UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Understand the concept of displacement and distance
 Speed and velocity
 Understand Displacement–time graph
 Understand velocity–time graph
 Acceleration and its types
 Review equations of motion.
 Recall Newton’s Laws of motion.
 Newton’s First law of motion
 Newton’s Second law of motion
 Newton’s third law of motion
 Define momentum
 Law of conservation of momentum.
 Derive and explain the relation between the force and rate of change of momentum.
 Define impulse and understand the concept of I  F  t  mv f – mvi
 Momentum and explosive forces
 Collisions
 Elastic and inelastic collisions
 Elastic Collisions in one dimension
 Elastic Collisions in one dimension under different cases
 Understand projectile motion
 Characteristics of projectile motion
 Time of flight
 Maximum height
 Horizontal range
 Applications of projectile motion.

REST AND MOTION

 If a body does not change its position w.r.t its surroundings then it is said to be in a state of rest
 If a body changes its position w.r.t its surroundings then it is said to be in a state of motion
 Rest and motion are relative. They are not Absolute
 A moving body can possess both states of rest and motion, depending on the observer.

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
DISPLACEMENT AND DISTANCE

DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT

 Measurement of length along the actual  The change in the position of the

path of motion is called distance S body from the initial position to the

 Distance S may be along a straight path final position is called displacement ⃗d

or a curved path  Displacement is always along the
 Can never be zero or negative for a straight path. It cannot be curved
moving body  Can be zero or negative for a moving
 Always increases for a moving body body
 Scalar quantity  May decrease for a moving body
 Units m  Vector Quantity
 In General  For a curved path motion
⃗| S ⃗|
|d
⃗|
S≥ |d .→
S
≥1 →
|d
≤1 ⃗| →
S> |d >1 → <1
⃗| s ⃗|
|d s
|d
Note: Mileage meter of vehicles gives Distance  For a straight (uni-directional) path
S and not the Displacement ⃗d motion

S ⃗|
|d
⃗| →
S= |d =1 → =1
⃗|
|d s

SPEED & VELOCITY

Speed
S
 Distance covered per unit time give speed. v= t
 Speed is scalar
TYPES OF SPEED:
TYPES OF SPEED

Instantaneous speed
Average Speed Uniform Speed Variable Speed

The ratio of total ∆𝑆 Equal ∆𝑆 in equal ∆𝑡 Unequal ∆𝑆 in equal

V ins=lim∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
distance covered to the If Vins=constant ∆𝑡
total time taken. Give info about the state
Does not give info about of motion → Vins= Vav If Vins≠constant
the state of motion → Vins≠ Vav

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
AVERAGE SPEED PROBLEMS
Stot S1 +S2 +S3 +⋯+Sn
Vav = =
ttot t1 +t2 +t3 +⋯+tn
Stot S1 +S2
Vav = = {for n=2}
ttot t1 +t2

Case-I Case-II
Distance (S) same
Speed (v) different Time (t) same
2v v Speed (v) different
vavg = 1 2 (2 intervals)
v1 +v 2 v +v
vavg = 1 2 (2 intervals)
3v1v 2 v3 2
v avg = (3 intervals) v +v +v
v1 +v 2 +v3 vavg = 1 2 3 (3 intervals)
3

Velocity
 Time rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is a vector quantity and may be positive
or negative.

Displacement  d
v 
Time t
d 2  d1
v
t 2  t1
 Velocity is a vector

Uniform Velocity
When a body covers equal displacements in equal interval of time, however small this time
interval may be, then its velocity is said to be uniform.
 If a body travels with uniform velocity v1 for time t1 and with uniform velocity v2 for time
t2, then its average velocity will be
s s v t  v2t2
v 1 2  1 1
t1  t 2 t1  t 2
Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous velocity v of a body is defined as the limit of the ratio of change in
position d (displacement) to the small-time interval t as t following an instant
approach zero:
d
v  lim
t 0 t
ins

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH
∆d
 Slope of d-t graph = ∆t
= tanθ =Velocity {to be precise; instantaneous velocity ‘vins’}
 For a body at rest, the displacement – time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.

 For a body moving with constant velocity, the displacement time graph is a straight line
inclined to time axis.
 If slope increases, the body speeds up and if slope decreases, the body slows down.
Graph Shape Slope(velocity) Velocity
.
d The graph is a straight
line inclined to the time
t axis. Thus the slope is
Velocity is constant
constant and hence the
particle moves with a
constant velocity and
acceleration is zero.
The slope of the graph is
d positive as well as
increasing thus the
Velocity is increasing
t velocity increases with
time so acceleration is
positive.
The graph is a straight
line parallel to the time
d axis, i.e., displacement
t does not change with Velocity is zero
time. Hence the body is
at rest and velocity is
zero.
Since the slope decreases
So the velocity decreases
d Velocity decreases
with time and acceleration
t is negative.

