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Maths Igcse 62 64

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14 views

Maths Igcse 62 64

Uploaded by

kkennies788
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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28. Calculus

dy
Differentiation If y = f ( x) , then (or f '( x ) ) is the name of the gradient
dx
function of y.
dy
How to differentiate: If y = x n then = nx n −1
dx

Constants multiplying a power of x remain:


dy
If y = 10 x 2 then = 10 × 2 x = 20 x
dx

dy
Rate of change is the rate of change of y with respect to x. So, for
dx
example:
dy
(i) on the graph of y against x, represents the gradient.
dx
(ii) if h metres is the vertical height of a ball after t seconds,
dh
then is the vertical velocity of the ball in m/s.
dt
dP
(iii) if P is the price of a share, is the rate of change of the
dt
share price.

dy
Max/Min Put = 0 and solve.
dx
At a max or min the gradient will be 0.

dy
Is the stationary point ( = 0 ) you have located is a max or a
dx
min? To determine this, factorise the gradient function if
possible, and calculate the gradients at the stationary point, and
also nudging a little to the left and a little to the right:

e.g. On y = x3 − 3 x show that there is a staionary point at x = 1


and determine its nature.
dy
= 3x 2 − 3
dx
dy
when x = 1 , = 3 × 12 − 3 = 0 , so there is a stationary point.
dx
dy dy
What type is it? can be factorised to = 3( x − 1)( x + 1) .
dx dx

x 1- 1 1+
dy - 0 +
dx

62
The diagram shows that we have a minimum.

{For 1-, imagine substituting a number just less than 1 for x in


dy
the expression = 3( x − 1)( x + 1) , and it’s clearly going to be
dx
negative, etc}

Questions

(a) Differentiate the following functions:


(i) x3 (ii) 17.5 (iii) 5x 2 (iv) 3 x ( x + 1)
2 x +1
(v) (vi)
x x

(b) Show that the curve y = x3 + x has no stationary points.

(c) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on


y = x3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 , and determine whether the right hand one
is a max or a min.

(d) The displacement of a toy car during the first 10 seconds after
t3
release is given by s = t 2 − . Find (i) the car’s speed after 2
15
seconds (ii) the maximum speed of the car.

63
Answers

(a) (i) 3 x 2 (ii) 0 (iii) 10 x (iv) f ( x) = 3 x 2 + x so


−2
f '( x ) = 6 x + 1 (v) f ( x) = 2 x −1 so f '( x) = 2 × −1x −2 , i.e. 2 .
x
x +1 1
(vi) needs to be simplified to 1 + , that is 1 + x −1 . So
x x
− 1
f '( x) = −1x −2 , i.e. 2 .
x

dy dy
(b) = 3 x 2 + 1 . Now 3x 2 is always at least 0, so is always at least 1.
dx dx
So there are no stationary points.

dy
(c) = 3 x 2 + 6 x − 9 . For stationary points, 3 x 2 + 6 x − 9 = 0 . Therefore
dx
x + 2x − 3 = 0
2

( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
∴ x = −3 or 1.
Plugging back into the original equation gives coordinates as (-3, 32) and
(1,0).
Is (1,0) a max or min?
dy
Using = 3( x + 3)( x − 1) ,
dx
x 1- 1 1+
dy - 0 +
dx
so we have a minimum.

ds t2
(d) v = , so v = 2t − .
dt 5
22
(i) After 2 seconds, v = 2 × 2 − = 3.2 m/s.
5
(ii) To find the maximum value of v, we need to differentiate the
expression for v.
dv 2t
= 2− .
dt 5
Putting this = 0 solves to t = 5 . Back into the formula for v gives the
52
maximum value of v as 2 × 5 − = 5 m/s.
5

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