍ϭ˰˰˰Σϟ΍ωϭ˰˰˰ϗϭϭΓΩϭ˰˰˰Οϟ΍ϕ˰˰˰ϳϘΣΗϡΩ˰˰˰ϋΏ˰˰˰ϧΟΗϟΔ˰˰˰ϳΟέΎΧϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰˰ϳϠΧ΍Ωϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ΑϠρΗϣϟ΍Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϛι˰˰˰Σϓ΍‡
ΔϳΑϠ˰˰˰γϟ΍
ΔΑϭϏέϣϟ΍Δϳ΋ΎϬϧϟ΍Ξ΋ΎΗϧϟ΍ϕϳϘΣΗϝϳϬγΗϟέρΎΧϣϟ΍Γέ΍ΩΈΑϡϗ‡
ΓΩϳΩΟΔϣϬϣϛ΃έρΗΕ΍έϳϐΗΔϳ΃ϊϣϝϣΎόΗϭΔρΧϠϟΎϘϓϭΔϗΩΑΫϳϔϧΗϟΎΑϡϗ‡

١٦
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

έΎϛΗΣϻ΍ϊϧϣϭΔϟΩΎόϟ΍ΔγϓΎϧϣϟ΍˻-˼

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Δ˰˰ϳϗϼΧ΃ϭΔ˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϗΔ˰˰ϘϳέρΑα˰˰ϓΎϧΗϧϥ˰˰Σϧϕ΍ϭ˰˰γϷΎΑϝ˰˰ϣΎόΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ϟ΍ΩϋϭΔ˰˰ϳέΣΑΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϥ˰˰ϣ΅Η
ϊ˰˰ ϧϣϭΔ˰˰ ϟΩΎόϟ΍Δ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗϊ˰˰ ϣϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗϟΎΑϡί˰˰ ΗϠϧϭΎ˰˰ ϧΗΎϣΩΧϭΎ˰˰ ϧΗΎΟΗϧϣΓΩϭ˰˰ ΟαΎ˰˰ γ΃ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϳϧϼϘϋϭ
Ύ˰˰ ϬΑϝ˰˰ ϣόϧϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϕ΍ϭ˰˰ γϷ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϘΑρϣϟ΍έΎϛ˰˰ ΗΣϻ΍
Δϋϭέ˰˰˰ηϣέ˰˰˰ϳϏΓέϭ˰˰˰λΑΩ˰˰˰ΣΗϭ΃ΓέΎ˰˰˰ΟΗϟ΍ϕϭ˰˰˰όΗϲ˰˰˰Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰γέΎϣϣϟ΍έ˰˰˰υΣϰ˰˰˰ϟ·ϥ˰˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰˰ϫϑΩ˰˰˰ϬΗ
ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϛϭˬέΎό˰˰ γϷ΍Ε˰˰ ϳΑΛΗΕ΍έ˰˰ ϣ΍΅ϣΩ˰˰ οΕΎ˰˰ ρΎϳΗΣ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣοΗΗΎ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ΑϟΎϏϭΓέ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϟΩΎόϟ΍Δ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ
έΎϛ˰˰ ΗΣϻ΍ϯϭ˰˰ ϗϰ˰˰ ϠϋυΎ˰˰ ϔΣϟ΍ϭ΃ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϟΕϻϭΎ˰˰ Σϣ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋέ˰˰ ϳΛ΄ΗΎ˰˰ Ϭϟϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳΩ˰˰ ϗϭΓΩ˰˰ ϘόϣέΎϛ˰˰ ΗΣϻ΍ϊ˰˰ ϧϣϭΔ˰˰ ϟΩΎόϟ΍Δ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗϥ·έ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
ϕέ˰˰ Χϟϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳΩ˰˰ ϗΕΎ˰˰ όϳΑϣϟ΍ϭΝΎ˰˰ ΗϧϹ΍ϭΎ˰˰ ϬϳΩέϭϣΑϕ˰˰ ϠόΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑϕέ˰˰ ρΓΩ˰˰ όΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ
ϲ˰˰ ϘϠΗΗΩ˰˰ ϗϥϳϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϬϳϔυϭϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϰ˰˰ ϠϋΓέ˰˰ ϳρΧΕΎ˰˰ όΑΗέΎϛ˰˰ ΗΣϻ΍ϊ˰˰ ϧϣϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗ
Δ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎοϘϟ΍ΕΎρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ν˰˰ όΑϥ˰˰ ϣϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ΑϗΎόϣϡ˰˰ ΗϳΩ˰˰ ϗϭˬΓέ˰˰ ϳΑϛΕΎ˰˰ ϣ΍έϏΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η
Ώ˰˰ ϟΎρϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϭΔ˰˰ ϳϏϻϭΔ˰˰ ϠρΎΑ΢˰˰ ΑλΗΩ˰˰ ϗΕΎ˰˰ ϳϗΎϔΗϻ΍ϥ΃Ύ˰˰ ϣϛˬα˰˰ ΑΣϟ΍ϭ΃ϭΔ˰˰ ϳΩέϓΕΎ˰˰ ϣ΍έϐΑ
έ΍έ˰˰ οϷ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋΕΎ˰˰ οϳϭόΗΑ ˯ϼ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑ ϯέ˰˰ ΧϷ΍ϑ΍έ˰˰ ρϷ΍

١٧
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
.ϕϭγϟ΍ιλΣϡγΎϘΗϭ΃έΎόγϷ΍ϰϠϋϥϳγϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊϣΎϗΎϔΗ΍ΩϘόΗϻƒ
ϑ΍έ˰˰ρ΃ϱ΃ϭ΃ˬϥϳ˰˰γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϭ΃ˬϥ˰˰ϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϭ΃ˬ˯ϼ˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϊ˰˰ϣΕΎ˰˰ϗΎϔΗϻ΍ϥ˰˰ϣϯέ˰˰Χ΃ϝΎϛ˰˰η΃ϱ΃Ω˰˰ϘόΗϻƒ
Δ˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ΓέΎ˰˰ηΗγ΍˱Ύ˰ϣ΋΍ΩΏ˰˰ΟϳΔ˰˰γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϣΩ˰˰Σϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋέ˰˰Λ΃ΕΎ˰˰ϳϗΎϔΗϻ΍ϙ˰˰ϠΗϟϥϭ˰˰ϛϳϭˬϯέ˰˰Χ΃
ϥϭΎ˰˰όΗϠϟέ˰˰Χ΁ϕΎ˰˰ϔΗ΍ϱ΃ϭ΃Δϛ΍έ˰˰ηϭ΃ϑ˰˰ϟΎΣΗΩΎΣΗ΍ϯ΃ϲ˰˰ϓΔϛέΎ˰˰ηϣϟ΍ϝ˰˰ΑϗΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηΑ
έ˰˰λϗ΃ˬϡ˰˰ϬϧϋϡΎ˰˰ϋϝϛ˰˰ηΑϕ˰˰ϳϠόΗϟ΍Ω˰˰ϧϋˬϕϼ˰˰ρϹ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋϥϳ˰˰γϓΎϧϣϟ΍Δόϣ˰˰γϪϳϭ˰˰ηΗϰ˰˰Ϡϋϝ˰˰ϣόΗϻƒ
ΕΎ˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋϙ˰˰ΗΎϘϳϠόΗ
ϭ΃έϳό˰˰γΗϟ΍ιϭ˰˰λΧΑϯέ˰˰ΧϷ΍ϑ΍έ˰˰ρϷ΍ϭΎ˰˰ϧ΋ϼϣϋϝϭ˰˰Σϥϳ˰˰γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ϣΕΎ˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϙέΎ˰˰ηΗϻƒ
ϕϭ˰˰γϟ΍ΕΎϳΟϳΗ΍έΗ˰˰γ΍
ΎϧϳγϓΎϧϣϥϣϱ΃ϊϣΕ΍˯Ύρόϟ΍Ώϧ΍ϭΟϥϣΏϧΎΟϱ΃εϗΎϧΗϻƒ
ΕΎϣΩΧϟ΍ϭ΃έΎόγϷ΍ιΧϳΎϣϳϓϥϳϠΛΎϣΗϣϟ΍˯ϼϣόϟ΍ϥϳΑϝΩΎϋέϳϏϝϛηΑίϳϣΗϻƒ
έ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϰ˰˰ϠϋϭˬΩ˰˰Ϙόϟ΍ΡΎ˰˰ΟϧϟΎ˰˰ϳέϭέοϙ˰˰ϟΫϥϭ˰˰ϛϳΎ˰˰ϣΩϧϋρ˰˰Ϙϓϥ˰˰ρΎΑϟ΍ϲ˰˰ϟϭΎϘϣϊ˰˰ϣΩ˰˰ϗΎόΗϟΎΑϡ˰˰ϗƒ
΢˰˰Αλϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϣέ˰˰ϳΧϷ΍ϊ˰˰ϧϣΗΔ˰˰ϘϳέρΑϥ˰˰ρΎΑϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϣϥ˰˰ϳϟϭΎϘϣϊ˰˰ϣϕϼ˰˰ρϹ΍ϰ˰˰ϠϋϥϭΎ˰˰όΗΗϻ΃Δ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟ
Δ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϟ˱Ύ˰ γϓΎϧϣ
ˬΎϔϠ˰˰γΔ˰˰λΗΧϣϟ΍Δϳϧόϣϟ΍Ε΍έ΍ΩϹ΍ϥ˰˰ϣΔϘΑ˰˰γϣΓέΎ˰˰ηΗγ΍ϥϭΩ˰˰ΑΔϛέΗ˰˰ηϣ˯΍έ˰˰ηΕΎ˰˰ϳϗΎϔΗ΍ϡ΍έ˰˰ΑΈΑϡ˰˰ϘΗϻƒ
Δ˰˰ΣϓΎϛϣϥ˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϗΏ˰˰ΟϭϣΑ˱΍έϭ˰˰υΣϣϙέΗ˰˰ηϣϟ΍˯΍έ˰˰ηϟ΍Ύ˰˰Ϭϳϓϥϭ˰˰ϛϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϛϣϳΕϻΎ˰˰ΣϙΎ˰˰ϧϫϥ΃Ι˰˰ϳΣ
έΎϛ˰˰ΗΣϻ΍
ϡ΍ίΗϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋γϣϭ΃ΔϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ΓέΎηΗγΎΑϡϗˬΔϣ΋ϼϣϟ΍ΕΎγέΎϣϣϟ΍ϥϣΩϛ΄ΗϣέϳϏΕϧϛ΍Ϋ·‡

١٨
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Ε΍˯ΎρόϟΎΑΏϋϼΗϟ΍˼-˼

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϯέ˰˰ ΧϷ΍ρϭέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϭ΃έΎό˰˰ γϷ΍ιϭ˰˰ λΧΑϥϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳΑϕϳ˰˰ γϧΗϟ΍ϝϼ˰˰ Χϥ˰˰ ϣϡ˰˰ ΗϳΕ΍˯Ύ˰˰ ρόϟΎΑΏ˰˰ ϋϼΗϟ΍
Ώ˰˰ ϋϼΗϟ΍έϭ˰˰ υΣϣΕΎ˰˰ λϗΎϧϣϟ΍Ε΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ϲ˰˰ ϓϙϭϠ˰˰ γϟΎΑϕ˰˰ ϠόΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣϳϓϕϳ˰˰ γϧΗϟ΍ϭ΃ΎϬΗϳ˰˰ γέΗϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϬϳϓΓΩέ΍ϭ˰˰ ϟ΍
Ε΍˯Ύ˰˰ ρόϟΎΑ
ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϲϠϳΎϣϙϳϠϋέϭυΣϣ
Ε΍˯Ύρόϟ΍ϡϳΩϘΗϲϓϥϳγϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊϣΏϳΗέΗϟ΍‡
˯ΎρϋϡϳΩϘΗϥϋϥϳϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍Ε΍˯Ύρόϟ΍ϲϣΩϘϣΩΣ΃ϊϧΗϣϳϥΎΑϕΎϔΗϻ΍‡
ΔλϗΎϧϣΕ΍˯΍έΟ·ϲϓρϭέηϭ΃ΕΎΑΎγΣϟ΍ϭ΃έΎόγϷ΍ϥ΄ηΑϕϳγϧΗϟ΍‡
Ύ˰˰˰ϣϭ΃ Δ˰˰˰ϳΑΎϗέϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϬΟϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰Αϗϥ˰˰˰ϣϕ˰˰˰΋ΎϘΣϟ΍ϰ˰˰˰λϘΗΕϻΎ˰˰˰Σϲ˰˰˰ϓϝ˰˰˰όϔΗ΍ΫΎ˰˰˰ϣ
ΎϬϬΑΎ˰˰˰ηϳ
ΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰˰λΣϠϟΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰η˯ΎϋΩΗ˰˰˰γ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ΑρΎΧϣΑΔ˰˰˰ϳΑΎϗέϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϬΟϟ΍ϡϭ˰˰˰ϘΗΩ˰˰˰ϗ
ϕϭ˰˰ γϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϳΎοϗϭˬΫ΍ϭΣΗ˰˰ γϻ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϳϠϣϋϭΔ˰˰ ϣ΋ΎϘϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ΟΎϣΩϧϻ΍ˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃ιϭ˰˰ λΧΑ
ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϝ˰˰ Λϣϙ˰˰ ϳϘϠΗϝΎ˰˰ ΣϭΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϝ˰˰ Λϣϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϘϟΎ˰˰ ϬΑϪΑΗ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ΕΎϛΎ˰˰ ϬΗϧϻ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϣΎόϟ΍
Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ϙ˰˰ ϠΗ˯Ύ˰˰ οϋ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣϱ΃ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍ϥϭ΋˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡΎ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ ϳΩϣΑέϭ˰˰ ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝ˰˰ λΗ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϠρϟ΍ΕΎΑρΎΧϣϟ΍
˱Ύ˰ ϳ΋ΎΟϓ˱Ύ˰ ηϳΗϔΗΔ˰˰ ϳϧόϣϟ΍ΕΎρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϱέ˰˰ ΟΗΩ˰˰ ϗˬέΎϛ˰˰ ΗΣϻ΍ϊ˰˰ ϧϣϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟϕέ˰˰ ΧΙϭΩ˰˰ ΣΑϩΎΑΗ˰˰ ηϻ΍ΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϲ˰˰ ϓ
ϕ˰˰ ϓ΍έϳϥΎ˰˰ ϳΣϷ΍ν˰˰ όΑϲ˰˰ ϓϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϝίΎ˰˰ ϧϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΕ΂˰˰ ηϧϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ ε˰˰ ϳΗϔΗΕϼ˰˰ ϣΣ
ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳϟϭϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϠΣέϣϟ΍˯Ύ˰˰ ϧΛ΃Δρέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϲϟϭ΅˰˰ γϣϥϭ˰˰ ϘϘΣϣϟ΍
ϡΎ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ ϳΩϣέΎ˰˰ ρΧΈΑϝΎΑϘΗ˰˰ γϻ΍ϡ˰˰ γϗϡϭ˰˰ ϘϳˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΕ΂˰˰ ηϧϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϲ˰˰ ΋ΎΟϔϟ΍ε˰˰ ϳΗϔΗϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϧϋ
έΎ˰˰ υΗϧϻ΍Δ˰˰ ϓέϏϲ˰˰ ϓέΎ˰˰ υΗϧϼϟϥϳ˰˰ ηΗϔϣϟ΍Γϭ˰˰ ϋΩϭΓέ΍ΩϹ΍ϙ˰˰ ϠΗΩ΍έ˰˰ ϓ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣϱ΃ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍ϥϭ΋˰˰ ηϟ΍