ACCELERATION
⃗
∆v
 Time rate of change of velocity is called Acceleration a⃗= ∆t
 As acceleration is a vector quantity therefore any change in velocity (in magnitude or direction or
both produces acceleration)
 anet in a body is only produced by Fnet (or F unbalanced or F resultant or ∑ F)
 Direction of a⃗net is always in the direction of ⃗Fnet {i.e., a⃗net ∥ ⃗Fnet }

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
 ⃗a ∥ ∆v ⃗
 If a⃗ ∥ v⃗ → speed increases, Direction of motion unchanged
 If a⃗ anti ∥ v
⃗ → Speed decrease, Direction of motion unchanged
 ac ⊥⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗ vt → Body executes U.C.M; Speed = constant, Direction changes continuously.
Velocity changes (due to charge in direction)
 Vector quantity
 Unit: ms −1
 Dimensions: [LT −2]
Types of Acceleration
Uniform Acceleration
If the velocity of a body changes by same amount in same interval of time, then the
acceleration of the body is known as uniform acceleration.
 If a body travels with uniform acceleration a 1 for a time interval t1 and with uniform
a1 t 1 + a 2 t 2
acceleration a 2 for a time interval t 2 , then the average acceleration a =
t1 + t 2
Instantaneous Acceleration
Acceleration of a body at a particular instant is known as instantaneous acceleration. It is
obtained from average acceleration as t is made smaller and smaller till it approaches
zero. Mathematically, instantaneous is the limit of the ratio of the change in velocity  v
to the time interval t as t following the instant t approaches zero.
v
a ins  lim
t
t 0

The change in velocity can occur due to change in speed or in direction or in both.
Velocity and acceleration
 If v⃗= constant or uniform → a⃗ = ⃗0
 It v⃗= uniformly change with time → a⃗ = constant or uniform
 If v⃗=uniformly increases with time → a⃗= +ve constant
 If v⃗=uniformly decreases with time → a⃗ =−ve constant
 If v⃗=non-uniformly changes with time → a⃗ = non-uniform or variable

⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚⃗)
Change in velocity (∆𝐕
 If ∆v⃗= constant or uniform → a⃗ = constant or uniform
 It ∆v⃗= uniformly change with time → a⃗ = uniformly changes
 If ∆v⃗=uniformly increases with time → a⃗= uniformly increases
 If ∆v⃗=uniformly decreases with time → a⃗ uniformly decreases
 If v⃗=non-uniformly changes with time → a⃗ = non-uniform or variable

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH
∆V
 Slope of v-t graph= gradient = ∆t = tanθ =Acceleration “a’’ {in general ‘vav’ but to be
precise ‘ains’}
 Area under v-t graph = (v) (t) = Distance ‘S’

 (i) Curve AB indicates body is moving with a constant velocity having no acceleration.
 (ii) Curve like CD indicates body is moving with constant acceleration but retarded
(angle with x-axis > 90).
 (iii) Curve like OF where angle < 90 represents constant acceleration accelerated.
 (iv) Curve like OG where decreases with time it corresponds to decreasing acceleration
slope.


 (v) Curve like OE where increases with time it corresponds to increasing acceleration
slope.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 Newton’s laws are empirical laws, deduced from experiments.
 By Sir Isaac Newton, published in 1687, in his famous book “Principia”.
 Newton’s laws are valid slow speeds i.e., v<c
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body moving with uniform velocity will continue
to do so, unless acted upon by some unbalanced external force. This law qualitatively
defines the force.
If F unbalanced =0 on the body Tendency to produce Body is able to maintain its
acceleration in the body is state
zero
It F unbalanced ≠0 on the body Tendency to produce Body is (likely) unable to
acceleration in the body is maintain its state
non-zero
 Inertia resists change in the state of motion of the body.
Second Law of Motion (Force and Acceleration)
A force F acting on a body is equal to its change in momentum per second
F  Mass of the body x Change in velocity per second  ma
 F = k ma (where k is a constant)
But k=1  F = ma
 Newton’s 2nd law of motion ---- QUANTITATIVELY MEASURES THE FORCE
 Mass times Acceleration gives the Force

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
1 F
 a ∝ F and a ∝ →a∝m → F = ma {where; F=F net or F unbalanced of F
m
resultant or ∑ F}
 ⃗F = ma⃗
 F=ma
F′ m′ a′
 F
= ( m )( a )
F′ m′
 If; a=constant →F∝m → =
F m
F′ a′
 If; m=constant →F∝a → =
F a
1 a′ m′
 If; F=constant →a∝m → =
a m
F
 a = . Unit of ‘a’ is (Nm-2) or (Nkg-1)
m
⃗ is vector
 Force F
 a⃗ is always in the direction (i.e., parallel) of ⃗Fnet i.e., a⃗ ∥ ⃗Fnet
 ∆v ⃗ is always in the direction (i.e., parallel of F⃗ net i.e., ∆v
⃗ ∥F ⃗ net
Third Law of Motion (Action and Reaction Forces)
It states that to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 Newton’s 3rd law of motion ---- FORCES ACT IN PAIRS & SINGLE ISOLATED FORCE
DOES NOT EXIST
 For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force
 ⃗Faction = −F
⃗ reaction
 ⃗ action & F
F ⃗ reaction
 Never act on the same body
 Act on different bodies
REVIEW EQUATIONS OF MOTION
LIMITATIONS OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
 Valid for 1D linear motion
 Valid for uniformly Accelerated Motion
 For horizontal motion; acceleration=a
 For vertical motion; acceleration = ±g {for upward motion a=-g for downward motion a=+g}
 When object move along a straight line, the direction of motion does not change. In this case,
all the vectors can be manipulated scalars. In such problems, the directions of initial velocity
is takes as +ve. A negative sign is assigned to quantities where direction is opposite of that
initial velocity.
Equations for Uniform Accelerated Motion
1
(i) vf  vi  at (ii) s  vi t  at 2 (iii) 2as  vf2  vi2
2
a
 Distance traveled by a body in nth second is given by s n  vi   2n  1
2

