1. Established a department of Public Instruction.

2. Created the Philippine Normal School.

ELEMENTS OF A PROFESSION 3. Reading, writing, arithmetic, language, GMRC, civic, hygiene and
 Initial Professional Education sanitation, gardening, domestic science, American History and
 Accreditation Philippine history were the subject areas for study:
 Regulation (PRC)  English as common language
 Continuing Professional Development (RA 10091)  Four-year primary and three-year intermediate; four-year high
 Professional Societies (PAFTE – The Philippine Association for school, and four-year college.
Teacher Education)  University of the Philippines established.
 Professional Code of Ethics 4. COMMONWEALTH
 Reading, writing, arithmetic, language, GMRC,
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES civics, hygiene and sanitation, gardening,
domestic science, American History, and
1. PRE-SPANISH
Philippine history were the subject areas for the
 Education is for Survival, Conformity, and Enculturation
study.
 Informal Educational, Practical Training, Theoretical
 Education aimed to continue. The Commonwealth
Training.
was to help prepare for the coming independence
 Method of education is through: tell me and show me,
of a new Filipino nation.
observation, and trial and error.
 Education Act of 19401 otherwise known as
2. SPANISH PERIOD
Commonwealth Act 586 provided for the complete
 The purpose of education is to PROPAGATE
revision of the public elementary school system
CHRISTIANITY.
by:
 The religious orders introduced the parochial school concept.
Parochial schools started in Cebu in 1565 by the Augustinian  Shortening of elementary grades to six years.
missionaries.  Adoption of double-single sessions in the
 Subjects other than Doctrina like simple arithmetic, music primary grade with one teacher.
and various arts and trades were offered.  One class assignment of intermediate teachers.
 Academic education higher than parochial school that were  Act No. 4007 completely abolished
established are the COLEGIOS for boys and the BEATRIOS matriculation fees.
for the girls which are equivalent to the present high schools.  Executive Order No. 134 in 1936 designated
3. AMERICAL PERIOD Tagalog as the basis of the national language.
 The aim of education is to reach DEMOCRACY AS THE 5. JAPANESE
WAY OF LIFE.  Education aimed at making people understand
 Formal education was established. the position of the Philippines in the Greater
 Education is through socialized recitation, encouraged more East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere being advocated
students’ participation and disputation. by Japan.
 The education act of 1901, also known as ACT. No. 74 of the  It aimed at:
Philippine Commission was promulgated to:
1 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
  Striving for the diffusion of the Japanese  Adoption of the acronym PLEDGES - Peace
language in the Philippines and the and order, Land reform, Economic development,
termination of the use of the English Development of moral values, Government
language in schools. reorganization, employment and manpower
 Inspiring the people with the spirit to development, Social Services.
love labor.  Bilingual Education Policy
 Training was done formally through the  Curriculum focused on 3Rs, integration of
schools, which gave more emphasis on values, mastery learning.
vocational, technical, agriculture.
 Reopening of schools.
 Opening of vocation schools. INITIATED:
6. THE REPUBLIC
 Curricular content stressed,  Project IMPACT – Instructional management by
 Social orientation as manifested by the Parents, Community, and teachers.
conservation n of the Filipino heritage.  ISOSA – In school, Off school Approach.
 Training for occupation.  CPS – Continuous Progression Scheme
 Promotion of democratic nation building.  PRODED – Program for a Decentralized
 A new thrust on community development. Educational Development
 RA 1079 – permanent civil service eligibility for  NCEE – National College Entrance Examination
teachers.  NEAT – National Elementary Assessment Test for
 RA 1124 - created Board of National Education. grade VI-battery of achievement of multiple
 RA 1265 – compulsory daily flag ceremony choices.
 RA 1425 – Rizal law  NSAT – National Secondary Assessment Test
 RA 4670 – Magna Carta for Public School replaces NCEE; not a prerequisite to entrance to
Teacher college, 20% of the result is computed to the GPA.
 RA 5447 – Special Education Fund-to-fund 8. THE PRESENT
provincial schools.  DECS Order No. 6, s. 1998 – issued by Education
 RA 6054 – Barrio High School Law by Dr. Secretary Lourdes R. Quisumbing, strengthens the
Pedro T. Orata. teaching of values in the New Elementary School
7. THE NEW SOCIETY Curriculum (NESC) launched in SY 1989-90
 The aim of education is for national under the Program for Decentralized Educational
development. Development (PRODED) and Secondary
 Made education relevant to the needs of the Development Program (SEDP) respectively.
changing world.  National budget appropriates the highest
 Proclamation 1081 on Sept. 21, 1972 started allocation.
Education evolution.