١٩
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϥϳέΧ϶ϟΔϳέγϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍˽-˼

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧ΃έ˰˰ ϳϏϕέ˰˰ ρΑϙέΎ˰˰ ηϧϻϭϯέ˰˰ ΧϷ΍ϑ΍έ˰˰ ρϷ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣΔ˰˰ ϳϛϠϣϭΔϳέ˰˰ γϡέ˰˰ ΗΣϧ
ϥ˰˰ ϳέΧϵ΍ι˰˰ ΧΗΕΎ˰˰ ϧΎϳΑϭ΃Δϳέ˰˰ γΕΎ˰˰ ϧΎϳΑϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍ϝ˰˰ Ο΃
ϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϡ˰˰ ϫέϳϏϭ΃ϥϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔϳέ˰˰ γΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϔυϭϣϰ˰˰ ϘϠΗϳϥ΃ΙΩ˰˰ ΣϳΩ˰˰ ϗ
ˬϩΩ˰˰ Σϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϝϛαΎ˰˰ γ΃ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϣ΋ϼϣΕ΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ΫΎ˰˰ ΧΗ΍ρ˰˰ Ϙϓϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳϕ΍ϭ˰˰ γϷ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϥϳϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ
ϙ˰˰ ϳϠϋϭΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣΔ˰˰ ϳ΄ΑΔ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ϡΎ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ ϳΩϣϭ΃ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣύϼ˰˰ Α·έϭ˰˰ ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳΫ˰˰ ΋ϧϳΣϭ
ϲ˰˰ ϠϳΎ˰˰ ϣΑϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍
ΔΑϭΗϛϣΔϳϗΎϔΗ΍ϥϭΩΑϥϳέΧϵ΍ιΧΗϲΗϟ΍Δϳέγϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϝΩΎΑΗΗϭ΃ϝΑϘΗϻ΃ϲϐΑϧϳ‡
ϡΩ˰˰˰ϋϲ˰˰˰ϐΑϧϳϓˬα˰˰˰ϓΎϧϣϭ΃ϝ˰˰˰ϳϣϋι˰˰˰ΧΗΔϳέ˰˰˰γΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋωϼ˰˰˰ρϻ΍˱Ύ˰˰˰ϳοέϋϙ˰˰˰ϟ΢˰˰˰ϳΗ΃΍Ϋ·‡
Δ˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ϡΎ˰˰ϋέ˰˰ϳΩϣϭ΃ϡ΍ί˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰γϣϟϙ˰˰ϟΫύϼ˰˰Α·ϭΕΎ˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϙ˰˰ϠΗέ˰˰ηϧϡΩ˰˰ϋϭΡΎ˰˰λϓϹ΍
΅˰˰ ρΎΑΗϱ΃ϥϭΩ
έΧ΁ϑέρϱ΃ϥϣΔϳέγΎϬϧΎΑϑλΗΗΕΎϣϭϠόϣΏϠρΑ΍ΩΑ΃ϡϘΗϻ‡

٢٠
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϥϳγϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊϣΏγΎϧϣϟ΍ϝλ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϭΔϳέγϟ΍˾-˼

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϡ˰˰ Ϭϟϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃ϝ˰˰ ϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·ϥ˰˰ ϳϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳϳϠόϔϟ΍ϥϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϝΩΎ˰˰ ΑΗέϭ˰˰ υΣϣ
Δ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋέ˰˰ ϳΛ΄Η

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϥ˰˰˰ϳϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϳϳϠόϔϟ΍ϥϳ˰˰˰γϓΎϧϣϟΎΑϝΎ˰˰˰λΗ΍ϡ˰˰˰ϬϳΩϟϥ˰˰˰ϳΫϟ΍Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϲ˰˰˰ϔυϭϣϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋ‡
έ˰˰ οΣϣϥ˰˰ ϳϭΩΗϡ˰˰ ΗϳϪ˰˰ ϧ΃ϭ˱ΎϔϠ˰˰ γΩ˰˰ όϣϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃ϝϭΩ˰˰ ΟϟΎ˰˰ Ϙϓϭέ΍Ω˰˰ ΗΕΎ˰˰ ϋΎϣΗΟϻ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϛ΄Ηϟ΍
ϲ˰˰˰ϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍νέ˰˰˰ϐϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ΑΛ·ϝ˰˰˰Ο΃ϥ˰˰˰ϣΔ˰˰˰ϳϔΗΎϬϟ΍ΕϻΎ˰˰˰λΗϻ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰˰ϋΎϣΗΟϼϟ
ϑϭέ˰˰υϭˬέΎϛ˰˰ΗΣϻ΍Δ˰˰ΣϓΎϛϣΎ˰˰ϳΎοϘΑϕ˰˰ϠόΗϳΎ˰˰ϣϳϓΎ˰˰ϬϣϬϓ˯Ύ˰˰γ˵ϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϛϣϳΔ˰˰ϘϳέρΑϙ˰˰γϔϧϥ˰˰ϋέ˰˰ΑόΗϻ‡
ϕϭ˰˰γϟ΍ϲ˰˰ϓΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϙϭϠ˰˰γϭ΃ˬϕϭ˰˰γϟ΍
ϙϭϠ˰˰ γΑ΅˰˰ ΑϧΗϠϟΎϬϣ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ γΎγΣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍˯Ύ˰˰ ηϓΈΑϡ˰˰ ϘΗϻ‡
ϥ˰˰ϛ˷ϣΗϲ˰˰Ηϟ΍ΕϻΎ˰˰ΣϟΎΑϰ˰˰ϋϭϰ˰˰ϠϋΎ˰˰ϣ΋΍Ωϥ˰˰ϛΔ˰˰υΣϼϣϼΑϘΗ˰˰γϣϕϭ˰˰γϟ΍ϲ˰˰ϓΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰η
˯Ύ˰˰ ϧΛ΃ϙ˰˰ ΑιΎ˰˰ Χϟ΍ϝϭ˰˰ ϣΣϣϟ΍ϑ˰˰ ΗΎϬϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΙΩ˰˰ ΣΗϟ΍ϝ˰˰ ΛϣΔϳέ˰˰ γΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳέΧ϶ϟ
Δ˰˰ ΛΩΎΣϣ˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ϭ΃ϙ˰˰ ΑιΎ˰˰ Χϟ΍ϝϭ˰˰ ϣΣϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ΗϭϳΑϣϛϟ΍ίΎ˰˰ ϬΟϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϭˬέΎ˰˰ ρϣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓέΎ˰˰ υΗϧϻ΍
Εϭ˰˰ λϟ΍έ˰˰ Αϛϣϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γΎΑϑ˰˰ ΗΎϬϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ
έ˰˰ ηΎΑϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃έ˰˰ ηΎΑϣϝϛ˰˰ ηΑϥϭέ˰˰ Λ΅ϳϥ˰˰ ϳΫϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳϳϠόϔϟ΍ϥϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϥϭΎ˰˰ όΗϟ΍΃Ω˰˰ ΑΗϻ‡
ϥϭΩϕ΍ϭ˰˰˰γϷ΍ϰ˰˰˰ϟ·ϝϭ˰˰˰λϭϟ΍ϭ΃ϕϭ˰˰˰γϟ΍ϲ˰˰˰ϓα˰˰˰ϓΎϧϣϙϭϠ˰˰˰γϱ΃ϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋ
˱ΎϘΑ˰˰ γϣΔ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ϡΎ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ ϳΩϣϭ΃ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣϊ˰˰ ϣέϭΎ˰˰ ηΗϟ΍

٢١
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Ύϧ˯ΎϛέηέΩϘϧ˽

٢٢
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

΢ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎοΗ˺-˽
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϡ˰˰ ϬΗϣΩΧ˯Ύ˰˰ ϧΛ΃ϲ˰˰ Ϡόϔϟ΍ϭ΃ϱέ˰˰ ϫΎυϟ΍΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΏ˰˰ ϧΟΗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϔυϭϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ
ϕ˰˰ ϘΣϳΎ˰˰ ϣΑΔϣϳϠ˰˰ γΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗΕ΍έ΍έ˰˰ ϗΫΎ˰˰ ΧΗΎΑϱέ˰˰ ϫϭΟϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϧϳΩϟϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϊ˰˰ ϣϡ˰˰ ϬϠϣϋ
ΔϳλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟΎΑΎ˰˰ ϬρΎΑΗέΎΑ˱ΎΑϠ˰˰ γέ˰˰ Λ΄ΗΗϥ΃ϥϭΩΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟΔ˰˰ ΣϠλϣϝ˰˰ οϓ΃

ϙέ˰˰ ϳΩϘΗϊ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ οέΎόΗϣ΍ϭΩ˰˰ ΑΗϭ΃ΔϳλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ΣϟΎλϣνέΎ˰˰ όΗΗΎ˰˰ ϣΩϧϋ΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΙΩ˰˰ Σϳ
έ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϧΑλΎϧϣϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋΎ˰˰ ϧϳϠϋΏ˰˰ ΟϳΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝ˰˰ ϳΛϣΗΩ˰˰ ϧϋϲ˰˰ Η΍Ϋϟ΍
ΎϧΗέ˰˰ γ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣέ˰˰ Χ΃ϭ˰˰ οϋϱϷϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϧϟΕ΍ί˰˰ ϳϣϣϱ΃ϭ΃ΔϳλΧ˰˰ ηΏ˰˰ γΎϛϣϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϟΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟ
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝϭ˰˰ όΗˬΔ˰˰ ϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϊ˰˰ ϳϣΟέ˰˰ λΣΔϟΎΣΗ˰˰ γϻ˱΍έ˰˰ υϧ
ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ΄Αϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϭˬϡϭί˰˰ Ϡϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϧϋΓέϭ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍Ώ˰˰ ϠρϭˬΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ϠΗϰ˰˰ ϠϋΩϳ˰˰ ηέϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϛΣϠϟΎ˰˰ ϧϣϝϛϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ
Δ˰˰ ϫ΍ίϧϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧϷ΍έ˰˰ ϳϳΎόϣ

٢٣
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϙ˰˰ ϠΗϥ˰˰ ϋύϼ˰˰ ΑϹΎΑέϭ˰˰ ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϡ˰˰ ϘϓˬΔ˰˰ ϠϣΗΣϣϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϠόϓ΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣΑϡ˰˰ Ϡϋϰ˰˰ ϠϋΕ˰˰ ϧϛ΍Ϋ·
ϲ˰˰˰ΗϵΎΑϡί˰˰˰Ηϟ΍ϙ˰˰˰ϟΫϰ˰˰˰ϟ·Δ˰˰˰ϓΎο·ϡ΍ί˰˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰˰γϣϟϭ΃ϙϓέ˰˰˰ηϣϟΔ˰˰˰ϟΎΣϟ΍
ϥϳΑέϘϣϟ΍˯ΎΑέϗϷ΍ϥϣϱ΃ϰϠϋϑ΍έηϹ΍ϭ΃ϑϳυϭΗϥϣΎϬϳϓϙέΎηΗΩϗϲΗϟ΍ϑϗ΍ϭϣϟ΍ΏϧΟΗ‡
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϓϙ˰˰ Ϡϣϋϝϼ˰˰ Χϥ˰˰ ϣϙ˰˰ ΗίϭΣΑϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϙ˰˰ ΑλϧϣϝϐΗ˰˰ γΗϻ‡
ΔϳλΧ˰˰˰ηΏ˰˰˰γΎϛϣϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰˰λΣϠϟ
Ε΍έ΍έ˰˰ϗϰ˰˰ϠϋΏ˰˰γΎϧϣέ˰˰ϳϏϝϛ˰˰ηΑέ˰˰Λ΅Ηϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ϳϟϭΎϘϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ϣΔϳλΧ˰˰ηϟ΍ϙ˰˰Ηϗϼόϟ΢ϣ˰˰γΗϻ‡
ϝ˰˰ϣόϟ΍
ϙϟΫϛϭΩΑΗΩϗϭ΃ϡ΍ίΗϟ΍ΕΣΗϙόοΗΩϗΔϓΎοΗγ΍ϭ΃Ύϳ΍ΩϫϝΑϘΗϻ‡
΢ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎοΗΔϬΑηϰΗΣΏϧΟΗϭΔϣϭΎγϣϠϟνέόΗϟ΍ΏϧΟΗ‡
ϙϓέηϣϟΔϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϭ΃ΔϳϠόϔϟ΍΢ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎοΗΕϻΎΣϥϋϡ΋΍ΩϝϛηΑύϼΑϹΎΑΎϣ΋΍Ωϡϗ‡
ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟΔΣϠλϣϝοϓ΃ϕϘΣϳΎϣΑϝϣόϟ΍Ε΍έ΍έϗΫΎΧΗΎΑϡϗ‡
ϝ˰˰ Λϣ΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΔ˰˰ ϳϟΎϣΗΣ΍ϰ˰˰ ϟ·ϯΩ΅˰˰ Ηϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΔϳλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍Δρ˰˰ ηϧϷΎΑΔ˰˰ ϠϣΎϛΔ˰˰ ϳ΍έΩϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϥ˰˰ ϛ‡
Ωέϭ˰˰ ϣϥ˰˰ ϣΔϓΎοΗ˰˰ γ΍ϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍Ωϫϝϭ˰˰ Αϗ
ϰ˰˰ ϟϭϷ΍Δ˰˰ ΟέΩϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΏ˰˰ ϳέϘϟΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟΩέϭ˰˰ ϣϭ΃ϝϭΎ˰˰ Ϙϣϭ΃ϝ˰˰ ϳϣϋϑ˰˰ ϳυϭΗΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϲ˰˰ ϓ‡
ϙέΎ˰˰ ηΗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎϋϭέ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϘΑϲ˰˰ ϓϥϳϓέ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϭϙϓέ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϥ˰˰ ϋώ˰˰ ϠΑΗϥ΃Ώ˰˰ ΟΑˬϙ˰˰ ΗϠ΋Ύϋϥ˰˰ ϣ
΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΙϭΩ˰˰ ΣΏ˰˰ ϧΟΗϟΔΑ˰˰ γΎϧϣΕ΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ΫΎ˰˰ ΧΗ΍ϡ˰˰ ΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣΑέϪ˰˰ ϧ΃ϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϟΎ˰˰ Ϭϳϓ
ϡ˰˰Ϭϧϭϛϝ˰˰ΛϣΏ˰˰λΎϧϣΔ˰˰ϳ΃ϥ˰˰ϋϡ΍ί˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰γϣϟϭ΃έ˰˰ηΎΑϣϟ΍ϡϬϓέ˰˰ηϣϟϑ˰˰ηϛϟΎΑϥϭ˰˰ϔυϭϣϟ΍ϡϭ˰˰Ϙϳϥ΃Ώ˰˰Οϳ
ΔϛϠϬΗ˰˰ γϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗΔ˰˰ ϳΟέΎΧΓέ΍Ω·α˰˰ ϟΎΟϣΔ˰˰ ϳϭοϋϝϭ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳϻϯέ˰˰ Χ΃ΕΎϛέ˰˰ ηϟϥ˰˰ ϳέϳΩϣ
Γέ΍ΩϹ΍α˰˰ϠΟϣα˰˰ϳ΋έϭϡ΍ί˰˰Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰γϣΔ˰˰Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϰ˰˰Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰λΣϥϭΩ˰˰ΑΎ˰˰ϬΑΟϭϣΑϡ˰˰Ϭϟϊ˰˰ϓΩϟ΍ϡ˰˰Ηϳϭ΃Ε˰˰ϗϭϠϟ
Ύϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭϪϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΔϓΎϳοϟ΍ϝϭΑϗ˻-˽