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
MOMENTUM

Conservation
of momentum

Force due to Roc ket Explosive

Collisions
water Flow Propulsion Forc es

Inelastic
Elastic Collision
Co llision

LINEAR MOMENTUM:
 Quality of motion in a body is moved is analyzed by its quantity. The quantity of motion is
called Linear Momentum which is equal to product of mass and velocity of the body.
 ⃗P = mv⃗
 Vector quantity
 Direction of ⃗P is along (i.e., parallel to) v
⃗

MATHEMATICALLY:
 P = mv
P′ m′ v′
 = ( )( )
P m m
P′ m′
 If; v=constant. →P∝m P
= m
P′ v′
 If; m=const. →P∝v =
P v
1 v′ m′
 If P=const. →v∝ =
m v m
2K.E
 P= v
 P = √2mK. E = √2mE
 Unit: kgms −1 or Ns
 Dimension: [MLT −1 ]

LINEAR MOMENTUM & NEWTON’s 2nd LAW OF MOTION

 Time rate of change of linear momentum equal the applied force
⃗
 ⃗ = ∆P = m∆v⃗ = m(v⃗f−v⃗i)
F FOR YOUR INFORMATION
t t t
Ft Ft  Direction of 𝐹 is always along (i.e., parallel to 𝑎,
 m = ∆v = v −v
f i ∆𝑣, ∆𝑃⃗

∆P m∆v
t= F = F =
m(vf −vi )
→t=
mv
{if vf = 0}  Slope of P-t gaph= Magnitude of force o.e., F
F F
 Area under F-t graph=Change in momentum
∆𝑃 =impulse
IMPULSE:
 When a force acts on a body for a short interval of time then its effect is called Impulse which
is equal to product of force and time
 Impulse=F×t
 Impulse is equal to change in linear momentum
 Impulse = ∆P = m∆V = mvf − vi
 Impulse & Liner Momentum have same units and same directions

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
 In an isolated system (Pi) total = (Pf) total
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1′ + m2 v2 ′
 The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
1
Ptot =cosnt. → mv=cosnt v∝m
 ∆Ptot =0
 m1 moving with v1 and v2 moving with v2 . They collide and move together with common
velocity v:
m1 v1 +m2 v2
v= m1 +m2
 This law is still valid even if the system may not be completely isolated if
F external << F internally interacting

MOMENTUM & EXPLOSIVE FORCES

Conservation of linear momentum decides in which direction, various pieces will fly from
an exploding bomb.
During explosion law of conservation of momentum holds well. The recoil velocity of a
m
rifle (M,v) fired from a bullet (m,v) is V   v
M
Recoil velocity is always a fraction of the bullet velocity because M>m.
 ⃗PRiffle=−P⃗ Bllet
 P⃗ Riffle=−(m)v ⃗ Bllet
M
 vRiffle << vBullet because M>>m
 Recoil velocity of riffle vRiffle is only a fraction of bullet’s velocity vBullet
 ⃗ Riffle is opposite to v
v ⃗ Bllet
m
 K.E Riffle << ( )K Bullet
M
 K.E Riffle << K Bullet because M>>m
1 1 m m 1 m
{Where; K.E Riffle = MVRiffle2= MV[−( )vBullet ]2=( )[ MVRiffle2]= ( )[ K. EBullet]
2 2 M M 2 M

FORCE DUE TO WATER FLOW

Water exerts force on a wall, when impinges over it. This force is equal to the product of
mass flow rate of water and its velocity.
m
i.e. F= v
t
The above phenomenon gives us an idea to invent turbines that uses hydral energy.
COLLISIONS
Collision is said to be taken place if some sort of interaction appears between bodies due to their
closeness.
COLLISIONS

Elastic collisions Inelastic collisions

(Total energy, K.E and linear (Only linear momentum and
momentum are conserved) total energy is conserved)

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
Elastic Collision in One Dimension
Results
(v1 − v2 ) = −(v1′ − v2 ′)
 Initial Relative velocity of 1st body w.r.t 2nd body is Equal AND OPPOSITE TO Final Relative
velocity of 1st body w.r.t 2nd body
 Speed of Approach is EQUAL TO Speed of Separation

Final velocity of 1st body after collision

m1 − m2 2m2
v1′ = ( ) v1 + ( )v
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 2
Final velocity of 2nd body after collision
2m1 m1 − m2
v1′ = ( ) v1 + ( )v
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 2
Cases of elastic collision
Case I If m1=m2 & v2  0
then v1=v2 & v2=v1
Case II If m1=m2 & v2 = 0
then v1=0 & v2 = v1
In both cases I & II due to the same masses of the colliding bodies their velocities after collision
got interchanged.
Case III If m1>>m2 & v2=0
then v1=v1 & v2=2v1
Case IV If m1<<m2 & v2=0
then v1= -v & v2=0
PROJECTILE MOTION

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
DEFINITION
 2D motion
 Under constant acceleration due to gravity (ay =g=constant}
PROJECTILE: Thrown or projected body (e.g., kicked football)
PROJECTION MOTION: Motion of projectile
PROJECTILE TRAJECTORY: Path followed by projectile. It is parabolic
 ANGLE OF PROJECTION It is the angle which the resultant (or net or tangential of
instantaneous) velocity v makes the horizontal (x-axis)
 It changes as the direction of velocity v changes
 θ ≠consnt t {through the trajectory}
vf
 θ ≠ tna−1 v y
fx