2 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION

  Implementation of NESC – addressed to civic,  Professional Teaching Certificate = Evidence
intellectual and character development of the  Registration Reciprocity
child. Its features are:  No Certificate – No Practice
 Fewer learning areas; emphasis on  Fine (P1,000 – P5,000) or imprisonment of 6 months – 2 years.
mastery learning.
RA 7836 PHILIPPINE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF
 Focused on the development of the
1994
3Rs.
 Emphasis on the development of the  Regulation of the Teaching Profession
intellectual skills which are as  LET
important as work.
BPT (Board for Professional Teachers)
 Skills
 Multi-disciplinary treatment of  5 members (Chairman, Vice-Chairman, 3
curriculum content. members) – shall be appointed by the President.
 Student-centered; cognitive-
QUALIFICATIONS OF BOARD MEMBERS:
affective; emphasis on Science and
Technology; critical thinking  Citizen and resident of Philippines
emphasized.  At least 35 years of age
 RA 7772 – CHED  Good moral character
 RA 7796 – TESDA  Has not been convicted of any crime
 RA 7784 – CENTREXES  Graduate of Education Course
 RA 7687 – S&T scholarship under  Preferably Master’s/Doctor’s Degree Holder
DOST  Valid Professional License and Valid COR
 RA 7168 – Philippine Normal  At least 10 years of Teaching Experience
College to Philippine Normal  No pecuniary interest for at least 3 years
University.  Member of APO
 RA 7731 – abolished NCEE  Not affiliated with a review center
(National College Entrance QUALIFICATIONS FOR LET TAKERS
Examination)
 RA 7836 – LET administered by 1. A citizen of the Philippines or an alien whose country has
PRC. reciprocity with the Philippines in the practice of the teaching
profession.
2. At least eighteen (18) years of age
P.D. 1006 DECREE PROFESSIONALIZING TEACHING 3. In good health and of good reputation with high moral values
4. Has not been convicted by final judgment
 PBET Passing score = 70, no rating below 50 in any subject. 5. For teachers in preschool, (BECED)
 NBT (National Board for Teacher) 6. For teachers in the elementary grades (BSEED)
 Results within 150 days
3 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
 7. For teachers in the secondary grades, a bachelor’s degree in  No examination fees
education or its equivalent with a major and minor, or a
INCENTIVES
bachelor’s degree in arts and sciences with at least ten (1o) units.
8. For teachers of vocational and two-year technical courses, a  Diploma of merit
bachelors degree in the filed of specialization or its equivalent,  Earn merit points for purposes of promotion in salary or to a higher
with at least (18) units in professional education. position or grade level
 Be placed in the priority list for government scholarship
RA 7836 REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION (SEC.
23) RA 9293 AMENDMENT TO RA 7936
 Conviction by a court Special Permits:
 Immoral, unprofessional or dishonorable conduct
 Mentally unsound or insane  Para-teachers
 Malpractice, gross incompetence, gross negligence or serious  Internation Recognition (Lea Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, Paeng
ignorance of the practice of the teaching profession Nepomuceno)
 Perpetration of any fraud or deceit in obtaining a certificate of  5 years inactive teachers take refresher course
registration, professional license or special/temporary permit  12 units of education courses (6 units pedagogy, 6 units context
 Chronic inebriety or habitual use of drugs courses)
 Violation of the code of ethical and professional standards for TEACHING AS YOUR VOCATION, MISSION, AND PROFESSION
professional teachers