٢٤
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϡΎ˰˰ ϣΗϫϻ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳΎϋέϟ΍Ώ˰˰ ϠρΗΗϭΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϧϟΎϣϋ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣ˯ί˰˰ Ο˯ϼ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ ϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣΕΎ˰˰ ϗϼόϟ΍Ω˰˰ όΗ
Δ˰˰ϳοΎϳέϟ΍Ι΍Ω˰˰ΣϷ΍ϭΕϼ˰˰ϔΣϟ΍ϭΕΎϳέϔ˰˰γϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ΑΟϭϟ΍ϝ˰˰ΛϣΔ˰˰ϣϳϗϭΫ˯ϲ˰˰ηϱ΃ϝϣ˰˰ηΗΎ˰˰ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϭ
ί˰˰ ϳΣΗϟ΍έϭ˰˰ ϬυϟϯΩ΅˰˰ ϳϭ΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϠϟΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΩΎ˰˰ Οϳ·ϲ˰˰ ϓϪΑΎ˰˰ ηΎ˰˰ ϣϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϝϭ˰˰ ΑϗΏΑ˰˰ γΗϳΩ˰˰ ϗ
Δϫ΍ίϧϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋ
έ˰˰ ϳυϧΩ˰˰ Σ΃ϱ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣϡϬ˰˰ γϔϧϷΔ˰˰ ϣϳϗϭΫ˯ϲ˰˰ ηϱ΃Ώ˰˰ ϠρΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϔυϭϣϡϭ˰˰ Ϙϳϻ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ
ΕΎ˰˰ ϣΩΧϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗΕϼ˰˰ ϣΎόΗϱ΃
Δ˰˰ ρΑΗέϣϟ΍˱Ύ˰˰ϳΩΎϣΎ˰˰ Ϭϳϓϰ˰˰ ϟΎϐϣϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϝϭ˰˰ ΑϗΓΩ˰˰ ηΑέϭ˰˰ υΣϣˬϝ΍ϭ˰˰ ΣϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϲ˰˰ ϓ
ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣύϼ˰˰ Α·Ώ˰˰ ΟϳΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϰ˰˰ ϓϭϱέ˰˰ λϣϪ˰˰ ϳϧΟ˺˹˹˹Ύ˰˰ ϬΗϣϳϗϯΩ˰˰ όΗΗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϭϝ˰˰ ϣόϟΎΑ
Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϬΑέϭ˰˰ ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ

٢٥
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϙ˰˰ όϧϣΗϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍Ε˰˰ ϧΎϛ΍Ϋ·Ύ˰˰ ϣϡ˰˰ ϳϳϘΗ˱Ύ˰ ϣϭΩΏ˰˰ Οϳˬϲ˰˰ ϟΎΗϟΎΑϭϪ˰˰ ϳϘϠΗϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳΎ˰˰ ϣϡ˰˰ ϳυϧΗϭΩ˰˰ ϳΩΣΗϡ˰˰ ΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣ˱΍έΩΎ˰˰ ϧ
ΕΎ˰˰ Αϫϭ΃νϭέ˰˰ ϋϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍Ωϫϝϭ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣ
ϻϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ οϔΧϧϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϳϘϟ΍Ε΍ΫϭϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋϷ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϋΎϣΗΟΎΑΔ˰˰ ρΑΗέϣϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭϪ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϝϭ˰˰ ΑϗΩ˰˰ όϳϻ
΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣϟ΍ΏέΎ˰˰ οΗΩϭ˰˰ Οϭϲ˰˰ ϓ˱ΎΑΑ˰˰ γϱέ˰˰ λϣϪ˰˰ ϳϧΟ˺˹˹˹Ύ˰˰ ϬΗϣϳϗϯΩ˰˰ όΗΗ
ϲϠϳΎϣϝϭΑϗϙϧϛϣϳϪϧ΍ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΔγΎϳγ
ϝΎϣϋϷ΍ΕΎϋΎϣΗΟΎΑΔϠλΕ΍ΫΕΎΑΟϭϭΕΎΑρέϣ‡
ΔϳΟϳϭέΗϭ΃Δϳ΋ΎϋΩΩ΍ϭϣ‡
ΔϳϟΎΗϟ΍ΕϻΎΣϟ΍ϲϓΔϣϳϗϱ΃Ε΍ΫΎϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃ΕΎΑϫϭ΃ΔϓΎϳοϝϭΑϗωϭϧϣϣ‡
ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϥϣϝοϔϣϊοϭϰϠϋΏγΎϧϣέϳϏϝϛηΑϝϭλΣϟ΍΢ϧΎϣΔϟϭΎΣϣΩϧϋ‡
΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϫΏ˰˰˰ΟϭϣΑϭ΃΢˰˰˰΋΍ϭϠϟ΍ϭ΃ˬϥϭ˰˰˰ϧΎϘϟ΍Ώ˰˰˰ΟϭϣΑέϭ˰˰˰υΣϣ˯ϲ˰˰˰ηϱ΃ϝ˰˰˰ϣϋϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϙ˰˰˰ΛΣΔ˰˰˰ϟΎΣϲ˰˰˰ϓ‡
ϕΎ˰˰˰Λϳϣϟ΍
έ˰˰ ϳϏϭ˰˰ Σϧϰ˰˰ ϠϋΓέ˰˰ Λ΅ϣΕ΍έ΍έ˰˰ ϘΑΔ˰˰ ϟΩΎϋέ˰˰ ϳϏΔϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧΗΎ˰˰ ϳ΍ίϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϳϧϟ΍Ωϭ˰˰ Οϭ‡
ϙ˰˰ Ϡϣϭ΃Δϳέ˰˰ γΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍ϝ˰˰ ΑΎϘϣΎ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ΑϬϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍˯Ύ˰˰ ρϋ·ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϭ΃Ώ˰˰ γΎϧϣ
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η
ΎϧϭϧΎϗ΍έϭυΣϣϙϟΫϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·‡
ΎϧέΎϳόϣΎϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭΕΎΑϬϟ΍ϭΔϓΎϳοϟ΍ϡϳΩϘΗ˼-˽
έ˰˰ ϳϏϙ˰˰ ϟΫϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ λϘϟ΍ϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·ϰ˰˰ ΗΣΓϭ˰˰ ηέΎ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϬϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϳΩϘΗϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ
Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ΏΑ˰˰ γΗΩ˰˰ ϗϡ˰˰ ΋ϼϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΎ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϘϠΗϣέ˰˰ Λ΄ΗΓέϭ˰˰ ρΧϊ˰˰ ϧϣϳϻϙ˰˰ ϟΫϥΎ˰˰ ϓˬΩ˰˰ γΎϓ
ΎϧΗόϣ˰˰ γΑέ˰˰ οΗϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟΝ΍έ˰˰ Σ·ΔΑ˰˰ γΎϧϣέ˰˰ ϳϐϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϬϟ΍ϭ΃
νέ˰˰˰ϋϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϳοϡ˰˰˰ϳΩϘΗϕ˰˰˰ϳέρϥ˰˰˰ϋιΧ˰˰˰ηϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋέ˰˰˰ϳΛ΄Ηϟ΍ΎϬϧΎ˰˰˰ηϥ˰˰˰ϣΔ˰˰˰ϟϭΎΣϣΔ˰˰˰ϳ΃ΓΩ˰˰˰ηΑέϭ˰˰˰υΣϣ
Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϰ˰˰˰ϠϋΔ˰˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ϝΎ˰˰˰ϣϋϷ΍Δϳ˰˰˰γέΗϝ˰˰˰Ο΃ϥ˰˰˰ϣΦ˰˰˰ϟ΍Ύ˰˰˰ϳ΍Ωϫ

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϲ˰˰ ϓϥ˰˰ ϛϟϭΎ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϫϭΕΎ˰˰ ΑϫϭΔ˰˰ ϓΎϳοΕ΍ϭ˰˰ ϋΩ΢˰˰ ϧϣϭϡ˰˰ ϳΩϘΗΑ΢ϣ˰˰ γ˵ϳˬΓΩϭΩ˰˰ Σϣϑϭέ˰˰ υϲ˰˰ ϓ
ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗϳϥ΃Ώ˰˰ ΟϳϭˬΏ˰˰ γΎϧϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϝϛ˰˰ ηΑέ΍έ˰˰ ϗϰ˰˰ Ϡϋέ˰˰ ϳΛ΄Ηϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳΩϬϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ λϘϟ΍ϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϻ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ
Δ˰˰ ϳϟΎΗϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϳΎόϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣ
ϡ˰˰ ϋΩϳϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϬΗΎϣΩΧϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϬΗΎΟΗϧϣϊ˰˰ ϳΑϝ˰˰ ΛϣΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΄Αέ˰˰ ηΎΑϣϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ ρΑΗέϣ‡
Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η΢˰˰ ϟΎλϣέ˰˰ ηΎΑϣϝϛ˰˰ ηΑ
ϑϭέυϟ΍ϕϓϭΔΑγΎϧϣϥϭϛΗϭΔϟϭϘόϣΔϣϳϗΕ΍ΫϭΔϳϧϭϧΎϗ‡
ϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γέΎϣϣ΍Ϋ˰˰ ϛϭΎ˰˰ ϬΑϝϭ˰˰ ϣόϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϠϟΎ˰˰ Ϙϓϭϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃ϭΔ˰˰ Ϙϳέρϱ΄˰˰ ΑΔΑ˰˰ γΎϧϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϥϭ˰˰ ϛΗϻ΃‡
ΓΩ˰˰ ϳΟϟ΍