ASSUMPTION:
 Air friction {i.e., Aerodynamic forces) is neglected such that:

vx = constant
vy ≠constant

vnet =√vfx 2 + vfy 2

ax = 0
ay ≠ 0 & ay =constant & ay = g

anet = √ax 2 + ay 2 = √02 + ay 2 = √ay 2 = ay = g ≠ 0

Fx = 0
Fy ≠ 0 & Fy =constant & Fy = Fg = w = mg

Fnet = √Fx 2 + Fy 2 = √02 + Fy 2 = √Fy 2 = Fy = Fg = w = mg =constant ≠ 0

Note that: R = Range of projectile
ax  0
H = Maximum Height of projectile
ay   g

 Horizontal and vertical coordinates of projectile at time ‘t’ are given as;
x = vi cos t
1
y = gt2
2
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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
 Trajectory of projectile is parabola in the absence of air friction. In the presence of air
friction, it is like parabola.
 If two identical balls are thrown simultaneously from same height, one vertically and
other horizontally, then both falls to the earth simultaneously.
 Time to reach maximum height is given as;
v sin
t  i
g
 Total time of flight is given as;
2Vsin
T i
g
 Vertical range (height) is given as;
v 2sin 2
H  i
2g
 Range (horizontal) is a distance between point of projection and point at which it comes
back to its level of projection. It is given as;
vi2sin2 vi  2sin cos 
2
R  
g g
V2
 Maximum horizontal range is at angle  = 45° and given as; R max  i
g
 With same initial velocity the range of projectile for two angles of projection will be equal
if sum of the angles is equal to 90º i.e. θ1 + θ2 = 90º
 Variation in the range and height with angle of projection is shown with the following
sketch for same speed of projectile.
80º

H 60º

30º
45º
10º

 o
When angle of projection is 76 then range and maximum height of projectile are equal to
each other.

Remember Note
At maximum height of projectile When a projectile is projected at 600 with
(1) v  vi cos  horizontal, then at highest point
v (K. E)i
(2) (Momentum) P  mvx  mvi cos (i) v i (iii) K .E 
2 4
(3) K .E  (K. E)i  cos2  P 3
(ii) P i (iv) P.E  (K. E)i
(4) P.E  (K. E)i  sin 2  2 4

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion

Application to Ballistic Missile

 An un-powered and un-guided missile is called ballistic missile
 Friction of air effects the horizontal and vertical motion of the missile
 Ballistic missiles are useful only for short ranges.
 Powered and remote control guided missiles are used for long ranges and precision.

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following sets of displacements have equal resultants when performed
in the order given?
I: 6m east, 9m north, 12m west
II: 6m north, 9m west, 12m east
III: 6m east, 12m west, 9m north
IV: 9m north, 6m east, 12m west
A) I and IV C) I, III and IV
B) I and II D) II and IV
2. The ratio of distance to magnitude of displacement for a semi-circle of radius r is:
A) 2 π C) π
B) π /2 D) None of these
3. A sports man completes one round of a circular track of radius 20m in 40 seconds what
will be displacement at the end of 1 minute.
A) Zero C) (20π)m
B) 40m D) (60π)m
4. For a moving body, at any instant of time:
A) If the body is not moving, the acceleration is necessarily zero
B) If the body is slowing, the retardation is negative
C) If the body is slowing, the distance is negative
D) If displacement, velocity and acceleration at that instant are known, we can find the
displacement at any given time in future
5. A boy walks to his school at a distance of 6 km with a constant speed of 5 km/h. His
average speed for round trip expressed in km/h is
A) 24/13 C) 10/3
B) 3 D) 5
6. A car moves for half of its time at 80 km/h and for rest half of time at 40 km/hr.
Total distance covered is 60 km. What is the average speed of the car?
A) 60 km/hr C) 80 km/hr
B) 120 km/hr D) 180 km/hr
7. Two bodies are moving in opposite direction with velocity ‘v’ . What is relative
velocity between them?
1
A) 2 v C) 2v
B) Zero D) v
8. The displacement X (in meters) of a body varies with time t (in seconds) as
2
X =  t 2 + 16t + 2 . The velocity of the body will be zero at time
3
A) 8s C) 10s
B) 12s D) 14s
9. If a body covers half the distance with a velocity of 10 m/s and the other half with a
velocity of 20 m/s, its average velocity is
A) 15m/s C) 16.33 m/s
B) 13.33 m/s D) 15.67 m/ s
10. Suppose you are in a car going due east on a straight highway at a constant speed of
30 mph. Which of the following is NOT true?
A) You and the car's distance is constantly changing
B) Your velocity is constant
C) Your acceleration is 0 m/s2
D) Your direction is constantly changing

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
11. The velocity of a particle at an instant is 10 m/s and after 5s the velocity of the
particle is 20 m/s. the velocity 3s before in m/s is:
A) 8 C) 4
B) 6 D) 7
12. A blind person after walking ten steps in one direction, each of length 80 cm, turns
randomly to the left or to the right by 𝟗𝟎𝟎 . After walking a total of 40 steps, the
maximum distance of the person from its starting point can be:
A) 32 m C) 0 m
B) 8√2m D) 16√2m
13. A lift is going up. The variation in the speed of the lift is as given in the graph:

What is the height to which the lift takes the passengers?