 Unjustified or willful failure to attend seminars, workshops, A. TEACHING AS A VOCATION
conferences, or continuing education programs prescribed by the
Teaching as a vocation is CALLING that a teacher has to listen to and
board.
responds for:
 You said YES to your call to teach
RA 7836 REGISTRATION AND EXCEPTION (SEC. 26)  You commit yourself in the total transformation of the learner
 You consider teaching as a lifetime commitment thus aim through
 A holder of certificate of eligibility by CSC and DECS the years towards quality teaching.
 A registered professional with the NBT (PD 1006)
 An elementary or secondary teacher for 5 years in good standing and
a holder of Bachelor of Science in Education or its equivalent (para-
B. TEACHING AS A MISSION
teachers)
 An elementary or secondary teacher for 3 years on good standing and Teacher has its own purpose or objective to be accomplished
a holder of master’s degree in education (para-teachers)
 It is a TASK entrusted to you in this world
PERIODIC MERIT EXAMINATION  It is your assigned task; thus, you have to prepare for it
 It calls for a continuing professional education
 Oral and Written examination
 Once in every 5 years
4 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
 C. TEACHING AS A PROFESSION Deped Order No. 42, s, 2017 – National Adoption and Implementation of the
PPST
Teaching is a noble profession
 The PPST shall be used as a basis for all learning and development
 You must be willing to go through a difficult period of preparation
programs for teachers to ensure that the teachers are properly
(arduous) and a continuing professional development
equipped to effectively implement K to 12 Program.
 You must strive for excellence
 It can also be used for selection and promotion of teachers.
 Commit ourself to moral, and ethical and religious values and
 All performance appraisals for teachers shall be based on this set of
dedicate yourself to public service.
standards.
MODELS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
AIMS:
1. ROBERT MARZANO – Marzano believes that teachers need to
1. Set out clear expectations of teachers along well-defined career
choose areas of improvement throughout the year and administrators
stages of professional development from beginning to distinguished
should be responsible for providing opportunities to observe
practice.
effective strategies of other teachers.
2. Engage teachers to actively embrace a continuing effort in attaining a
2. CHARLOTTE DANIELSON – Danielson divides the complex
proficiency.
activity of teaching into 22 components clustered into 4 domains of
3. Apply uniform measure to assess teacher performance identify
teaching responsibility:
needs, and provide support for professional development.
1. Planning and preparation
2. The classroom environment 7 DOMAINS AND 37 STRANDS
3. Instruction
7 DOMAINS OF PPST
4. Professional responsibilities
3. JAMES STRONGE – Stronge identifies 6 qualities of effective 1. Content Knowledge and Pedagogy (art of teaching)
teaching: 2. Learning Environment
1. Professional knowledge 3. Diversity of Learners
2. Instructional planning 4. Curriculum and Planning
3. Instruction delivery 5. Assessment and Reporting
4. Assessment 6. Community Linkages Professional Engagement
5. Learning environment 7. Personal Growth and Professional Development
6. Professionalism
4. McREL - The intended purpose of McREL’s Teacher Evaluation DOMAIIN 1: CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND PEDAGOGY
System is to assess the teacher’s performance in relation to the 1. Content knowledge and its application withing and across curriculum
Professional Teaching Standards and to guide the creation of a plan areas.