٢٦
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΓέέϛΗϣέϳϏϭΔρϳγΑ‡
ϲϘϠΗϣϟ΍ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΎϬΑϝϣόϳϲΗϟ΍Δϛέηϟ΍ΕΎγΎϳγϟΎϘϓϭΔϟϭΑϘϣ‡
ΙΩΣϟ΍΍ΫϫέοΣϱΫϟ΍ϑυϭϣϠϟΔΑΗέϰϠϋϷ΍ϑέηϣϟ΍ϝΑϗϥϣΓΩϣΗόϣ‡
Δ˰˰ Σ΋ϻϭΎ˰˰ ϘΑρΔ˰˰ λΗΧϣϟ΍ΔρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΦ˰˰ ϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭϪ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟΎΑΔϘΑ˰˰ γϣΔ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣΫ˰˰ Χ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ
ΕΎρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ν˰˰ ϳϭϔΗ
ϥϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥϳϔυϭϣϠϟϪϳϓέΗϭΎϳ΍ΩϫϭΔϓΎϳοϝ΋ΎγϭϡϳΩϘΗ˽-˽
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϲ˰˰˰ϓΔ˰˰˰ϳΑΎϗέϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϬΟϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϣΩ˰˰˰ϳΩόϟ΍ϥ΃έΩ˰˰˰ϘΗϭΓΩ˰˰˰ηΑΩΎ˰˰˰γϔϟ΍ϝΎϛ˰˰˰η΃Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϛΩ˰˰˰οΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰η
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϡϭ˰˰ ϘΗˬϲ˰˰ ϟΎΗϟΎΑϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍Γϭ˰˰ ηέϝΎ˰˰ ϳΣιΎ˰˰ Χϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ ϘϠϗΎ˰˰ Ϭϳϓϝ˰˰ ϣόϧϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϥ΍Ω˰˰ ϠΑϟ΍
Ύ˰˰˰ϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃Ϫ˰˰˰ϳϓέΗϝ΋Ύ˰˰˰γϭϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϳοΕ΍ϭ˰˰˰ϋΩϱϷϕέ˰˰˰ρΗϟ΍ϡ˰˰˰ΗϳΎ˰˰˰ϣΩϧϋϲ˰˰˰ϓΎο·ϕ˰˰˰ϳϗΩΗΑΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣ
ϥ˰˰˰ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϳϔυϭϣϠϟ
ϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
Δ˰˰˰ϟΎΣϲ˰˰˰ϓϲ˰˰˰ϣϭϛΣϑ˰˰˰υϭϣϟΎ˰˰˰ϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϳοΓϭ˰˰˰ϋΩϭ΃Ύ˰˰˰ϳ΍Ωϫϡ˰˰˰ϳΩϘΗΑϕϼ˰˰˰ρϹ΍ϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϡϭ˰˰˰ϘΗϻ΃Ώ˰˰˰Οϳ
Δ˰˰˰ϳϣϭϛΣΔ˰˰˰ϬΟϊ˰˰˰ϣΔ˰˰˰λϗΎϧϣϟ΍
Ωϭ˰˰ ϧΑϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΩέ˰˰ γϧϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟΎ˰˰ ϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳονέ˰˰ όΑΓΩϭΩ˰˰ ΣϣΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϲ˰˰ ϓ΢ϣ˰˰ γϳ
Ύ˰˰ ϬΑΡϭϣ˰˰ γϣϟ΍Δό΋Ύ˰˰ ηϟ΍Ε΍˯ΎϧΛΗ˰˰ γϻ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϠΛϣ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϟΎΗϟ΍
˯΍έηϟ΍έ΍έϗϡΎϣΗΩόΑΔϳίϣέϭ΃ΓέϳϐλΔϳΩϫϡϳΩϘΗ‡
ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηέΎόηϝϣΣΗΞ΋ΎΗϧϭ΃ϡϼϗ΃ϭ΃ΕΎόΑϗϭ΃ϲγΎϣηϝΛϣΔϳΟϳϭέΗ˯Ύϳη΃‡
ΕΎοϭΎϔϣϟ΍ϭϝϣόϟ΍ΕΎϋΎϣΗΟ΍˯ΎϧΛ΃ΕΎΑϭέηϣϟ΍ϭΔϣόρϷ΍ϡϳΩϘΗ‡
Ύ˰˰ ϘΑρΔ˰˰ λΗΧϣϟ΍ΔρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔϘΑ˰˰ γϣΔ˰˰ ϳΑΎΗϛΔ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍ϡί˰˰ ϠϳˬΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϳϣΟϲ˰˰ ϓϭ‡
Ω΍έ˰˰ ϓ΃Ω˰˰ Σ΃ϭ΃ϲ˰˰ ϣϭϛΣϑ˰˰ υϭϣϰ˰˰ ϟ·Δ˰˰ ϣΩϘϣϪ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϱ΃ϲ˰˰ ϓΕΎρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ν˰˰ ϳϭϔΗΔ˰˰ Σ΋ϼϟ
Ϫ˰˰ Ηϣϳϗϥ˰˰ ϋέ˰˰ υϧϟ΍ν˰˰ ϐΑϲ˰˰ ϣϭϛΣϑ˰˰ υϭϣϟϕ˰˰ ϳΛϭϱέΎ˰˰ ΟΗϙϳέ˰˰ ηϱ΃ϭ΃ϪΗέ˰˰ γ΃
ϥ˰˰ ϳϳΩΎόϟ΍ιΎΧ˰˰ ηϷ΍ϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋέ˰˰ ϳΛ΄Ηϟ΍ΎϬϧΎ˰˰ ηϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϟϭΎΣϣΔ˰˰ ϳ΃ΓΩ˰˰ ηΑωϭ˰˰ ϧϣϣέ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
Ε΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·Δ˰˰ ϳ΃ΫΎ˰˰ ΧΗ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϰ˰˰ ϠϋϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋϷ΍Ϫϳ˰˰ γέΗϟΓέ˰˰ ηΎΑϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃Γέ˰˰ ηΎΑϣΓέϭ˰˰ λΑ
ϡ˰˰ ϬϟΎ˰˰ ϳ΍Ωϫϭ΃ΔϳϠ˰˰ γΗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϡ˰˰ ϳΩϘΗϕ˰˰ ϳέρϥ˰˰ ϋΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η΢˰˰ ϟΎλϟΔ˰˰ Ϡοϔϣ

٢٧
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϪϳΑϧΗΕ΍έΎη·
ϥ˰˰˰ϋΓέΎ˰˰˰Αϋϲ˰˰˰ϫΔ˰˰˰ϳϬϳΑϧΗϟ΍Ε΍έΎ˰˰˰ηϹ΍‡
ΙϭΩ˰˰ ΣΑϲ˰˰ όϳΑριΧ˰˰ ηϪ˰˰ ΑϧΗΙΩ΍ϭ˰˰ Σ
Ώ˰˰ γΎϧϣέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃ϲ˰˰ ϧϭϧΎϗέ˰˰ ϳϏϑέ˰˰ λΗ
ϝ˰˰˰ΛϣΙϭΩ˰˰˰Σϟέ˰˰˰ϳΑϛϝΎ˰˰˰ϣΗΣ΍Ω˰˰˰Οϭϳϭ΃
ϥ˰˰˰ϣˬΔ˰˰˰ϟΎΣϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰˰ϫϲ˰˰˰ϓϑέ˰˰˰λΗϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϫ
ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϳίϣ˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ϱέϭέ˰˰ οϟ΍
έ΍έ˰˰˰ϗΫΎ˰˰˰ΧΗ΍ϝ˰˰˰ΑϗέϭΎ˰˰˰ηΗϟ΍ϭϲ˰˰˰λϘΗϟ΍ϭ

΍Ϋ˰˰ ϟˬΔϠϣΎ˰˰ ηΕ˰˰ γϳϟϩΎ˰˰ ϧΩ΃Δ˰˰ ϧϳΑϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϠΛϣϷ΍‡

ϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·έΫ˰˰ Σϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ΍Ω˰˰ ϳίϣϲ˰˰ ΧϭΗΏ˰˰ Οϳ
ϩΫ˰˰˰ϫϥ˰˰˰ϣϱ΄˰˰˰ΑΔ˰˰˰ϓέόϣϪ˰˰˰ϳΩϟϑ˰˰˰υϭϣϟ΍
Δ˰˰ ϳϬϳΑϧΗϟ΍Ε΍έΎ˰˰ ηϹ΍

Ε΍έΎηϹ΍ϩΫϫΔϠΛϣ΃ϥϣ
ΓέϭρΧϟ΍ΔϳϟΎϋϭ΃ΓΩγΎϓΩόΗϥ΍ΩϠΑϲϓΔϳέΎΟΗϝΎϣϋ΃˯΍έΟ·‡
έ˰˰ ϳϏϝ΍ϭ˰˰ ϣ΃ϊ˰˰ ϓΩΑϡϭ˰˰ Ϙϳϥ΃΢˰˰ Οέϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϭ΃ϡΎ˰˰ ϗΩ˰˰ ϗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϑ˰˰ υϭϣϥ΄˰˰ ΑΕ΍˯Ύ˰˰ ϋΩϻ΍‡
ϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟΔϳϋέ˰˰ η
ϥ˰˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϗϲ˰˰˰ϓΔ˰˰˰ϋϭοϭϣϟ΍ϱέΎ˰˰˰ΟΗϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ΉΩΎ˰˰˰ΑϣϟϲϠΑϘΗ˰˰˰γϣϭ΃ϲ˰˰˰οΎϣϡ΍ί˰˰˰Ηϟ΍ϱ΃ϥΎ˰˰˰ϣον˰˰˰ϓέ‡
ϲ˰˰ λϘΗϟ΍ΔϠ΋˰˰ γ΃ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎΟϹ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋϑ˰˰ ϛϟ΍ϭ΃ΏΎ˰˰ ϫέϹ΍ϭϝ΍ϭ˰˰ ϣϷ΍ϝϳ˰˰ γϏϭΓϭ˰˰ ηέϟ΍Δ˰˰ ΣϓΎϛϣΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗϭ
ϡίϼ˰˰ ϟ΍
ΎϬΗΣλϲϓϙϭϛηϣϭ΃ΔϘϳϗΩέϳϏϭ΃ΔϳϓΎϛέϳϏΕΎϣϭϠόϣέϳϓϭΗ‡
Δ˰˰ ϧ΍Ω·ϡΎϛ˰˰ Σ΃Ωϭ˰˰ Οϭϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϕ˰˰ ϳΑρΗΕΎρϠ˰˰ γΔρ˰˰ γ΍ϭΑΔϳϣ˰˰ γέέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃Δϳϣ˰˰ γέΕΎ˰˰ ϘϳϘΣΗΩϭ˰˰ Οϭ‡
ΔϘΑΎ˰˰ γ
ΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΔγΎϳγϭ΃ΕΎόϳέηΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ωΎΑΗ·ϡΩόΑΕΎΣ΍έΗϗ΍Δϳ΃‡
ϲ˰˰ ϓϑέ˰˰ όϟ΍ϭ΃έΎ˰˰ ϳόϣϟ΍ϭ˰˰ ϫ΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϥ΃ΏΑ˰˰ γΑϝϭ˰˰ ΑϘϣϲ˰˰ ϧϭϧΎϗέ˰˰ ϳϐϟ΍ϑέ˰˰ λΗϟ΍έ˰˰ ΑΗόΗΕΎ˰˰ Σ΍έΗϗ΍Δ˰˰ ϳ΃‡
Δ˰˰ ϧϳόϣΔ˰˰ ϟϭΩ
Ύϫ΍ΩΣ·ϲϧΑΗνϓέϭ΃ΔΑγΎϧϣϙϭϠγΩϋ΍ϭϗϭ΃ϡ΍ίΗϟ΍ΞϣΎϧέΑϊοϭϲϓϝηϔϟ΍‡

٢٨
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϳϣϫϭΕΎϛέηϡ΍ΩΧΗγ΍‡
ϲϣϭϛΣϑυϭϣϊϣϕϳΛϭρΎΑΗέ΍ϭ΃ΕΎϗϼϋ‡
ΩϳϔΗγϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϲϠλϷ΍ϙϟΎϣϟ΍ΔϳϭϫϥϋΡΎλϓϹ΍νϓέ‡
ϥ˰˰˰ϳόϣΩέ˰˰˰ϓϭ΃Δϛέ˰˰˰ηϭ΃ϑέ˰˰˰ρέΎ˰˰˰ϳΗΧ΍ϡ˰˰˰Ηϳϥ΃ϩέ΍έ˰˰˰λ·ϭ΃ϪϟΎΟόΗ˰˰˰γ΍ϭ΃ϲ˰˰˰ϣϭϛΣϑ˰˰˰υϭϣΏ˰˰˰Ϡρ‡
Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηΔρ˰˰˰γ΍ϭΑ
ΏϭΗϛϣΩϘϋϥϭΩΑΕΎϣΩΧΔϳΩ΄ΗΏϠρϭ΃ˬΏϭΗϛϣΩϘϋΫϳϔϧΗνϓέ‡
ΩΎΗόϣέϳϏϝϛηΑΔϳϟΎϋΔϟϭϣϋΏϠρ‡
Ϫϳί΍ϭϳΎϣϭ΃ϱΩϘϧϟ΍ϊϓΩϟ΍ϰϠϋέ΍έλϹ΍‡
ϥ˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϗΎ˰˰ϬΑϲ˰˰Ηϟ΍ϕ˰˰ρΎϧϣϟΎΑΔ˰˰λΎΧ ΕΎ˰˰ϣΩΧϟ΍˯΍Ω΃Ύ˰˰Ϭϳϓϡ˰˰Ηϳϲ˰˰Ηϟ΍Δ˰˰ϟϭΩϟ΍ΝέΎ˰˰Χϊ˰˰ϓΩϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋέ΍έ˰˰λϹ΍‡
 Δ˰˰ϳϛϧΑϟ΍ΕΎΑΎ˰˰γΣϟ΍Δϳέ˰˰γ
Δρϳγϭϭ΃ϯέΧ΃ϑ΍έρϷϊϓΩϟ΍ϰϠϋέ΍έλϹ΍‡
ΡΎΟϧϟ΍ϡϭγέϭ΃ΕΎϓΎοϻ΍ϝΛϣϱΩΎϣϟ΍ϝΑΎϘϣϟ΍ΓΩΎϳίϭ΃ϡΩϘϣϟ΍ϊϓΩϟ΍ΏϠρ‡
ϡϬΗΎϳϭϫϥϋϑϭηϛϣέϳϏϱέΧ΃ϑ΍έρ΃ϊϣϱΩΎϣϟ΍ϝΑΎϘϣϟ΍ΔϛέΎηϣ‡
ΎϬϳϓϙϭϛηϣέϳΗ΍ϭϓϡϳΩϘΗϭ΃ΔΑγΎϧϣέϳΗ΍ϭϓϡϳΩϘΗνϓέ‡
Δϔ΋΍ίέϳΗ΍ϭϓϡϳΩϘΗϭ΃ϡϳΩϘΗνέϋ‡
Ύϧϟϭλ΃ΔϳΎϣΣ˾-˽
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ν΍έ˰˰ Ϗϸϟρ˰˰ ϘϓϡΩΧΗ˰˰ γΗϥ΃ϭΔ˰˰ ϣ΋ϼϣΔ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΕΎϛ˰˰ ϠΗϣϣϭϝϭ˰˰ λ΃Δ˰˰ ϠϣΎόϣΏ˰˰ Οϳ
ρ˰˰ϘϓΔ˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ν΍έ˰˰ϏϸϟϡΩΧΗ˰˰γΗΔ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηΕΎϛ˰˰ϠΗϣϣϥ΃Ω˰˰λϘϳˬΔ˰˰ϣΎϋΓέϭ˰˰λΑΓΩϭ˰˰λϘϣϟ΍
ˬΔ˰˰ ϳϠΣϣϟ΍ϑ˰˰ Η΍ϭϬϟ΍ΕϻΎ˰˰ λΗ΍ϝ˰˰ ΛϣΕϻΎ˰˰ Σϲ˰˰ ϓϲ˰˰ οέόϟ΍ϲλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γϻΎΑΡϭϣ˰˰ γϣϪ˰˰ ϧΈϓϙ˰˰ ϟΫϊ˰˰ ϣϭ
ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϋΎΑρϟ΍ϭˬρϳ˰˰ γΑϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ΋ϭοϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϭλΗϟ΍ϭˬϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϠϟΏ˰˰ γΎϧϣϟ΍ϲλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γϻ΍
έ˰˰ ΗϭϳΑϣϛϟ΍
ϑ˰˰ϠΗϟ΍ϭ΃ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰γϻ΍˯ϭ˰˰γϥ˰˰ϣΕ΍ί˰˰ϳϬΟΗϟ΍ϭΕ΍Ω˰˰όϣϟ΍ϙ˰˰ϟΫϲ˰˰ϓΎ˰˰ϣΑΔ˰˰ϳΩΎϣϟ΍ΕΎϛ˰˰ϠΗϣϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ϓΎϛΔ˰˰ϳΎϣΣΏ˰˰Οϳ
Δ˰˰ϣ΋ϼϣέ˰˰ϳϐϟ΍ΕΎϣ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰γϻ΍ϥ˰˰ϣϙ˰˰ϟΫέ˰˰ϳϏϭ΃Δϗέ˰˰γϟ΍ϭ΃
Ύ˰˰ ϬϧϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η΢˰˰ ϟΎλϟϝ˰˰ ϣόϳιΧ˰˰ ηϱ΃ϭϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛυ˰˰ ϓΎΣϳϥ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ
Δ˰˰˰ϳϛϠϣϟ΍ϙ˰˰˰ϟΫϲ˰˰˰ϓΎ˰˰˰ϣΑΔϳέ˰˰˰γϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϧΎϳΑϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηΕΎϛ˰˰˰ϠΗϣϣΔϳέ˰˰˰γϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋ
Δ˰˰ ϧϣ΁ϭΔϳέ˰˰ γΎ˰˰ Ϭ΋ΎϘΑϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϭΔ˰˰ ϳέϛϔϟ΍