A) 3.6 meters
B) 28.8 meters
C) 36.0 meters
D) Cannot be calculated from the above graph
14. The displacement time graph for a particle moving in a straight line is shown below.
The accelerations of the particle during the intervals OA, AB, BC and CD are

A) 0, 0, +, 0 C) +, 0, −, +
B) −, 0, −, − D) – , 0, +, 0
15. The velocity corresponding to the following displacement time graph is?

A) Negative, constant C) positive, variable,decreasing

B) Negative, variable, increasing D) positive, constant
16. A ball is released from rest above a hard, horizontal surface. The graph shows how
the velocity of the bouncing ball varies with time. At which point on the graph does
the ball reach its maximum height after the first bounce?

A) A C) C
B) B D) D

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
17. A body is falling freely under gravity. How much distance it falls during an interval
of time between 𝟏𝐬𝐭 and 𝟐𝐧𝐝 seconds of its motion, taking g = 10?
A) 15 m C) 20 m
B) 5 m D) 25 m
18. Two bodies are thrown vertically upwards with their initial speeds in the ratio 2:3.
The ratio of the maximum heights attained by them is
A) 2 : 3 C) 4:9
B) 2:3 D) 1:1
19. A body falls freely from rest. It covers as much distance in the last second of its
motion as covered in the first three seconds. The body has fallen for a time of
A) 3 s C) 5 s
B) 7 s D) 9 s
20. A train of length 150 m moving at a speed of 25 m/s can cross a 200 m bridge in:
A) 8 s C) 14 s
B) 6 s D) 15 s
21. A fighter plane is chasing another plane, when it opens fire its speed.
A) Increases C) Decreases
B) Remains same D) It stops
22. The property of moving object by virtue of which it exerts force on the object that
tries to stop it is:
A) Inertia of the body C) Quantity of motion of body
B) Acceleration of body D) All of these
23. A science museum designs an experiment to show the fall of a feather in a vertical
glass vacuum tube. The time of fall from rest is too close to 0.5 s. What length of tube
is required?
A) 1.2 m C) 2.4 m
B) 5.0 m D) 10.0 m
24. Three balls, having masses 𝐦𝟏 , 𝐦𝟐 and 𝐦𝟑 , are allowed to move down from rest on
three frictionless paths OA, OB and OC respectively. If 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 and 𝐯𝟑 are their
respective speeds at the bottom points A, B, C then
O

A B C

A) V1  V2  V3 C) V1 = V2 = V3
m1 m2 m3
B) V2 < V1 < V3 D) V1 > V2 > V3
25. A cricket ball is hit so that it travels straight in air and it takes 3 seconds to reach the
maximum height. Its initial velocity is?
A) 10 ms −1 C) 15 ms−1
B) 29.4 ms−1 D) 12.2 ms −1
26. The value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8𝐦𝐬−𝟐 . Its value in 𝐤𝐦/𝐦𝐢𝐧𝟐 will be
A) 35.3 C) 58.8
B) 5.9 D) 17.6

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
27. A particle is thrown vertically upwards. If its velocity at half of the maximum height
is 10 m/s, then maximum height attained by it is (take g=10 𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 ):
A) 8m C) 12m
B) 10m D) 16m
28. A force of 15 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg for 5 seconds, to a distance of 10cm. the
rate of change of momentum is?
A) 15 N C) 10 N
B) 25 N D) 7.5 N
29. A force of 6 N acts on a mass of 1 kg which acquires a velocity 30 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . The time for
which the force acts is:
A) 8 s C) 6 s
B) 5 s D) 2 s
30. A machine gun fires 20 bullets per second into a target. Each bullet weighs 150 g and
has a speed of 800 m/s .The force necessary to hold the gun in position is:
A) 800 N C) 1000N
B) 1200N D) 2400N
31. At what velocity is the magnitude of the momentum of a body equal to its kinetic
energy?
A) 4 m/s C) 1 m/s
B) 2 m/s D) 1.414 m/s
32. A truck of mass 5000 Kg and a car of mass 1000 Kg are both travelling at a speed of
36 Km/hr. Assume the force required to stop the truck in 10 sec is X newton and the
force required to stop the car in 10 sec is Y newton. The difference X and Y is equal
to?
A) 4 MN C) 14.4 kN
B) 4 kN D) None of these
33. A man leaves his house for a cycle ride. He comes back to his house after half an
hour after covering a distance of one km. What is his average velocity for the ride?
A) 2 km per hour C) 0
B) 1/2 km per hour D) 1/2 km per second
34. A balloon is acted upon by three force, weight, upthrust and sideway force due to the
wind, as shown in the diagram
10,000 N upthrust

What is the vertical component of the resultant force on the balloon?

A) 500 N C) 1000 N
B) 10000 N D) 10500 N

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
35. The graph shows how the force acting on a body varies with time. Assuming that the
body is moving in a straight line, by how much does its momentum change?