for professional growth. 2. Research-based knowledge and principles of teaching and learning
PHILIPPINE PROFESSIOANL STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS 3. Positive use of ICT
4. Strategies and promoting literacy and numeracy
The PPST is a public statement of what teachers need to know, value, and be
able to do in their practice.
5 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
 5. Strategies for developing critical and creative thinking, as well a 5. Use of assessment data to enhance teaching and learning practices
higher other higher order-thinking skills and programs
6. Mother Tongue, Filipino and English in teaching and learning
7. Classroom communication strategies
DOMAIN 6: COMMUNIRTY LINKAHGES AND PROFESSIOANL
DOMAIN 2: LEARNING ENVIRONMENT (Classroom Management) ENGAGEMENT
1. Learner Safety and Security 1. Establishment of learning environments that are responsive to
2. Fair Learning environment community contexts
3. Management of classroom structure activities 2. Engagement of parents and the wider school community in the
4. Support for learner participation educative process
5. Promotion of purposive learning 3. Professional ethics
6. Management of learner behavior 4. School polices and procedures
DOMAIN 3: DIVERITY OF LEARNERS DOMAIN 7: PERSONAL GROWTH AND PROFESSIOANL
DEVELOPMENT
1. Learner’s gender, needs, strengths, interest, and experiences
2. Learner’s linguistic, cultural, socio-economic and religious 1. Establishment of learning environments that are responsive to
background community contexts
3. Learners with disabilities, giftedness and talents 2. Engagement of parents and the wider school community in the
4. Learners in difficult circumstances educative process
5. Learners from indigenous group 3. Professional ethics
4. School policies and procedures
DOMAIN 4: CURRICULUM AND PLANNING
CAREER STAGES
1. Planning and management of teaching and learning process
2. Learning outcomes aligned with learning competencies CAREER STAGE 1: BEGINNING TEACHERS
3. Relevance and responsiveness of learning programs
 Have GAINE THE QUALIFICATION recognized for entry into the
4. Professional collaboration to enrich teaching practices
teaching profession.
5. Teaching and learning resources including ICT
 They have as strong understanding of the subjects/areas in which
DOMAIN 5: ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING they are trained in terms of content knowledge and pedagogy.
 They possess the requisite knowledge, skills and values that support
1. Design, selection, organization and utilization of assessment
the teaching and learning process.
strategies
 They SEEK ADVICE FROM EXPERINCE COLLEAGUES to
2. Monitoring and evaluation of learner progress and achievement
consolidate their teaching practice.
3. Feedback to improve learning
4. Communication of learner needs, progress and achievement to key CAREER 2: PROFICIENT TEACHERS
stakeholders
 Are PROFESSIONALLY INDEPENDENT in the application of
skills vital to the teaching and learning process.
6 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
  They provide focuses teaching programs that meet curriculum and  They exhibit commitment to inspire the education community
assessment requirements. and stakeholders for the improvement of education provision in
 They display skills in planning, implementing, and managing the Philippines.
learning programs.
PHILPPINE QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK (PQF)
 They actively engage in collaborative learning with the professional
and other stakeholders for mutual growth and advancement. LEVEL 1 – NC I
 They are reflective practitioners who continually consolidate the
knowledge, skills, and practices of Career Stage 1 teachers. LEVEL 2 – NC II