٢٩
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϙ˰˰ ϳϠϋΏ˰˰ ΟϳˬΎϬϳϣϫΎ˰˰ γϣϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η΢˰˰ ϟΎλϟΎ˰˰ ϧϟϭλ΃ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϭΔΑ˰˰ γΎϧϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳΎϋέϟ΍ϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϟ
ϲ˰˰ Ηϵ΍
ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϭϙϓέ˰˰ ηϣϥ˰˰ ϣΔϘΑ˰˰ γϣΔ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϥϭΩ˰˰ ΑΎϧΗΎ˰˰ ηϧϣϥ˰˰ ϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍Ε΍Ω˰˰ όϣϙέ˰˰ ΣΗϻ‡
ϥ˰˰ ϣ΃Δ˰˰ γΎϳγϟΎ˰˰ Ϙϓϭϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑΎ˰˰ ϧΗΎϣϭϠόϣϡ˰˰ υϧϡΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ν΍έ˰˰ ϏϷ
ΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍Ύ˰˰˰ϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗ
ϲϠϳΎϣϰϠϋέλΣϟ΍ϻϝΎΛϣϟ΍ϝϳΑγϰϠϋˬΔλΎΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭΔϳέγϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϝϣΗηΗ‡
ιϭ˰˰λΧΑΔϳέ˰˰γϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ϳϠϣόϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍έ΍έ˰˰γϷ΍ϙ˰˰ϟΫϲ˰˰ϓΎ˰˰ϣΑΔ˰˰ϳέϛϔϟ΍Δ˰˰ϳϛϠϣϟ΍ϕϭ˰˰ϘΣ‡
ΔϳϠΑϘΗ˰˰γϣϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ϳϟΎΣϟ΍ϭ΃ΔϘΑΎ˰˰γϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ϣΩΧϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ΟΗϧϣϟ΍
ΔϔϠϛΗϟ΍ϭέϳόγΗϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣ‡
ϥϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥϳϠϣΗΣϣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥϳϳϟΎΣϟ΍˯ϼϣόϟ΍ϥϋΕΎϣϭϠόϣ‡
ϡΎϋϝϛηΑΔϓϭέόϣέϳϐϟ΍ΔϳϧϘΗϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭϯέΧϷ΍ΙΎΣΑϷ΍ϭ΃ϊϳϧλΗϟ΍ΕΎϳϠϣϋϭΕΎϳϧϘΗ‡
ΕΎόϳΑϣϟ΍ϭϕϳϭγΗϟ΍ΕΎϧΎϳΑ‡
ϥϳ˰˰γϓΎϧϣϠϟΓΩ˰˰ϳϔϣϭ΃Δ˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰ηϟΓέΎ˰˰οϥϭ˰˰ϛΗϥ΃ϥ˰˰ϛϣϳΔ˰˰ϣΎϋέ˰˰ϳϏϯέ˰˰Χ΃ΕΎ˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϱ΃‡
Ύ˰˰Ϭϧϋϑ˰˰ηϛϟ΍ϡ˰˰Η΍Ϋ·
ϻΔ˰˰ ϟΩΎϋέ˰˰ ϳϏΔϳ˰˰ γϓΎϧΗΓί˰˰ ϳϣϪ˰˰ ϟΡέ˰˰ λϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϐϟ΍ϡΩΧΗ˰˰ γϣϠϟϝ˰˰ όΟΗϥ΃ΎϬϧ΄˰˰ ηϥ˰˰ ϣϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍‡
Ϫ˰˰ ϳϠϋϝ˰˰ λΣϳϥ΃ϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳ
Ύ˰˰ ϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϥ˰˰ ϣ΃Δ˰˰ γΎϳγϟΎ˰˰ Ϙϓϭϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑˬΎ˰˰ ϧϳΩϟΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰ υϧϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍‡
ΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍
ϙϟΫΑϻϭΧϣϥϛΗϡϟΎϣΔλΎΧϟ΍ϭ΃Δϳέγϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϥϋ΢λϔΗϻ‡
Δϧϣ΁ϭΔϳέγΔλΎΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϝόΟ΍‡

٣٠
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΎϧΑιΎΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϡΎυϧϟϝΛϣϷ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗγϻ΍˿-˽

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ν΍έ˰˰ Ϗϸϟι˰˰ λΧϣϭ˰˰ ϫϭˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑιΎ˰˰ Χϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϡΎ˰˰ υϧΩ˰˰ όϳ
˯΍Ω΃ϊ˰˰ ϣϝ˰˰ Χ΍ΩΗϳϡ˰˰ ϟ΍Ϋ·Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϡΎ˰˰ υϧϟΏ˰˰ γΎϧϣϟ΍έ˰˰ ΑΎόϟ΍ϲ˰˰ οέόϟ΍ϲλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γϻΎΑΡϭϣ˰˰ γϣρ˰˰ Ϙϓ
ϙ˰˰ Ϡϣϋ

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋϝ˰˰ λϔϧϣϑ˰˰ Ϡϣϲ˰˰ ϓϝ˰˰ ϣόϟΎΑΔ˰˰ ϠλϱΫέ˰˰ ϳϐϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍υ˰˰ ϔΣϡ˰˰ Ηϳ‡
ιΎ˰˰ ΧΔ˰˰ ϣϼόΑϑ˰˰ ϧλϳϭϝ˰˰ ϣόϟΎΑΔ˰˰ Ϡλϟ΍ϭΫ
Ω˰˰˰ϳέΑϥ˰˰˰ϣΕΎϛ˰˰˰ϧϭ΃ΔϠ˰˰˰γϠγΗϣϟ΍ϝ΋Ύ˰˰˰γέϟ΍ϭ΃Ύ˰˰˰ϬΑΏϭ˰˰˰Ϗέϣέ˰˰˰ϳϏΔ˰˰˰ϳ΋ΎϋΩϝ΋Ύ˰˰˰γέϝΎ˰˰˰γέ·ωϭ˰˰˰ϧϣϣ‡
ϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ γϭέϳϓϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϱϭ˰˰ ΗΣΗϝ΋Ύ˰˰ γέΔ˰˰ ϳ΃ϝΎ˰˰ γέ·έϭ˰˰ υΣϣϙ˰˰ ϟΫϛϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϟϹ΍Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η
ΓέΎ˰˰ οΞ˰˰ ϣ΍έΑ
έ˰˰ ϳϏν΍έ˰˰ Ϗ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΃ϭΔϳλΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ν΍έ˰˰ Ϗϸϟϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϻ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ‡
Δ˰˰ ϳϧϭϧΎϗ
Ύ˰˰ ϣΑϡΎ˰˰ υϧϟΎΑΔ˰˰ ϠΧϣϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧϳϬϣϝ΋Ύ˰˰ γέϊ˰˰ ϳίϭΗϭ΃ϝ˰˰ ϣόϟϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍Ω˰˰ ϳέΑϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϻ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ‡
˯΍έϵ΍ϭϲ˰˰ γϧΟϟ΍Ϫ˰˰ ΟϭΗϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϗΎϋϹ΍ϭα˰˰ ϧΟϟ΍ϭωϭ˰˰ ϧϟ΍ιϭ˰˰ λΧΑΔ˰˰ ϧϳϬϣΕΎ˰˰ ϘϳϠόΗϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓ
Δ˰˰ ϳϧρϭϟ΍ϭΔϳ˰˰ γΎϳγϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳϧϳΩϟ΍
ΔΑϗ΍έϣέϳϐϟ΍ΕΎόΑΎρϟ΍ϭ΃αϛΎϔϟ΍ΓίϬΟ΃ϰϟ·ΔϳέγΕΎϣϭϠόϣϝγέΗϻ‡

٣١
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϥ˰˰ ϳέΩΎϗϥ˰˰ ϳέΧϵ΍ϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳΎ˰˰ ϣΩϧϋΔ˰˰ ΣΗϔϧϣΔ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑϭ΃ϲ˰˰ ϟΎϋΕϭ˰˰ λΑΔϳέ˰˰ γΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣε˰˰ ϗΎϧΗϻ‡
ωΎϣΗ˰˰γϻ΍
Δ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϥϭΩ˰˰ Αϥ˰˰ ϳΩέϭϣϟ΍ϭ΃˯ϼ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ λΎΧΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϙέΎ˰˰ ηΗϻ‡
Δ˰˰ ϣίϼϟ΍
ΔϣΎόϟ΍ϥϛΎϣϷ΍ϲϓΔϳέγϟ΍Ε΍ΩϧΗγϣϟ΍Γ˯΍έϗΩϧϋ΍έΫΣϥϛ‡
ΔϘϳϗΩϟ΍έΗΎϓΩϟ΍ϭΕϼΟγϟ΍̀-˽

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Δ˰˰˰ϳϧϭϧΎϘϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ΑϠρΗϣϠϟ˱Ύ˰˰˰ϘϓϭϭΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϣ΄ΑΎϧΗΎΑΎ˰˰˰γΣϭΎ˰˰˰ϧέΗΎϓΩϭΎϧΗϼΟ˰˰˰γί˰˰˰ϳϬΟΗϡ΍ϭΩ˰˰˰ϟ΍ϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϡ˰˰˰Ηϳϥ΃Ώ˰˰˰Οϳ
ΉΩΎ˰˰˰ΑϣϠϟΎ˰˰˰ϘϓϭΔ˰˰˰ΑϭΗϛϣϭΔϠΟ˰˰˰γϣϭΔ˰˰˰ΣϳΣλΔ˰˰˰ϳϟΎϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍Δ˰˰˰ϓΎϛϥϭ˰˰˰ϛΗϥ΃Ώ˰˰˰ΟϳΎ˰˰˰ϬΑϝϭ˰˰˰ϣόϣϟ΍
Δ˰˰˰ϳέλϣϟ΍ΔϳΑ˰˰˰γΎΣϣϟ΍
έ˰˰ ϳέΎϘΗϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϳϠΧ΍Ωϟ΍Δ˰˰ Αϗ΍έϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϝΎ˰˰ όϓϡΎ˰˰ υϧϟΎ˰˰ ϘϓϭΎ˰˰ ϬϟΎϣϋ΃˯΍Ω΄˰˰ ΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡί˰˰ ΗϠΗ
ϲ˰˰ ϠϳΎ˰˰ ϣϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϟρ˰˰ Α΍ϭοϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫΫ˰˰ ϔϧΗϭΔ˰˰ ϳϟΎϣϟ΍
ΕΎρϠγϟ΍νϳϭϔΗΔΣ΋ϻϭΔϛέηϟ΍΢΋΍ϭϠϟΎϘϓϭΕϼϣΎόϣϟ΍ΫϳϔϧΗϡΗϳ‡
Ώ˰˰˰γΎϧϣϟ΍Ε˰˰˰ϗϭϟ΍ϲ˰˰˰ϓΔ˰˰˰ϳϟΎϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰˰΋΍ϭϘϟ΍ί˰˰˰ϳϬΟΗΑΡΎϣ˰˰˰γϠϟϱέϭέ˰˰˰οϝϛ˰˰˰ηΑΕϼ˰˰˰ϣΎόϣϟ΍ϝϳΟ˰˰˰γΗϡ˰˰˰Ηϳ‡
ϕ˰˰˰ϳϗΩϟ΍ϝϛ˰˰˰ηϟΎΑϭ
Δϛέηϟ΍ϝϭλ΃ϥϳϣ΄ΗϡΗϳ‡
ϻΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΔ˰˰ γΎϳγϟΎ˰˰ ϗέΧϝ˰˰ ΛϣϳΔ˰˰ ϠϣΎϛϭΔ˰˰ ϘϳϗΩΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋυΎ˰˰ ϔΣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϝ˰˰ ηϔϟ΍ϥ·
ϙϭϠ˰˰ γϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϝϛ˰˰ ηϳΩ˰˰ ϗϕ˰˰ ΋ΎϘΣϟ΍Ϫϳϭ˰˰ ηΗϭ΃ΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳϭίΗϟϕϼ˰˰ ρϹ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋέΫ˰˰ ϋϭ΃έέ˰˰ Αϣϱ΃Ω˰˰ Οϭϳ
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟϭϙ˰˰ ϟΔΑ˰˰ γϧϟΎΑΔ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳϧΩϣϟ΍Δϟ˯Ύ˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϙ˰˰ οέόϳϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϭˬϻΎ˰˰ ϳΗΣ΍
ϕ˰˰ ϳϗΩϭϝΩΎ˰˰ ϋϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ λΎΧϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Εϼ˰˰ ϣΎόϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϥ˰˰ ϳϭΩΗΏ˰˰ Οϳέ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ΕΎΑΎ˰˰ γΣϲ˰˰ ϓ