A) 40 kg ms1 C) 36 kg ms1
B) 20 kg ms1 D) 16kg ms1
36. Two railway trucks of masses m and 3m move towards each other in opposite
directions with speeds 2v and v respectively. These trucks collide and stick together.
What is the speed of the trucks after the collision?
v
A) C) v
4
v 5v
B) D)
2 4
37. A shell explodes into four unequal parts. Which one of the following is conserved?
A) Potential energy C) Kinetic energy
B) Momentum D) Both potential and kinetic energy
38. Two solid spherical balls are placed in an isolated system. Sphere M moves with
speed 4 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 in a straight line directly towards a stationary sphere N, as shown.

The spheres have a perfectly elastic collision. After the collision, sphere M moves with
speed 2 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 in the same direction as before the collision. What is the speed of sphere
N?
A) 4 ms−1 C) 2 ms−1
B) 6 ms−1 D) 8 ms −1
39. Time taken by a projectile to reach maximum height is t =
v sin  v sin 
A) i C) i
2g g
v sin 2 2vi sin 
B) i D)
g g
40. Two projectiles are projected at angle of 20 and 700 with same velocity which one
0

have longer range

A) Which is fired at 200 C) Both have same range
0
B) Which is fired at 70 D) None of these

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
41. Water stands at a height H in a large tank whose sides are vertical. A hole is made in
one of the walls of the tank at a depth h below the surface of water. The distance R
from the foot of the wall where the emerging stream of water strikes the floor is:

A) √ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ) C) √ℎ𝐻
B) 2√ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ) D) 2√ℎ𝐻
42. Four projectiles are projected with the same speed at angles 𝟐𝟎𝟎 , 𝟑𝟓𝟎 , 𝟔𝟎𝟎 and 𝟕𝟓𝟎
with the horizontal. The range will be the longest for the projectile whose angle is
A) 200 C) 350
0
B) 60 D) 750
43. Which of the following remains constant during the motion of a projectile fired from
a planet?
A) Kinetic energy C) momentum
B) Vertical component of velocity D) horizontal component of velocity.
44. A projectile has a range R and time of flight T. If the range is doubled (by increasing
the speed of projection without changing the angle of projection), the time of flight
will become
T
A) C) √2T
√2
T
B) 2 D) 2T
45. A shell is fired at an angle of 𝟒𝟓𝟎 above ground with an initial velocity of 100 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 .
It will hit the ground, assuming g=10 𝐦𝐬−𝟐 , after about: [ECAT 2014]
A) 7 s C) 10 s
B) 14 s D) 20 s
46. A body is projected with kinetic energy K at an angle of 𝟒𝟓𝟎 with the vertical. Its
kinetic energy at the highest point of its trajectory will be
A) 2K C) K
𝐾 𝐾
B) 2 D) 4
47. The range of projectile is 50 m when θ is inclined with horizontal at 𝟏𝟓𝟎 . What is the
range when θ becomes 𝟒𝟓𝟎 ?
A) 400 m C) 300 m
B) 200 m D) 100 m
48. A projectile is thrown at an angle , during its upward flight the angle of velocity
vector with x-axis
A) Increases C) Decreases
B) Remains same D) unpredictable
49. In case of projectile motion, the maximum height attained by a body is equal to its
range. The angle of projection with the horizontal is
A) tan−1 (1) C) tan−1 (2)
B) tan−1 (3) D) tan−1 (4)

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
𝟒
50. If 𝐑 = 𝐇 , then angle of projection of projectile will be:
√𝟑
0
A) 45 C) 760
B) 600 D) 900
51. In a competition, fielders are required to throw the cricket hard ball as far as
possible. Under ideal conditions, the optimum throwing angle is 𝟒𝟓𝟎 . What should
this angle, with respect to ground, be in:
i) Strong winds against the direction of throw; and
ii) Strong winds in the direction of throw?
A) (i. more than 450 , (ii. less than 450
B) (i. less than 450 , (ii. more than 450
C) 450 in both cases
D) Depends on throwing speed
52. A ballistic flight is the motion under:
A) Gravity C) Both A and B
B) Inertia D) None of these
53. A projectile is thrown at 𝟔𝟎 with initial velocity of 20 𝐦𝐬 −𝟏 . What its velocity at
𝟎

maximum height:
A) 20 ms −1 C) 10 ms−1
−1
B) 5 ms D) None of these
54. The ballistic missiles are used only for:
A) Long ranges C) Short ranges
B) Medium ranges D) All ranges
55. A football is thrown at an angle of 𝟏𝟓𝟎 with respect to horizontal. To throw a pass of
10m what must be the initial speed of the ball.
A) 10 ms −1 C) 21 ms−1
B) 14 ms−1 D) none of these
𝟎
56. Maximum height of bullet when fired at 𝟒𝟓 with horizontal is 10 m. Then height
when it is fired at 𝟔𝟎𝟎 is
A) 12 m C) 20 m
B) 15 m D) None of these
57. During the flight of a projectiles, ______component of its acceleration remains
constant:
A) x-component C) y-component
B) z-component D) Both A and C
58. In a projectile motion the velocity
A) Is always perpendicular to acceleration
B) Is perpendicular to acceleration for half journey only
C) Is never perpendicular to acceleration
D) Is Perpendicular to acceleration at one instant only
59. In the case of a projectile fired at an angle equally inclined to the horizontal and
vertical with velocity v, the horizontal range is
V2 V2
A) C) 2g
g
V2 V2
B) 3g D) 4g

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
60. In the absence of air resistance, a stone is thrown from P and follows a parabolic
path in which the highest point reached is T. The vertical component of acceleration
of the stone is:
T