CAREER STAGE 3: HIGHLY PROFICIENT TEACHERS LEVEL 3 – NC III

 Consistently display a high level of performance in their LEVEL 4 – NC IV

teaching practice. LEVEL 5 – DIPLOMA (2 YEAR COURSE)
 They manifest an in-depth and sophisticate understanding of the
teaching and learning process. LEVEL 6 – BACHELOR’S
 They have high education-focused situation cognition, are more
LEVEL 7 – MASTER’S
adept in problem solving and optimize opportunities gained from
experience. LEVEL 8 – DOCTORAL
 Career Stage 3 Teachers work with collaboratively with
colleagues and provide them SUPPORT AND MENTORING to PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHER
enhance their learning and practice. 1. INTELLIGENCE
 They continually seek to develop their professional knowledge  Ability to make sound decisions, analyze, make judgment,
and practice by reflecting on their own needs, and those of their make solutions, possess higher order thinking skills, and
colleagues and students. other type of intelligence.
CAREER STAGE 4: DISTINGUISHED TEACHERS 2. COMPASSION
 Natural quality to empathize, to feel what others feel, to be
 Embody the highest standard for teaching grounded in global tolerant of others.
best practices. EMPATHY – putting yourself in someone’s shoes.
 They exhibit exceptional capacity to improve their own SYMPATHU – feelings of pity and sorrow for someone
teaching practice and that of others. else’s misfortune.
 They are recognized as leaders in education, contributors to the 3. EMOTIONAL STABILTY
profession and initiators of collaborations and partnerships.  Ability to be calm under pressure, cheerful and optimistic,
 They create lifelong impact in the lives of colleagues, students, level headed.
and others. 4. INNOVATIVENESS
 They consistently seek professional advancement and relevance  Natural tendency to create new things, modify existing ones,
in pursuit of teaching quality and excellence. imaginative, find solutions to problems quickly, and makes
use of available materials.

7 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION

 5. FAIRNESS  Ensure that teaching is the noblest profession
 Natural attribute to look at both sides of the issue before  Participates in CPD
making judgment, gives equal chances to both sides to be 5. TEACHERS AND HIGHER AUTHORITIES
heard, removes personal biases.  Make an honest effort to understand and support the legitimate
6. PROFESSIONALISM policies of the school and administration
 The competence or skill expected of a professional.  Shall not make false accusations against any superior, especially
7. DRIVE under anonymity
 Determined urge to attain a goal or satisfy a need /  Transact all official business through channels
motivation. 6. THE SCHOOL OFFICIALS, TEACHER AND OTHER
8. SELF-CONFIDENCE PERSONNEL
 Natural tendency to feel ‘’I can do it’’, works alone,  Section 1. All school officials shall at all times show professional
determined to succeed. courtesy, helpfulness and sympathy towards teachers and other
9. COOPERATIVENESS personnel, such practices being standards of effective school
 Natural action to work together with others, willing to share. supervision, dignified administration, responsible leadership and
10. BUOYANCY enlighten directions.
 Ability to survive in difficult situation, balances life,  Section 2. School officials, teachers, and other school personnel
optimistic and cheerful. shall consider it their cooperative responsibility to formulate
11. RELIABILTIY policies or introduce importance changes in the system at all levels.
7. THE TEACHERS AND THE LEARNERS
 Attribute demonstrated by dependability, sincerity and
 Deal justifiably and impartially with each of the learners.
honesty.
 Shall never be prejudices nor discriminated against by the learner.
CODE OF ETHIC FOR PROFESSION TEACHERS  Shall not accept any renumeration from tutorials.
 Evaluation of the learner’s work only in merit and quality of
1. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: academic performance.
 Shall apply to all teachers in schools in the Philippines.  Mutual attraction and subsequent love between teacher and learner.
 It covers all public and private school teachers in all educational  Shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners.
institutions at the preschool, primary, elementary, secondary levels  Shall not make deductions from their scholastic ratings as a
whether academic, vocational, special, technical, or non-formal. punishment for acts which are clearly not manifestation of poop
 Implicitly mentioned-tertiary teachers. scholarship.
2. TEACHER AND THE STATE 8. TEACHER AND THE TEACHING COMMUNITY
 No political promotion  Professional loyalty, confidence, faith in one another, full
 Right to suffrage cooperation with colleagues.
 Refrain from using his position to influence others 9. TEACHER AND THE PARENTS
 Academic freedom  Establish and maintain cordial relations with parents; inform parents
3. TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY of progress of their children.
 Provides environment conducive to the development of youth  Hear parent’s complaints with sympathy and understanding.
4. TEACHER AND THE PROFESSION 10. THE TEACHER AND THE BUSINESS