٣٢
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
Δ˰˰˰όΑΎΗϣ΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϛϭϲ˰˰˰ϔϳυϭϟ΍Ϫ˰˰˰όϗϭϣΑΔ˰˰˰Ϡλϟ΍Ε΍ΫΕΎ˰˰˰ΑϠρΗϣϟ΍ϡ˰˰˰ϬϓΔϳϟϭ΅˰˰˰γϣϑ˰˰˰υϭϣϝϛϕ˰˰˰ΗΎϋϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋϊ˰˰˰Ϙϳ
ι˰˰ ΗΧϣϟ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣϟ΍ιΧ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϰ˰˰ Ϡϋϝϭ˰˰ λΣϟ΍Ώ˰˰ ΟϳΕΎ˰˰ ΑϠρΗϣϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϬΑΔ˰˰ ϘϠόΗϣϟ΍Ε΍˯΍έ˰˰ ΟϹ΍
ϊ˰˰ ϘΗϭΕϼ˰˰ ϣΎόϣϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϬϟΔ˰˰ ΣϳΣλϭΔ˰˰ ϘϳϗΩΕϼΟ˰˰ γΑυΎ˰˰ ϔΗΣϻ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϛ΄Ηϟ΍ϭˬΎ˰˰ ϫΫϳϔϧΗϝ˰˰ ΑϗΔ˰˰ ϠϣΎόϣϝϛ˰˰ Α
ΕΎ˰˰ Ϙϔϧϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϟΎρϣϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑˬΎ˰˰ ϫΩόΗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϳϣΟϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϛ΄Ηϟ΍Δϳϟϭ΅˰˰ γϣϙ˰˰ ϘΗΎϋϰ˰˰ Ϡϋ
Δ˰˰ ΣϳΣλϭΔ˰˰ ϘϳϗΩˬϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ΕΎϋΎ˰˰ γΕϼΟ˰˰ γϭ
Δ˰˰όΟ΍έϣϟ΍Ε΍˯΍έ˰˰Ο·ϥ΃ϲ˰˰ϓϙ˰˰ηϙ˰˰ϳΩϟϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·έϭ˰˰ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋι˰˰ΗΧϣϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍έ˰˰ϳΩϣΑϝΎ˰˰λΗϻ΍ϙ˰˰ϧϣϊ˰˰ϗϭΗϳ
Δϛέ˰˰ηϟ΍ϝϭ˰˰λ΃ϲ˰˰ϓέ˰˰ϳϭίΗϟ΍ϭ΃ˬΩ˰˰ϳΩΑΗϟ΍ϭ΃ˬΔ˰˰ϗΩϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰ϋϑΎϛϝϛ˰˰ηΑϊ˰˰ϧϣΗϭ΃ϑ˰˰ηϛΗϻ
ϝ˰˰ ϣϋϙ˰˰ ϧϣΏ˰˰ ϠρϳϪ˰˰ ϧ΃ΕΩ˰˰ ϘΗϋ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳϟΎϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϳϠϣόϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϳϗϭϝϳΟ˰˰ γΗΔ˰˰ ϳΣϼλϥ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϛ΄Ηϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϲ˰˰ ϓ
ϙϓέ˰˰ηϣΑϝΎ˰˰λΗϻ΍έϭ˰˰ϔϟ΍ϰ˰˰Ϡϋϡ˰˰Ηϳˬϙ˰˰ϟΫέ˰˰ϳϏϭ΃Δ˰˰ϳϟΎϣΕ˰˰ϧΎϛ˯΍ϭ˰˰γΔ˰˰ϠϠοϣϭ΃Δ˰˰ϔ΋΍ίέ˰˰ϳέΎϘΗϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ϧΎϳΑ
ϡ΍ί˰˰ Ηϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋˰˰ γϣϭ΃
Ε΍ΩϧΗ˰˰˰γϣϡ˰˰˰ϳΩϘΗϭϡϬΗϠ΋˰˰˰γ΃ϰ˰˰˰ϠϋΩέ˰˰˰ϟ΍ϕ˰˰˰ϳέρϥ˰˰˰ϋϥ˰˰˰ϳόΟ΍έϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰˰ϣϝ˰˰˰ϣΎϛϝϛ˰˰˰ηΑϝ˰˰˰ϣόϟ΍ϙ˰˰˰ϧϣϊ˰˰˰ϗϭΗϳ
Ώ˰˰˰Ϡρϟ΍Ώ˰˰˰γΣΎ˰˰˰ϬϧϋΩΎ˰˰˰ϔϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ϧΎϳΑϟ΍ϭΕϼ˰˰˰ϳϭΣΗϟ΍΢˰˰˰ϳοϭΗϭ
ϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϭΕ΍ΩϧΗ˰˰ γϣϟ΍υ˰˰ ϔΣϟΓΩΩ˰˰ ΣϣΕΎ˰˰ ϣ΍ίΗϟ΍ϊ˰˰ οϭΑΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϡϭ˰˰ ϘΗˬΕϼΟ˰˰ γϠϟΔΑ˰˰ γΎϧϣϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϟ
Ύ˰˰ ϬϘϳΑρΗΏ˰˰ Οϳϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϧΩϷ΍ϲ˰˰ ϫϩΫ˰˰ ϫυ˰˰ ϔΣϟ΍Ε΍έ˰˰ Ηϓέ˰˰ ΑΗόΗϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϝ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϫΫϳϔϧΗΏ˰˰ Οϳ
υ˰˰ ϔΣϟ΍Γέ˰˰ ΗϓΩ˰˰ ϳΩϣΗϲ˰˰ ϐΑϧϳˬϝϭ˰˰ ρ΃Γέ˰˰ ΗϓΩΩ˰˰ ΣΗΔ˰˰ ϘΑρϣΔ˰˰ ϳϠΣϣΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗϭ΃ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗΩϭ˰˰ ΟϭΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϲ˰˰ ϓ
Ύ˰˰ ϬϟΎ˰˰ ϘΑρ

ϲΗϵ΍ΔυΣϼϣΏΟϳˬϙϟΫϰϟ·ΔϓΎο·
ΔϳϣΣϣϭΔϧϣ΁ϥϭϛΗϰΗΣΕϼΟγϟ΍ΔΑϗ΍έϣϭϥϳίΧΗΎϣϭΩϲϐΑϧϳ‡
ϲ˰˰˰ϓϡ˰˰˰ϛΣΗϟΎΑιΎ˰˰˰Χϟ΍Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰η˯΍έ˰˰˰ΟϹΎ˰˰˰ϘϓϭΕϼΟ˰˰˰γϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϳίΧΗϭϑ˰˰˰ϳϧλΗϡ˰˰˰Ηϳ‡
ΕϼΟ˰˰˰γϟ΍
˱
ϲ˰˰ ϓϡ˰˰ ϛΣΗϟΎΑιΎ˰˰ Χϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η˯΍έ˰˰ ΟϹΎ˰˰ϘΑρρ˰˰ ϘϓΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭέ˰˰ ΗΎϓΩϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣι˰˰ ϠΧΗϟ΍‡
ΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍
ι˰˰ ϠΧΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϠϣϋϑ˰˰ ϗϭΏ˰˰ ΟϳˬϪ˰˰ όΟ΍έϣϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ϘϳϘΣΗϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΋Ύοϗϯϭ˰˰ ϋΩΩϭ˰˰ ΟϭΑϙ˰˰ ϣϠϋϲ˰˰ ϟ·Ύ˰˰ ϣϧ΍Ϋ·‡
ΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣ
έ˰˰ ΗΎϓΩϟ΍ΓίΎ˰˰ ϳΣϝ˰˰ ϘϧΏ˰˰ ΟϳˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϯΩ˰˰ ϟϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍ϙέ˰˰ Ηϭ΃ϙ˰˰ Ηϔϳυϭέ˰˰ ϳϳϐΗΔ˰˰ ϟΎΣϲ˰˰ ϓ‡
ΕϼΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭ

٣٣
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΎϧόϣΗΟϣέΩϘϧ˾

٣٤
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϛέηϠϟΔϳϋΎϣΗΟϻ΍Δϳϟϭ΋γϣϟ΍˺-˾
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Δ˰˰ ΋ϳΑϟ΍ϭΩ΍έ˰˰ ϓϷ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋϷ΍έ˰˰ ϳΛ΄ΗΔ˰˰ ϳϔϳϛϭΓϭέ˰˰ Λϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϋΎϧλΔ˰˰ ϳϔϳϛϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϳϋΎϣΗΟϻ΍Δϳϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϛΗ
Ύϧ˰˰˰γϔϧ΃ϱέ˰˰˰ϧϥ˰˰˰ΣϧϭˬέΎ˰˰˰ΑΗϋϻ΍ϲ˰˰˰ϓ΍Ϋ˰˰˰ϫΫ˰˰˰Χ΄ΗΔϟϭ΋˰˰˰γϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϛΔ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϊ˰˰˰ϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϭ
ΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍ϩΎ˰˰ ΟΗ΢ϣΎ˰˰ γΗϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋΔ˰˰ γΎϳγΞ˰˰ ϬΗϧϧϭΔ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γέΎϣϣϟΎΑέ˰˰ Ϙϧϥ˰˰ ϳΣϟΎλϥ˰˰ ϳϧρ΍ϭϣ
Δϣ΍ΩΗ˰˰˰γϼϟαΎ˰˰˰γΣέ˰˰˰λϧόϛ

ϊ˰˰ϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϥ΃Ύ˰˰οϳ΃ϡ˰˰Ϭϔϧϊ˰˰ϣΗΟϣϠϟΔ˰˰ϳΑΎΟϳ·ϭΔ˰˰υϭΣϠϣΔϣϫΎ˰˰γϣΑϡϭ˰˰ϘϧˬΔ˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍Ύ˰˰ϧΗΎϳϠϣϋ˯Ύ˰˰ϧΛ΃Ϫ˰˰ϧ΃ϥ˰˰ϣ΅ϧ
ϥ΃ϲ˰˰ ϓϊ˰˰ ϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϩΎ˰˰ ΟΗΔϳϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣΎ˰˰ ϧϳΩϟΎ˰˰ ϧϧ΃Ω˰˰ ϘΗόϧˬϲ˰˰ ϟΎΗϟΎΑϭέΎ˰˰ ϫΩίϻΎΑΎ˰˰ ϧϠϣόϟ΢ϣ˰˰ γϳϝ˰˰ ϣϋέΎ˰˰ ρ·ϡΩ˰˰ Ϙϳ
Δ˰˰ ϣϳϗϑ˰˰ ϳοΗΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗιέ˰˰ ϓϭϑ˰˰ ΋ΎυϭϭΕΎ˰˰ ϣΩΧέ˰˰ ϳϓϭΗΑέϣΗ˰˰ γϧ

٣٥
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΎϬϳϔυϭϣϭΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ΎϬΑϝϣόϧϲΗϟ΍ϥ΍ΩϠΑϟ΍ΔϓΎϛϲϓϥΎγϧϹ΍ϕϭϘΣϭϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ιϭλϧϡέΗΣϧ‡
ϝΎϔρϷ΍ϝϳϐηΗΕΎγέΎϣϣϲϓϙέΎηϧϥϟ‡
ϱϭΎγΗϣϭϝΩΎϋϝϛηΑϥϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϊϳϣΟΊϓΎϛϧϭϝϣΎόϧ‡
ϲΑΎϘϧϟ΍ϝϣόϟ΍ΔϳέΣϡϋΩϧ‡
ϝΎϣϋϷ΍ΕΎϳϗϼΧ΃ϲϓΩ΍ϭέϥϭϛϧϥϷϰόγϧ‡
ˬΔϟϭ΋˰˰˰γϣˬΔ˰˰˰ϣϳϗϡΩ˰˰˰ϘΗΔϛέ˰˰˰η±ϥ˰˰˰ϳϳέΎΟΗϟ΍˯Ύϛέ˰˰˰ηϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰˰ϳϔυϭϣϠϟΔ˰˰˰ΑΫΎΟΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰όΟϟϝ˰˰˰ϣόϧ‡
Δ˰˰˰ΑϭΎΟΗϣϭ
Δϣ΍ΩΗγϣϟ΍ΔϳϣϧΗϟ΍ϭΔϳϓΎϔηϟ΍έϳϭρΗϑΩϬΑϊϣΗΟϣϟ΍ϲϠΛϣϣϊϣέ΍ϭΣϟ΍ϲϓϥϳϛέΎηϣϝυϧγ‡
ϝϭ˰˰ ϣόϣϟ΍Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔλ΍ϭϣϭΔ˰˰ ϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔλ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϧϟΎϣϋ΃ϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗϥΎ˰˰ ϣοϥ˰˰ ϋϥϭϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣ‡
Ύ˰˰ ϬΑ
ΔϳϟΎΣϟ΍Δ΋ϳΑϟ΍ΕΎόϳέηΗϊϣϕϓ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϭΎϳϟϭΩΎϬΑϑέΗόϣϟ΍Δϳ΋ϳΑϟ΍Γέ΍ΩϹ΍ΉΩΎΑϣϟΎϘϓϭϝϣόϧ‡ ˱
Δ˰˰˰ϧϣ΅ϣϭΔ˰˰˰ϧϣ΃Γέ΍Ω·ϭΔ˰˰˰ϳΣλϝ˰˰˰ϣϋΔ˰˰˰΋ϳΑϟέϣΗ˰˰˰γϣϟ΍ϥϳ˰˰˰γΣΗϟ΍ϝϼ˰˰˰Χϥ˰˰˰ϣΡϭ˰˰˰ϣρϝϛ˰˰˰ηΑϝ˰˰˰ϣόϧ‡
Ύ˰˰ ϬΑϝϭ˰˰ ϣόϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ γέΎϣϣϟ΍ϭϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϭ˱Ύ˰˰ϳϟϭΩΎ˰˰ ϬΑϑέ˰˰ Ηόϣϟ΍Δϣϼ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ Σλϟ΍Γέ΍Ω·ΉΩΎ˰˰ ΑϣϟΎ˰˰ Ϙϓϭ
ΕΎ˰˰ ϳΎϔϧϟ΍ϭΕΎ˰˰ ΟΗϧϣϟ΍ϭϡΎ˰˰ Χϟ΍Ω΍ϭ˰˰ ϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔϠΧϣϥ˰˰ ϣι˰˰ ϠΧΗϠϟϥ˰˰ ϣϵ΍Ώ˰˰ ϳΗέΗϟ΍ϭϝ˰˰ Ϙϧϟ΍ϭϝϭ΍Ω˰˰ ΗϟΎΑϡϭ˰˰ Ϙϧ
˱Ύ˰˰ϳ΋ϳΑΔϟϭ΋˰˰ γϣΔ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑ
Δϳ΋ϳΑϟ΍ΔϳΎϣΣϟ΍ϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟΕΎϛΎϬΗϧ΍Δϳ΄ΑύϼΑϹΎΑέϭϔϟ΍ϰϠϋϡϭϘϧγ
ϙ˰˰ Ηϔϳυϭ˯΍Ω΃ϭϙ˰˰ Ηϓέόϣϭϙ˰˰ ΗέΎϬϣϥϳ˰˰ γΣΗϭέ˰˰ ϳϭρΗϝ˰˰ Ο΃ϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ΑϭϠρϣϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϳέΩΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϲ˰˰ ϓϙέΎ˰˰ ηϧγ
Ύ˰˰ ϳ΋ϳΑΔϣϳϠ˰˰ γΔ˰˰ ϘϳέρΑϭϥ˰˰ ϣ΁ϝϛ˰˰ ηΑ