P
A) Zero at T C) Greatest at T
B) Greatest at P D) same at P as at T

ANSWER KEY
1 C 11 C 21 C 31 D 41 B 51 C
2 B 12 A 22 A 32 B 42 C 52 C
3 B 13 C 23 A 33 C 43 D 53 C
4 D 14 A 24 C 34 C 44 C 54 C
5 D 15 C 25 B 35 B 45 B 55 B
6 A 16 C 26 A 36 A 46 B 56 B
7 C 17 A 27 B 37 B 47 D 57 D
8 B 18 C 28 A 38 B 48 C 58 D
9 B 19 C 29 B 39 C 49 D 59 A
10 D 20 C 30 D 40 C 50 B 60 D
SOLUTIONS
1. Correct answer is C
Displacement is defined as the change in position from initial to final position. In
statement I, III and IV the displacement covered are same.
2. Correct answer is B
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜋𝑟 𝜋
= 2𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
3. Correct answer is B
Since the person completes one rotation in 40s, in further 20s it will move into semi-
circle. So its displacement covered will be equal to distance along diameter.

Total Displacement in semi circle = 2r = 2(20) = 40m

4. Correct answer is D
A) The statement is incorrect because a body at rest may have acceleration. (A ball
thrown vertically upward stops at highest point where acceleration a=g)
B) The statement is incorrect. Because when a body is slowing down its acceleration will
be negative.
C) The statement is incorrect. Because distance can never be negative.
D) The statement is correct.
5. Correct answer is D
Since the boy is moving with constant speed so its average speed will be equal to its
instantaneous speed. Average speed= 5 km/hr

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
6. Correct answer is B
Total distance v +v 80+40
vavg = Total time ⟹ vavg = 1 2 2 = 2 = 60km/hr

7. Correct answer is C
For two bodies moving in the opposite direction the relative velocity will be equal to the
sum of individual velocities.
For two bodies moving in the same direction the relative velocity will be equal to the
difference of individual velocities.
8. Correct answer is B
dx 2
v = = -  2t  +16+0 \ Time rate of Displacement is equal to velocity.
dt 3
if v = 0
4
16= t
3
t=12s
9. Correct answer is B
Total distance 2v1 v2
vavg = Total time ⟹ vavg = v +v
1 2

10. Correct answer is D

Direction is not changing according to the given statement.
11. Correct answer is C

v −v 20−10
First find acceleration for second interval by using 𝑎 = C t B = 5 = 2ms−2
Now use first equation of motion for first interval vf − vi = at ⟹ vB − vA = at
10 − vA = (2)(3) ⟹ vA = 4m/s
12. Correct answer is A
Note: Since the question is about distance not the displacement so direction does not
matter. Simply find the distance.
The person total takes the 40 steps. Length of each step is 80cm.
Total distance in 40 steps= 40 × 80cm = 3200cm = 32m
13. Correct answer is C
Area under the v-t graph = Distance covered
= Area of triangle + area of rectangle + Area of triangle
1 1
= 2 (2)(3.6) + (8)(3.6) + 2 (2)(3.6)
= 3.6(1 + 8 + 1) = 3.6(10) = 36m
14. Correct answer is A
Since it is a displacement time graph so
Acceleration in region
OA = 0 since d changes equally in equal intervals of time, so velocity will be
constant and acceleration will be zero
AB = 0 since here we have constant value of d so v = 0 hence a = 0
BC = + since particle is moving with increasing velocity so acceleration is +ve
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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
CD = 0 since d changes equally in equal intervals of time, so velocity will be
constant and acceleration will be zero
15. Correct answer is C
Since displacement is increasing with time so velocity will be positive. Also the slope of
the given graph represents velocity. Because the graph is curve so the slope is variable
and velocity will also be variable.
16. Correct answer is C
Initially when ball is dropped its velocity increases linearly. At point B the ball bounces
from surface and its velocity decreases gradually during upward motion, at point C the
velocity becomes zero so the ball gains maximum height after first bounce.
17. Correct answer is A
Distance covered in nth second
g
S= vi + (2n-1)
2
g
S= (2n-1)=5(2n-1)
2
S = 5[2(2) − 1] = 15𝑚
18. Correct answer is A

h1 : h 2
vi2 vi2
:
2g 2g
22 : 32
4 :9
19. Correct answer is C
Distance covered in first three seconds will be
1 1
S = gt 2 = 10(3)2 = 45m
2 2
Now use the expression for distance covered in nth second
S = 5[2n − 1]
45 = 5[2n − 1] ⟹ n = 5
So 5th second will be the last second. So body falls for 5 seconds.
20. Correct answer is C
S 150 + 200
S = vt ⟹ t = = = 14s
v 25
21. Correct answer is C
By Newton’s 3rd law of motion.
22. Correct answer is A
Inertia is the property of a body tending to maintain the state of rest or state of uniform
motion
23. Correct answer is A
1 1 1
By using S = vi t + 2 at 2 ⟹ S = 2 gt 2 = 2 (10)(0.5)2 = 1.2m
24. Correct answer is C
Since v = 2gh and height for all the masses is same so V1 = V2 = V3
25. Correct answer is B
By using vf = vi + at ⟹ vi = gt = (9.8)(3) = 29.4ms−1
26. Correct answer is A
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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
m 10−3 km 9.8 × 10−3 × 3600
g = 9.8 = 9.8 = = 35.3 km/min2
s2 1 1
(60 minutes)2
27. Correct answer is B
For second half distance, we can use 2aS = vf 2 − vi 2
h h
2(−g) 2 = (0)2 − (10)2 ⟹ 2(−10) 2 = −100 ⟹ h = 10m
28. Correct answer is A
Rate of Change of momentum = Applied force = 15N
29. Correct answer is B
Rate of Change of momentum = Applied force
∆P ∆P mv 1×30
= F ⟹ ∆t = F = F = 6 = 5s
∆t
30. Correct answer is D
nmv
F=
t
20×0.15×800
F=
1
F=2400 N