8 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION

  Right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income  TEACHING HOURS – allowing teachers to allot six hours for actual
generation: provided that it does not relate to or adversely affect his classroom teaching a day, with the remaining two hours to be spent
work as a teacher. in teaching related activities. Thus, teachers are required to render a
 Maintain good reputation with respect to the financial matters such total of eight hours for the day.
as in the settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily  ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION – at least 25% of teachers’
his private financial affairs. regular remuneration must be paid to teachers rendering outside of
11. TEACHER AS A PERSON the teachers’ six hours of actual classroom teaching.
 Live with dignity at all times; serve as model worthy of emulation.  SALARY SCALE – gradual progression from a minimum to a
maximum salary by means of regular increments, granted
R.A 4670 – MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS
automatically after three years with at least an efficiency rating of
RA 4670 – MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS satisfactory.
 COST OF LIVING ALLOWANCE - given to teachers to keep pace
 Recruitment and Selection with the rise in the cost of living and shall automatically follow
 Probationary Period changes in a cost-of-living-index.
 Tenure of Office  SPECIAL HARDSHIP ALLOWANCES – at least 25% of teacher’s
o Stability on employment and security of tenure shall be monthly salary shall be given to teachers assigned in areas where
assured to teachers with permanent appointment. teachers are exposed to hardship.
 Consent for Transfer Transportation Expenses  COMPULSORY MEDICAL EXAMINATION – shall be provided
o No teacher shall be transferred from one station to another free of charge for all teachers.
WITHOUT his/her consent.  STUDY LEAVE – teachers are entitled to a study leave not
o No transfers whatever shall be made THREE MONTHS exceeding one year after seven years of service. They shall be
before any local or national election. entitled to at least 60% of their monthly salary. No teachers shall be
 SAFEGUARDS IN DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE allowed to accumulate more than 1 year of study leave, unless he
o The right to be informed, in writing, of the charges; needs an additional semester to finish his thesis WITHOUT
o The right to full access to the evidence in the case COMPENSATION.
o The right to defend himself and to be defended by a  INDEFINITE LEAVE – absence shall be granted to teachers when
representative if his choice. the nature of illness demands a long treatment that will exceed one
o The right to appeal to designate authorities. year at the least.
 NO DISCRIMINATION SECTION – no discrimination whatsoever  SALARY INCREASE UPON RETIREMENT – public school
in entrance to the teaching profession, or during its exercise, or in the teachers having fulfilled the age and service requirements of the
termination of service. applicable retirement laws shall be given one range salary raise upon
 MARRIED TEACHERS - proper authorities shall take all steps to retirement, which shall be the basis of the computation of the lump
enable married couples, both whom are public school teachers, be sum of the retirement pay and the monthly benefits thereafter.
employed in the same locality. GLOBAL EDUCATON
 ACADEMIC FREEDOME – teachers shall enjoy academic freedom
particularly with regard to teaching and classroom methods. A goal to develop countries worldwide and is aimed at educating all people
in accordance with world standards – UNESCO.
9 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
GLOBAL TEACHER 2. Senio-grade teachers – occupy 6% of the teaching force in 1990
where most of the primary level teachers belong.
 A global teacher who is competent and armed with enough skills,
3. Third-grade teachers
appropriate attitude and universal values to teach learners at home
4. Second-grade teachers – include majority of the secondary teachers.
or abroad but is equipped with both times tested as well as modern
5. First-grade teachers – some of the newly hired primary teachers.
technologies in education in any time and any place in the world.
JAPAN
LEVELS O SCHOOLING IN THE ASEAN
- Infuse cultural values throughout school activities including
1. PRIMARY LEVEL
student’s lives, both in school or even at home and community.
- Composed usually of Pre-primary (Play-school, Pre-K,
Kindergarten) and the Primary Level which is composed of Teacher Certification
Grade 1 aged 6 years old; Grade 2 aged 7 years old, Grade 3,
1. FIRST CALSS CERTIFICATE – issued to teach in the preschool,
aged 8 years old, Grade 4, aged 9 years old, Grade 5 aged 10
elementary or secondary with basic qualifications of having earned a
years old, ad Grade 6 aged 11 years old.
Bachelor’s Degree. To teach in the upper secondary level, the basic
2. SECONDARY LEVEL
qualification is Master’s Degree.
- Follows the primary level. Generally, across the ASEAN, it is
2. SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATE – has a basic qualification of 2
composed of Junior High School and the Senior High School.
years of study (62 credit units) in a university or other post-
- The graduate from the Senior high School can proceed to
secondary institution.
college or find a job appropriate to the qualification.
- However, there are slight variations in some countries such as UNITED STATE OF AMERICA
Lower Secondary Level is three years with Grade 7, 8 and 9
while the Upper Secondary level is composed of Grades 10, 11, Basic Education in the USA
and 12. 1. Pre-primary education
TEACHER AND THE TEACHING PROFESSION BEYOND THE ASEAN 2. Primary Education
3. Middle school education
1. CHINA 4. Secondary Education
- Important knowledge comes from teachers and textbooks. 5. Junior High School
- Learning involves listening, thinking and silent practice. 6. Senior High School
- Knowledge espoused by the teacher and the textbook is not to
be challenged. SOCIAL STATUS OF TEACHERS

TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF TEACHERS IN CHINA: 2/3 of the countries judged by the status of teachers to be most similar to
social workers. The second closest status was to librarians and in New
1. Gongban (state-paid) Zealand, people think that the job of teaching is most similar to nursing. Only
2. Minban (community-paid) one country (China) thinks of teachers as being most closely compared to
doctors.
FIVE-GRADE SYSTEM FOR STATE-PAID TEACHERS
TEACHING: SOUGH-AFTER PROFESSION
1. Super-grade teachers – upper 5% of the teaching force.
10 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
 - 50% of parents in China provide positive encouragement for 5 PILLARS OF EDUCATION – JACQUES DELORS; A Report to
child to become teachers. China is joined by South Korea, UNESCO
Turkey, and Egypt while parents in Israel, Portugal, Brazil and
1. LEARNINGTO KNOW – the development of skills and knowledge
Japan are least likely to encourage their children to become
needed to function in this world e.g. formal education of literacy,
teachers.
numeracy, critical thinking and general knowledge.
PUPIL RESPECT FOR TEACHERS 2. LEARNING TO DO – the acquisition of applied skills linked to
professional success.
1. CHINA - 75% of the respondents believe that students respect their
3. LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER – the development of social
teachers, compared to only 27% average per country.
skills and values such as respect and concern for others, and the
2. Turkey, Egypt, and Singapore have a high level of belief that pupils
appreciation of cultural diversity.
respect teachers with an average of 46%.
4. LEARING TO BE - the learning that contributes to a person’s mind,
3. In most European countries, respondents thought that the pupils
body, and spirit. Skills include creativity and personal discovery,
disrespect teachers than respect them.
acquired through reading, the Internet, and activities such as spots
THE NEW PROCESS OF LEARNING and arts.
5. LEARNING TO TRANSFORM ONESELF AND SOCIETY - when
- FACE-TO-FACE individuals and groups gain knowledge, develop skills, and acquire
- DISTANCE LEARNING – when teaching learning is mediated new values as a result of learning, they are equipped with tools and
by traditional (modules in print) or modern technology (on-line mindsets for creating lasting change in organizations, communities,
or off-line) without the physical present of the teacher in a and societies.
virtual class. It can be synchronous or asynchronous.
- BLENDED MODALITIES – when teaching and learning is QUALITY TEACHER VS. TEACHER QUALITY
facilitated through face-to-face or distance learning which
QUALITY TEACHERS are defined by their attributes and characteristics
enable to the teachers and learners to have both physical
while TEACHER QUALITY (CFT, SEA, PQF, AND PPST) is defined by the
presence and physical absence in the teaching-learning process.
standards set for the profession and are validated by the students’ learning
- EXPERIENTIAL AND LIFE-LONG – when learners are
outcomes.
immersed into the real-life situation, such that learning becomes
more authentic and meaningful. RA 10912; CPD: THE LIFEBLOOD OF THE TEACHING PROFESSION
THE 21ST CENTRUTY LITERACIES - December 2017 = 15 credit units
- January-December 2018 – 30 credit units
1. The Arts and Creativity
- January 2019 onwards = 45 credit units
2. Ecoliteracy
3. Cyberlitracy/Digital Literacy WAYS BY WHICH PROFESSIONAL TECHERS CAN EARN CREDIT
4. Financial Literacy UNITS
5. Media Literacy
1. Profession Track
6. Social/Emotional Literacy
2. Academic Track
7. Globalization and Multicultural Literacy
3. Self-directed Track
11 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION
 4. Productive Scholarship Based on the professional development practices and experiences of high
performing countries, we can say that a CPD that works is:
CONTINUING PROFESSIOANL DEVELOPMENT
1. Continuous
Plan – A proof that a professional teacher has made CPD his/her way of life
2. Collaborative
is his/her formulation of CPD plan which he/she religiously follows whether
3. Focused on a specific teacher need
monitored or not by his/her superiors because he/she monitors
4. Job-embedded
himself/herself.
5. Given enough time
CPD PRACTICES OF HIGH PERFORMING COUNTRIES 6. Funded
RA 10157