٣٦
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

Γϭηέϟ΍ϭΩΎγϔϟ΍ΔΣϓΎϛϣ˻-˾

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗϭϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗϊ˰˰ ϣϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗΗϭΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍ϭΓϭ˰˰ ηέϟ΍ϝΎϛ˰˰ η΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛΓΩ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηνέΎ˰˰ όΗ
ΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍ϭΓϭ˰˰ ηέϟ΍ϝΎϛ˰˰ η΃ϥ˰˰ ϣϝϛ˰˰ ηϱ΃Ύ˰˰ ϬΑϝ˰˰ ϣόϧϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϛΎϣϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϘΑρϣϟ΍ΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍Δ˰˰ ΣϓΎϛϣ
ΎϬϧ΄˰˰ ηΑϥϭΎ˰˰ ϬΗϟ΍ϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓ΢ϣΎ˰˰ γΗϟ΍ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϥ˰˰ ϟϭϕϭ˰˰ γϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΎϬΗόϣ˰˰ γϭΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΑέ΍έ˰˰ ο·Ω˰˰ όϳ
ΩΎγϔϟ΍ϭΓϭηέϟ΍ϊϣ΢ϣΎγΗϟ΍ϡΩϋ΃ΩΑϣϰϠϋΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηΔϳγΎϳγϡϭϘΗ
ΔλΎΧϟ΍ϭ΃ΔϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ϑ΍έρϷ΍ϭ΃ϥϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥϳϔυϭϣϠϟϱϭΎηέϊϓΩϝϣηΗΓϭηέϟ΍
ϥ˰˰ ϣϩέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϟΔΑ˰˰ γϧϟΎΑˬΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϋϻϭ΋˰˰ γϣϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳιΧ˰˰ ηϱ΃ϥ΃ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΓΩΎ˰˰ ϋΩΎ˰˰ γϔϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗι˰˰ ϧΗϭ
ϰ˰˰Ϡϋϱϭ˰˰ρϧϳΎ˰˰οέϋϥϭ˰˰ϠΑϘϳϭ΃Δ˰˰ϣ΋ϼϣέ˰˰ϳϏΓί˰˰ϳϣϰ˰˰Ϡϋϥϭ˰˰ϠλΣϳϭ΃ϥϭ˰˰ΑϠρϳϥ˰˰ϳΫϟ΍˯΍ϭ˰˰γˬιΎΧ˰˰ηϷ΍
Δ˰˰ ϟϭϣόϟ΍ϭ΃Ώ˰˰ λϧϣϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϔϳυϭϟΎΑϕ˰˰ ϠόΗϳΎ˰˰ ϣϳϓΔ˰˰ ϣ΋ϼϣέ˰˰ ϳϏΓί˰˰ ϳϣ
ϲ˰˰˰ϘϠΗϣϟ΍ϭϕ˰˰˰ϓ΍ϭϣϟ΍ιΧ˰˰˰ηϟ΍ϭ Γέ˰˰˰ηΎΑϣϟ΍Γϭ˰˰˰ηέϟ΍ Γϭ˰˰˰ηέϟ΍ϡΩ˰˰˰Ϙϣϥ˰˰˰ϣϝϛϰ˰˰˰ϠϋΩ˰˰˰ϋ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰˰ϫϕ˰˰˰ΑρΗ
 ΔϳΑϠ˰˰˰γϟ΍Γϭ˰˰˰ηέϟ΍ Γϭ˰˰˰ηέϠϟ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϰ˰˰ ϠϋϭϥϳϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟϱϭΎ˰˰ ϋΩϰ˰˰ ϟ·Ύ˰˰ Ϭόϣ΅˰˰ ρ΍ϭΗϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔϟΎΧϣϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϱΩ΅˰˰ ΗΩ˰˰ ϗ
Δ˰˰ ϳ΃ϥ˰˰ ϋΕΎ˰˰ οϳϭόΗΩ΍Ω˰˰ γΑΎ˰˰ οϳ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηέ˰˰ ρΎΧΗΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΑΗϋϻ΍Ύ˰˰ ϬΗϔλΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ
Ύ˰˰ Ϭϳϔυϭϣϥ˰˰ ϣϱ΃Δρ˰˰ γ΍ϭΑϭ΃ΎϬΗρ˰˰ γ΍ϭΑΓϭ˰˰ ηέϟ΍ϝ˰˰ όϓΏΎϛ˰˰ Ηέ΍˯΍έ˰˰ ΟΓΩ˰˰ ΑϛΗϣέ΋Ύ˰˰ γΧϭ΃έ΍έ˰˰ ο΃

٣٧
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϲΗϵ΍ϑυϭϣϟ΍ϰϠϋέϭυΣϣ
ϭ΃ϯέ˰˰˰Χ΃Δϛέ˰˰˰ηϟϑ˰˰˰υϭϣϭ΃ρϳ˰˰˰γϭϭ΃ΏϭΩ˰˰˰ϧϣϭ΃ϝ˰˰˰ϳϛϭϟΔ˰˰˰ϣϳϗϭΫ˯ϲ˰˰˰ηϱ΃ϡ˰˰˰ϳΩϘΗϭ΃νέ˰˰˰ϋ‡
ϥϭ΋˰˰ηϭ΃ϝΎ˰˰ϣϋ΄ΑΔ˰˰ϗϼϋϭΫϭ΃ϲ˰˰ϘϠΗϣϟ΍Ώ˰˰λϧϣΑΔ˰˰ϠλϭΫ˯΍έ˰˰Ο·ϱ΃ϰ˰˰Ϡϋέ˰˰ϳΛ΄ΗϠϟϲ˰˰ϣϭϛΣϑ˰˰υϭϣ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍
ϝ˰˰ϳϛϭϟέ˰˰Χ΃ϱΩΎ˰˰ϣϝ˰˰ΑΎϘϣϭ΃ϡϭ˰˰γέϭ΃Γέ˰˰γϣγϭ΃Δ˰˰ϟϭϣϋϝ˰˰ΛϣΔ˰˰ϣ΋ϼϣέ˰˰ϳϏΎ˰˰ϳ΍ίϣϡ˰˰ϳΩϘΗϭ΃νέ˰˰ϋ‡
Δ˰˰ϳϣϭϛΣΔ˰˰ϬΟϭ΃Δϛέ˰˰ηΑϑ˰˰υϭϣϭ΃ρϳ˰˰γϭϭ΃ΏϭΩ˰˰ϧϣϭ΃
˯Ύρ˰˰ γϭϟ΍ϭˬΎ˰˰ ϬϳϠΛϣϣϭˬΎ˰˰ Ϭ΋ϼϛϭϥ˰˰ ϣϱϷΔ˰˰ λϠΧϣϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰ Ϭϳίϧϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϣΩΧϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϯέ˰˰ Χ΃Δϛέ˰˰ ηϥΎ˰˰ ϣέΣ‡
Ύ˰˰ ϳ΍ΩϬϟ΍ϭ΃Ϫ˰˰ ϳϓέΗϟ΍ϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϓΎϳοϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡΩ˰˰ ϘΗϥ˰˰ ϟˬΔ˰˰ ϳΎϐϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϬϟΎ˰˰ ϘϳϘΣΗϭϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϭ΃
ϕ˰˰ ΋ϻέ˰˰ ϳϏϙϭϠ˰˰ γέϭ˰˰ Ϭυϰ˰˰ ϟ·ϱΩ΅˰˰ Ηϥ΃ΎϬϧ΄˰˰ ηϥ˰˰ ϣϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΩΩ˰˰ όϟ΍ϭ΃ϡ˰˰ ϛϟ΍Ι˰˰ ϳΣϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ρέϔϣϟ΍

ϲϠϳΎϣΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϲϔυϭϣϰϠϋΏΟϳ
ΓΩγΎϓΔϘϳέρΑαϳϟϭΔϧΎϣ΃ϭΡΎΗϔϧ΍ϭΔϟ΍ΩόΑϯέΧϷ΍ΕΎϛέηϟ΍ϊϣϡ΋΍ΩϝϛηΑϝϣΎόΗϟ΍‡
ΎϬΑϝϣόϧϲΗϟ΍ϥ΍ΩϠΑϟ΍ϲϓΓϭηέϟ΍ϥϳϧ΍ϭϘϟϝΎΛΗϣϻ΍‡

ΕϼϳϬγΗϠϟΕΎϋϭϓΩϣ
ϰ˰˰ ϟ·ϡ˰˰ ϬΗΎϣΩΧϭ΃ϡ˰˰ Ϭϔ΋Ύυϭ˯΍Ω΃ϝ˰˰ Ο΃ϥ˰˰ ϣϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟΎ˰˰ ϬϣϳΩϘΗϡ˰˰ ΗϳΕΎ˰˰ ϋϭϓΩϣϥ˰˰ ϋΓέΎ˰˰ Αϋϲ˰˰ ϫ
ϩέ˰˰ ϳϏϭ΃ϰ˰˰ ϧϭϧΎϗϕΣΗ˰˰ γϣϪ˰˰ ϟϝϭ˰˰ ΧϣιΧ˰˰ η
ϱ΃ϲ˰˰ ϓϥ˰˰ ϳϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϠϟϩΩ΍Ω˰˰ γϡ˰˰ ΗϳΕϼϳϬ˰˰ γΗϠϟΕΎ˰˰ ϋϭϓΩϣϱ΄˰˰ ΑΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝ˰˰ ΑϘΗϻ
ϡ˰˰ ϟΎόϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϥΎϛ˰˰ ϣ

٣٨
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϯέΧϷ΍ϑ΍έρϷ΍ϰϠϋϕ΋ΎϘΣϟ΍ϭΔϫ΍ίϧϟ΍ϰλϘΗ˼-˾
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Ω΍έ˰˰ ϓϷ΍ϭ΃ΕΎϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϬΑΩ˰˰ λϘϳϭ±ϯέ˰˰ Χ΃ϑ΍έ˰˰ ρ΃ϊ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϱέΟΗ˰˰ γ
ϻϭϲ˰˰ ϗϼΧ΃ϝϛ˰˰ ηΑϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋϷ΍ρ˰˰ Ϙϓϱέ˰˰ ΟΗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍±Ύ˰˰ Ϭϳϔυϭϣϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϑϼ˰˰ ΧΕΎ˰˰ ΋ϳϬϟ΍ϭ΃
έ΍έ˰˰ οϹ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΏΑ˰˰ γΗΗΩ˰˰ ϗϭ΃ϱϭΎ˰˰ ϋΩϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϫέϳϏϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟϱϭΎ˰˰ ϋΩϟΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηνέ˰˰ όϳ
ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϟΎϬΟϠϟ˳ϑΎ˰˰ ϧϝ˰˰ ϣΎϛΗϣϲ˰˰ λϘΗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϱέΟΗ˰˰ γΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΔόϣ˰˰ γΑ
Δ˰˰˰ϣ΋ϼϣΎ˰˰˰ϬΗ΍έΩϗϭΎ˰˰˰ϬΗΎϳϔϠΧϭϯέ˰˰˰ΧϷ΍ϑ΍έ˰˰˰ρϷ΍Δόϣ˰˰˰γϥ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϣΩ˰˰˰ϛ΄Ηϟ΍ϝ˰˰˰ϔϛϳΎ˰˰˰ϣΑϯέ˰˰˰ΧϷ΍ϑ΍έ˰˰˰ρϷ΍
Δ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧϷ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϔλ΍ϭϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϕ˰˰ ϓ΍ϭΗΗϭ

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϝ˰˰ Αϗϯέ˰˰ Χ΃ϑ΍έ˰˰ ρ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΃ϊ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϳΩϗΎόΗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡ΍ί˰˰ ϟΈΑϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϱϷΡϭϣ˰˰ γϣέ˰˰ ϳϏ
ϡίϼ˰˰ ϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϟΎϬΟϠϟΔ˰˰ ϳϓΎϧϟ΍ϲ˰˰ λϘΗϟ΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ΩΎ˰˰ ϣΗϋ΍ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϥ΃
Δϛέ˰˰ ηΩϋΎ˰˰ γϳΎ˰˰ ϣϛˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηέ˰˰ ρΎΧϣϥ˰˰ ϣϝ˰˰ ϠϘϳϡίϼ˰˰ ϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϟΎϬΟϠϟΔ˰˰ ϳϓΎϧϟ΍ϲ˰˰ λϘΗϟ΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·
ϝ˰˰ ϣόϟ΍˯Ύϛέ˰˰ ηϑέ˰˰ λΗ˯ϭ˰˰ γΏΑ˰˰ γΑΎ˰˰ ϬρέϭΗΩ˰˰ ϗΕΎ˰˰ ϗϼϋΏ˰˰ ϧΟΗϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ

ϱέϭέοϟ΍ϥϣϲϟΎΗϟΎΑ
έ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϝ˰˰ όΟϳέ˰˰ Χ΁ϑέ˰˰ ρϱ΃ϭ΃ϱέΎ˰˰ ΟΗϙϳέ˰˰ ηϭ΃Ωέϭ˰˰ ϣϊ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϝΎ˰˰ ϣϋ΃˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ϡΩ˰˰ ϋ‡
ΎϬΗόϣ˰˰ γΑέ΍έ˰˰ οϹ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΏΑ˰˰ γΗϳϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ΑϟΎρϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ϫέϳϏϭ΃Δ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎοϗϱϭΎ˰˰ ϋΩϟΔ˰˰ οέϋΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟ
ϊ˰˰ ϣΩ˰˰ ϗΎόΗΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϡ΍έ˰˰ Α·ϝ˰˰ ΑϗΏ˰˰ γΎϧϣϟ΍ϭϡίϼ˰˰ ϟ΍ϲ˰˰ λϘΗϟ΍˯΍έ˰˰ Ο·ϡ˰˰ Ηϳϥ΃ϥΎ˰˰ ϣο‡
έ˰˰˰Χ΁ϑέ˰˰˰ρϱ΃ϭ΃ϝ˰˰˰ϳϣόϟ΍ϭ΃ϝ˰˰˰ϳϛϭϟ΍ϭ΃ϱέΎ˰˰˰ΟΗϟ΍ϙϳέ˰˰˰ηϟ΍ϭ΃Ωέϭ˰˰˰ϣϟ΍
Ύ˰˰ ϧϟίϭ˰˰ Οϳϻ˯ϲ˰˰ ηϟ΍΍Ϋ˰˰ ϫϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·ˬΎ˰˰ ϧϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑέ˰˰ Χ΁ϑέ˰˰ ρϱ΃ϝϼ˰˰ Χϥ˰˰ ϣ˯ϲ˰˰ ηϱ΃ϝ˰˰ ϣϋϡ˰˰ Ηϳϻ‡
Ύϧ˰˰ γϔϧ΄ΑϪ˰˰ Αϡϭ˰˰ Ϙϧϥ΃
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟΔ˰˰ ϣΩΧϡΩ˰˰ Ϙϣϭ΃Ωέϭ˰˰ ϣϝ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣΔ˰˰ ϳϗϼΧ΃έ˰˰ ϳϏΔ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗΕΎ˰˰ ϓέλΗϱ΄˰˰ ΑΔ˰˰ ϳ΍έΩϰ˰˰ ϠϋΕ˰˰ ϧϛ΍Ϋ·‡
ϝ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣΓΩΩ˰˰ Σϣϟ΍ύϼ˰˰ ΑϹ΍Ε΍ϭ˰˰ ϧϗϡΩΧΗ˰˰ γ΍ϭ΃ϙϓέ˰˰ ηϣΑϝΎ˰˰ λΗϻ΍ϭΙΩ˰˰ ΣΗϟΎΑϡ˰˰ ϗˬΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ
Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ η