31. Correct answer is D

K.E = P
1
mv 2 =mv
2
v= 2=1.4ms-1
32. Correct answer is B
Force = Rate of Change of momentum
∆P mv 5000×36×1000
For truck F = ⟹X= = = 5000N = 5kN
∆t ∆t 3600
∆P mv 1000×36×1000
For Car F = ⟹Y= = = 1000N = 1kN
∆t ∆t 3600

The difference of X and Y = X − Y = 5kN − 1kN = 4kN

33. Correct answer is C
Displacement covered is zero so average velocity will be zero in this case.
34. Correct answer is C
Since forces are antiparallel
F  Fupthrust  Fweight
so  10000  9000  F  1000 N
35. Correct answer is B
Area under “F - t” graph represents change in momentum.
P  area of triangle + area of trapezium.
1
P  2  2   6  2    4   P  20 kgms 1
2

36. Correct answer is A

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
This is a perfectly inelastic collision.

m  2v   3m   v    m  3m  v1
mv  4mv1
1
v1   v
4
37. Correct answer is B
Momentum will be conserved.
38. Correct answer is B
Since collision is elastic so v1 + v1 ′ = v2 ′ + v2 ⟹ 4 + 2 = v2 ′ + 0 ⟹ v2 ′ = 6 ms −1
39. Correct answer is C
v sin 
T i is the time taken to reach maximum height
g
40. Correct answer is C
For complementary angles ranges are same.
If 1  2  90, then R1  R 2
41. Correct answer is B
Since the water falls from height H − h.

2(height) 2(H−h)
The time of fall will be t = √ ⟹t=√ .
g g

The speed of efflux will be v = √2g(h) = √2g(h)

2(H−h)
Now find the range by using S = vt ⟹ R = v × t = √2g(h) × √ = 2√h(H − h)
g
42. Correct answer is C
vi 2 sin(2θ)
Range of projectile R = ⟹ R ∝ sin(2θ)
g
For the angle nearest to 450 the range will be maximum.
43. Correct answer is D
During projectile motion horizontal component of velocity remains same.
44. Correct answer is C
R  V 2 and
2Vi Sin
T
g
So ‘R’ becomes double at Vi = √2V so Time becomes √2T
45. Correct answer is B
2vi sin(θ) 2×100×sin(450 )
Time of flight of projectile T = = = 14s
g 10

46. Correct answer is B

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UHS Topic # 01 Force and Motion
K.E at highest point = K. E𝑖 × cos2 θ
K.E
θ = 450 ⟹ K. E at highest point = K. E𝑖 × cos2 (450 ) = 2 𝑖
47. Correct answer is D
R 450 = 2(R150 ) ⟹ R 450 = 2(50) = 100m
48. Correct answer is C
When projectile moves upward the angle of velocity vector with x-axis decreases.
49. Correct answer is D
Height and range are equal at θ = tan−1 (4) = 760
50. Correct answer is B
4
Use the expression R = nH ⟹ θ = tan−1 (n)
4 4
R= H ⟹ θ = tan−1 (4⁄ ) ⟹ tan−1 (√3) = 600
√3 √3
51. Correct answer is C
vi 2 sin(2θ)
Range of projectile R = , range of projectile is maximum at 450 in all the
g
conditions.
52. Correct answer is C
Ballistic missiles are unpowered and unguided. They are provided the initial push after
that they move under the action of gravity and inertia.
53. Correct answer is C
Velocity of projectile at highest point = vi cos θ
1
Velocity of projectile at highest point = 20 cos(600 ) = 20 (2) = 10 ms −1
54. Correct answer is C
Ballistic missiles are unpowered and unguided so they are used only for short ranges. For
long range powered and guided missiles are used.
55. Correct answer is B
vi 2 sin(2θ) 𝑅×𝑔 10×10
Range of projectile R = ⟹ vi = √sin(2θ) = √sin(300 ) = 14 ms−1
g
56. Correct answer is B
vi 2 sin2 θ
Height of projectile H = ⟹ H ∝ sin2 θ
2g
H1 sin2(θ ) 10 sin2(450 )
= sin2(θ1 ) ⟹ H = ⟹ H2 = 15m
H2 2 2 sin2 (600 )
57. Correct answer is D
If air friction is neglected then horizontal component of acceleration is always zero.
Where the vertical component of acceleration is equal to ‘g’. So both components are
constant.
58. Correct answer is D
During projectile motion the acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity only at the
highest point.
59. Correct answer is A
In case of a projectile fired at an angle equally inclined to the horizontal and vertical the
angle of projection will be 450 .
vi 2 sin(2θ) vi 2 sin(900 ) vi 2
Range of projectile R = ⟹ =
g g g
60. Correct answer is D
During projectile motion the vertical component of acceleration remains constant.(ay =
g)

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