SINGAPORE - Kindergarten Act

- Mandatory Kindergarten
- The first country to adopt the PLC framework nationwide. - MTB-MLE
- In 2010, the Ministry of Education mandated all school to be a
‘’learning organization’’. RA 10533
- Every teacher is entitled to 100 hour/year of optional training.
- ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION ACT OF 2013 / K-12
- Schools are encouraged to provide at least one hour of curricular
- Enhanced Basic Education, Teacher Qualifications, Alternative
time per week for teachers to actively engage in school-based
Delivery Mode
professional development initiatives.
Section 3
FINLAND
Basic Education
- Teachers in Finland meet one afternoon each week to jointly
plan and develop curriculum. They are encouraged to work - Kindergarten
together to share materials. - Elementary
- Secondary education
JAPAN
- Alternative learning systems
- Lesson Study approach to Professional Development - SPEd
- 1 year Kindergarten = at least 5 years old
NEW ZEALAND - 6 years Elementary Education – 6 years old
- The Ministry of Education gives fun for 20% release time for - 6 years Secondary Education – 12 and 16 years old
new teachers and 10% release time for second-year teachers. - Total of 13 years
- Mentor teachers deliberately spend time to observe and confer RA 9155
with beginning teachers.
- Governance of Basic Education of 2001
CHARACTERSITICS OF EFFECTIVE CPD - Transfer of Cultural Agencies

12 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION

 - Abolition of the BPESS (Bureau of Physical Education and Appointment or Assignment of Classroom Public School
School Sports to PHILIPPINE SPORTS COMMISSION Teachers.
- Culture-National Commission for Culture and the Arts
RA 11713
- An act further strengthening teacher education in the Philippines
by enhancing the teacher education council, establishing a
scholarship program for students in the teacher education
program.
RA 8980
- An act promulgating a comprehensive policy and a national
system for early childhood care and development (ECCD),
providing funds therefor and for other purposes.
RA 7722
- An act creating the Commission on Higher Education,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.

RA 7796
- An act creating the TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (TESDA) providing for its
powers, structure and for other purposes.
RA 9155
- An act instituting a framework of governance for basic
education, establishing authority and accountability, renaming
the Departments of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) as
the Department of Education, and for other purposes.
RA 8190
- Localization Law
- An Act Granting Priority to Residents of the Barangay,
Municipality, or City Where the School is Located, in the

13 | LECTURE NOTES ON THE TEACHING PROFESSION