٣٩
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ΔϳέϳΧϟ΍ϭΔϳγΎϳγϟ΍ΕΎϣϫΎγϣϟ΍˽-˾
ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
Δ˰˰˰ϣΎόϟ΍Εϼ˰˰˰ϣΣϟ΍ϭ΃ϥϳϳ˰˰˰γΎϳγϟ΍ϥϳΣ˰˰˰ηέϣϟ΍ϭ΃Δϳ˰˰˰γΎϳγϟ΍Ώ΍ί˰˰˰ΣϷ΍Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰˰λϣΔϛέ˰˰˰ηϡ˰˰˰ϋΩΗϥ˰˰˰ϟ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϲ˰˰ ϔυϭϣΔϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϥϭΩΔ˰˰ ϟϭϠϳΣϟ΍ϭ΃ί˰˰ ϳϔΣΗϭ΃ϊϳΟ˰˰ ηΗϡ˰˰ ΗϳϻΕΎϣϫΎ˰˰ γϣϱ΄˰˰ ΑΔ˰˰ ϳϣϭϛΣϟ΍Ώ˰˰ λΎϧϣϠϟ
ϥ΃ϭέϭ˰˰ ϣϷ΍ϩΫ˰˰ ϫϥ˰˰ ϣΩΎ˰˰ ϳΣϟ΍ϑ˰˰ ϗϭϣϑ˰˰ ϘΗΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϥ΃Ι˰˰ ϳΣΔϳ˰˰ γΎϳγϟ΍ΕΎϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣ
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϠϟϝ˰˰ ΛϣϣΔ˰˰ ϔλΑϭ΃Δ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑα˰˰ ϳϟϭϪϣ˰˰ γΎΑϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳΔϛέΎ˰˰ ηϣϟΎΑϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϱ΃ϡΎ˰˰ ϳϗ

ϑυϭϣϟ΍ΕΎϳϟϭ΋γϣ
ϲΗϻ΍ΓΎϋ΍έϣΏΟϳˬΔϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϥϋΔΑΎϳϧΔϳέϳΧΔϣϫΎγϣϡϳΩϘΗϲϓέϛϔΗΕϧϛ΍Ϋ·
Δ˰˰ Σ΋ϼϟΎ˰˰ ϘΑρΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϥ˰˰ ϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑΔ˰˰ ϳέϳΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϫΎ˰˰ γϣϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΎϔϠ˰˰ γΔ˰˰ Ϙϓ΍ϭϣϟ΍Ώ˰˰ Οϳ‡
Δϛέ˰˰ ηϟΎΑΕΎρϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ν˰˰ ϳϭϔΗ
ϕ΋ϻέϳϏϝϛηΑιΧηϰϠϋέϳΛ΄Ηϟ΍νέϐΑΔϳέϳΧΕΎϣϫΎγϣϝϣϋϕϼρϹ΍ϰϠϋΏΟϳϻ‡
έ˰˰ ΗΎϓΩϭΕϼΟ˰˰ γϲ˰˰ ϓΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϥ˰˰ ϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϳϧϟΎΑΔ˰˰ ϳέϳΧϟ΍ΕΎϣϫΎ˰˰ γϣϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϓΎϛϝϳΟ˰˰ γΗΏ˰˰ Οϳ‡
Δ˰˰ ϗΩΑΔϛέ˰˰ ηϟ΍

٤٠
ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

ϲϣϟΎόϟ΍ϱέΎΟΗϟ΍ϝΎΛΗϣϻ΍˾-˾

ΎϧέΎϳόϣ
ϲ˰˰ ϧΑΗˬϯέ˰˰ ΧϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϭϳΣϟ΍ϑ΍Ω˰˰ ϫϷ΍ϕ˰˰ ϳϘΣΗϭϲ˰˰ ϣϭϘϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϳΎϣΣϭΔ˰˰ ϳΟέΎΧϟ΍Δ˰˰ γΎϳγϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϭϘΗϝ˰˰ Ο΃ϥ˰˰ ϣ
Δ˰˰ ϳϣϟΎόϟ΍ΓέΎ˰˰ ΟΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϛέΣϡ˰˰ υϧΗΔ˰˰ ϳϠΣϣϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϗϝϭΩ˰˰ ϟ΍ϡ˰˰ υόϣ
ϲ˰˰Ηϟ΍ϭέ˰˰ϳΩλΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ϳϠϣϋϡ˰˰ϳυϧΗΑΔ˰˰λΎΧϟ΍Δ˰˰ϳϟϭΩϟ΍Ε΍Ω˰˰ϫΎόϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϣΩΩ˰˰ϋϥ˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϩΫ˰˰ϫϥ˰˰ϣέ˰˰ϳΛϛϟ΍ϥ˰˰ϋ΄˰˰ηϧ
ϝϳ˰˰˰γϏΔ˰˰˰ΣϓΎϛϣϟΓΩ˰˰˰όϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϭΔ˰˰˰όρΎϘϣϟ΍ϊ˰˰˰ϧϣϥ˰˰˰ϳϧ΍ϭϗϭΔ˰˰˰ϳέΎΟΗϭΔ˰˰˰ϳΩΎλΗϗ΍ΕΎ˰˰˰ΑϭϘϋϥ˰˰˰ϣοΗΗΩ˰˰˰ϗ
ϯέ˰˰ ΧϷ΍Δ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟϟ΍Δρ˰˰ ηϧϷ΍ϭΏΎ˰˰ ϫέϹ΍ϝ˰˰ ϳϭϣΗϭϝ΍ϭ˰˰ ϣϷ΍
έ˰˰ Χϵϥ΁ϥ˰˰ ϣέ˰˰ ϳϐΗϟ΍Ύ˰˰ ϬϳϠϋ΃έ˰˰ ρϳΎ˰˰ ϣΎ˰˰ ΑϟΎϏϭΓΩ˰˰ ϘόϣΔ˰˰ ϳϣϟΎόϟ΍ΓέΎ˰˰ ΟΗϟ΍ϡ˰˰ ϛΣΗϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍ΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗϟ΍Ω˰˰ όΗ
ˬΔϳέΎ˰˰ γϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϟϭΩϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϗΎϔΗϻ΍ϭΔ˰˰ ϳϠΣϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϕ˰˰ ϓϭΎ˰˰ ϬϟΎϣϋ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηέ˰˰ ϳΩΗϥ΃ϝ˰˰ Ο΃ϥ˰˰ ϣ
ϥ΃Ώ˰˰ ΟϳˬιΎ˰˰ Χϝϛ˰˰ ηΑΔ˰˰ ϳϟΎΣϟ΍έ˰˰ ϳΩλΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ Αϗ΍έϣΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗΕΎ˰˰ ΛϳΩΣΗΔ˰˰ όΑΎΗϣϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϣΏ˰˰ Ϡρϳ
ϭ΃ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϠϟϲ˰˰ ϧϭέΗϛϳϟϹ΍ϝ˰˰ Ϙϧϟ΍ϭ΃ϊ˰˰ ϳΑϟ΍ΕΎ˰˰ ϳϠϣϋϭ΃ΕΎϧΣ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϊ˰˰ ϣϥϭ˰˰ ϠϣΎόΗϳϱΫ˰˰ ϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϔυϭϣϟ΍ϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳ
έ˰˰ ϳΩλΗϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳϠϣϋρ˰˰ Α΍ϭοΕΎόϳέ˰˰ ηΗΑϡΎ˰˰ ϣϟ·ϭϰ˰˰ ϋϭϰ˰˰ ϠϋΕΎ˰˰ ϳΟϣέΑϟ΍
έ˰˰ ΑϋΎϬϧΣ˰˰ ηϡ˰˰ Ηϳϲ˰˰ Ηϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳΩΎϣϟ΍ϊϠ˰˰ γϟ΍ϰ˰˰ Ϡϋρ˰˰ Ϙϓϕ˰˰ ΑρϧΗϻ΢˰˰ ΋΍ϭϠϟ΍ϥ΃Ύ˰˰ ϧέΎΑΗϋ΍ϲ˰˰ ϓϊ˰˰ οϧϥ΃Ώ˰˰ Οϳ
ˬέ˰˰ ϳΩλΗΔ˰˰ ΑΎΛϣΑΩϭΩ˰˰ Σϟ΍έ˰˰ ΑϋΎ˰˰ ϳϧϭέΗϛϟ·ΕΎ˰˰ ϣϭϠόϣϟ΍ϭ΃Ύ˰˰ ϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϟ΍ϝ˰˰ Ϙϧϥϭ˰˰ ϛϳϥ΃Ύ˰˰ οϳ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳϭΩϭΩ˰˰ Σϟ΍
Ξ˰˰ ϣ΍έΑϟ΍ϝ˰˰ Ϙϧϙ˰˰ ϟΫϲ˰˰ ϓΎ˰˰ ϣΑ
Δ˰˰ ϟΎΣϲ˰˰ ϓˬ˯΍ϭ˰˰ γϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ϳϧΩϣϭΔ˰˰ ϳ΋ΎϧΟˬΓΩϳΩ˰˰ ηΕΎ˰˰ ϣ΍έϏΔ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηϪ˰˰ Ο΍ϭΗΩ˰˰ ϗέ˰˰ ϛΫΗ
έ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΩ˰˰ ϘϔΗϥ΃ϥ˰˰ ϛϣϳˬΕΎ˰˰ ϣ΍έϐϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϟ·Δ˰˰ ϓΎοϹΎΑΕ΍έΩΎ˰˰ λϟ΍ϰ˰˰ ϠϋΔ˰˰ ΑΎϗέϟ΍Ω˰˰ ϋ΍ϭϘϟΎ˰˰ ϧϟΎΛΗϣ΍ϡΩ˰˰ ϋ
ΕΎ˰˰˰ϣ΍έϐϟ΍΍ϭ˰˰˰ϬΟ΍ϭϳϥ΃Ύ˰˰˰οϳ΃ϥ˰˰˰ϛϣϳ΢˰˰˰΋΍ϭϠϟ΍ϥϭ˰˰˰ϛϬΗϧϳϥ˰˰˰ϳΫϟ΍Ω΍έ˰˰˰ϓϷ΍ϭˬέ˶Ω˰˰˰λϣϟ΍Ε΍ίΎ˰˰˰ϳΗϣ΍Δ˰˰˰ϧΎϳλϠϟ
ϥΟ˰˰ γϟ΍ϭ

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ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ
 ³ϡΗϬϧϥΣϧ´
ϙϫΎΟΗ·Ύϧϣ΍ίΗϟ·

έϳΩλΗϟ΍ΔϠϣΎόϣϝϭΣϙϭϛηϙϳΩϟϥΎϛ΍Ϋ·Γέϭηϣϟ΍Ύϣ΋΍ΩΏϠρ΍
ϥΣ˰˰ η˯ϼϛϭϝ˰˰ Αϗϥ˰˰ ϣρ˰˰ ϘϓΔ˰˰ ϳϟϭΩϟ΍Δ˰˰ ϳέΎΟΗϟ΍ΕΎϧΣ˰˰ ηϟ΍ϝϭ΍Ω˰˰ Ηϡ˰˰ Ηϳϥ΃Δ˰˰ ϧΎϳλϠϟέ˰˰ λϣΔϛέ˰˰ ηΏ˰˰ ϠρΗ
έ˰˰ ϳΩλΗΓΩΎ˰˰ ϋ·ϭ΃έ˰˰ ϳΩλΗέ˰˰ Χ΁ϰ˰˰ ϟ·Ω˰˰ ϠΑϥ˰˰ ϣΩ΍ϭ˰˰ ϣϟ΍ϝ˰˰ ϘϧΩ˰˰ ό˵ϳΙ˰˰ ϳΣϥ˰˰ ϳΩϣΗόϣϥ˰˰ ϳϳϛέϣΟϥ˰˰ ϳλϠΧϣϭ
ΔϳέΎ˰˰ γϟ΍ϥ˰˰ ϳϧ΍ϭϘϟ΍ϭΕΎόϳέ˰˰˰ηΗϠϟϊ˰˰ οΎΧ΢˰˰ Αλϳϭ
:ΔϳϟΎΗϟ΍ΩϭϧΑϟ΍˯ΎϔϳΗγ΍ΏΟϳˬΕϻΎΣϟ΍ϩΫϫϲϓˬρϘϓΓΩϭΩΣϣΕϻΎΣϲϓ˱ΎϳϭΩϳΓΩΎϣϟ΍ϝϘϧϡΗϳ
ϡ΍ίΗϟϻ΍ϝϭ΋γϣΔϘϓ΍ϭϣ‡
ΏϭϠρϣϟ΍ϕϳΛϭΗϟ΍‡
ϝϭλϭϟ΍ΔϟϭΩϙέϣΟϰϟ·ΓέΩΎϐϣϟ΍ΔϟϭΩϥϣϙϟΫϥϭϧΎϘϟ΍ΏϠρ΍Ϋ·Ω΍ϭϣϟ΍ϥϋϥϼϋϹ΍‡
Ω΍έϳΗγϻ΍ΕΎϔϳέόΗϭ΃ΔϳϛέϣΟϟ΍ϡϭγέϟ΍ΔϓΎϛΩ΍Ωγ‡

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ϪϧΎϳλϠϟέλϣΔϛέηϟϲϗϼΧϷ΍ϙϭϠγϟ΍ϕΎΛϳϣ