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Lesson 2

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26 views

Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Neil Donio
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Lesson 2.

CITATION OF RELATED LITERATURES


After identifying your research title, crafting your introduction and finding your possible
sources for your literatures, the next thing that must be truly considered by a researcher is the
means of citing his/perused literature. Proper citation of a source is important for you to avoid
complication and problems on the authenticity of your data once your paper is already
published.

Citing of sources come in two (2) manners, namely; A) in-text citation and B) referencing list.

A. In-text citation refers to all of the citation that can be found in all of the chapters in
your research paper.

i. Author’s name
ii. Date of the publication of the source
iii. The page number where you found the information

B. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper.

i. Author’s name
ii. Date of the publication of the source
iii. The page number where you found the information
iv. Publisher
v. Place of publishing
vi. Volume
vii. Edition
viii. Other relevant information

In the in text- citation of author(s) of the liratures, three (3) guidelines should be
considered, namely.

By author or written -In this method of citation, all your data information, facts, ideas or
principles from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
By topic-This method of citation is used when a number of authors or sources give the same
information about a certain topic.
Chronological-Citing literature using the chronological method involves sequencing the
information based on the year it was published.

There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely.

1. American psychological association (APA).


- This citation is commonly used when a research works in social science-related.
2. Modern language association (MLA).
-MLA is one commonly used citation styles in research papers which concerns in liberal
arts and humanities.
3. Chicago Manuel of style (CMS).
-CMS is citation styles that present two basic documentation systems.

3.1. CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE

-This documentation system is preferred in research concerning the field of humanities such as
literature, arts and history.

Example;

In –text citation;

Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore

3.2. Author – date system

-The CMS author – date system is commonly used when a research will pursue studies in line with
physical nature and social sciences.

Example;

In –text it is state that …(Cruz et al 2003,378)

This is the format for this system; (author’s last name year.

Lesson 3. SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE

Now that you have already gathered your sources for your review of related literature
the next step to accomplish your chapter 2 is to extract the important and relevant information
that you can use to compose this chapter.

Lesson 3.1. Definition and types of synthesis

Synthesis is defined as an extraction of information and discussion from one or more relevant
literature. When doing a synthesis you need to extract the important information coming from
all your sources.

Example;

Explanatory synthesis,
According to the divide creation theory the world was made by the almighty. All creatures
made into life throughs power.

Argument synthesis,

The word is made through evolution and scientific reaction,wherein all living creature
undergone series of mutation and reaction to become what it is right now.

Lesson 3.2. categories of sources,

1. Document- these sources include those materials that are written or printed such as
book ,report etc.
2. Numerical record- this source is considered as a subcategory of documents.
3. Oral statement- stories myths legends songs and other form of oral data composes this
type of source.
4. Relics – this source commonly composes information about the history.

Lesson 3.3. writing a synthesis,

1. Summary – the simplest way of organizing a synthesis.


2. Example or illustration – it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesis
information by giving example and illustration of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) reasons – this technique basically includes presenting the theses and
supporting it with reasons why it is factual
4. Comparison and contrast –in using this technique you are going to show the similarities
and differences of two or more data.

Lesson 4. WRITING COHERENT REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

The previous lesson of this module guides you on the preparation for crafting your RRL.
These preceding lessons imported knowledge on what is review of related literature how to
select relevant literature how to make citation and how to synthesize information coming from
a relevant source.

Lesson 4.1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE STRUCTURE

The introduction of your RRL is commonly composed of a single paragraph wherein


information about the general topic of your research is presented.

The second section of your RRL is the body.


The last section of RRL is the conclusion.

Lesson 4.2. GUIDELINES IN WRITING LITERETURE REIEW

1. Define the topic and the audience .


2. Search and re-search reference
3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review
4. Take notes while reading
5. Choose the type of review you wish to write
6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest
7. Be critical and consistent
8. Find a logical structure
9. Make use of feedback

Lesson 5. USE OF ETHICAL STANDARDS IN CITING RELATED LITERATURE

Ethical standard have been a significant subject in the research field. Ethical standards
help researchers in maintaining their integrity.

Lesson 5.1. THE RELETIONSHIPS OF ETHICS AND RESAERCH

1. HONESTY
2. OBJECTIVITY
3. INTEGRITY
4. CAREFULNESS
5. OPENNESS
6. RESPECT FOR INTELLCTUAL PROPERTY
7. TRUSTWORTHINESS
8. SOCIAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

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