DDU KAUSHAL Kendra

Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences

Jamia Millia Islamia

New Delhi-110025

(Syllabus)

w. e. f. Academic Session 2019-2020

B. Voc. Medical Laboratory Sciences

(B. Voc. - MLS)

1
 Semester – 1st
Paper Code Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Hrs
MLS 101 Fundamentals of Human 42 3 25 75 100
Anatomy

Objective – Students will become aware of the terminology used in human

anatomy . They will also develop the basic knowledge of body plan and
organization of human body, structure of cells , tissues , organs , organ systems
and their coordination with each other.

Outcome intended – students will be able to identify the various anatomical

structures in the human body and communicate scientifically with other health-care
personnel as a result of the terms and nomenclature taught during anatomy tutorials .

Unit I : General & Systemic Anatomy: Introduction to anatomical terms and

organization of the human body. Tissues –Definitions, Types, characteristics,
classification, location, functions and formation.

Unit II : Musculoskeletal system: Bones – types, structure, Axial & appendicular

skeleton. Bone formation and growth, Joints –classification and structure. Types and
structure of muscles. Movements at the joints and muscles producing movements.

Unit III : Nervous System: Structure of Neuroglia & neurouns Parts, Clsssification
CNS – Structure of Brain and spinal cord and their functions. PNS - Cranial nerves
and spinal nerves ANS - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Structure of Skin, Eye,
Nose, Tongue (Auditory and Olfactory apparatus)

Unit IV : Cardiovascular System: Circulatory system – Structure of the Heart,

Structure of Blood Vessels – arterial and venous system. Gross and microscopic
structure of lymphatic tissue.

Unit V : Respiratory System: Parts, Nasal cavity and Paranasal air sinuses, trachea,
Gross and microscopic structure of lungs, Diaphragm and Pleura.
Unit VI : Digestive System: Parts, Structure of Tongue, Salivary glands, stomach,
Intestines, Liver, Pancreas.
Unit VII : Urinary & Reproductive System: Parts, structure of Kidney, Ureters,
Urinary Bladder and Urethra. Parts of both male and female reproductive organs.
Gross structure of both male and female reproductive organs.
Unit VIII : Endocrine System: Gross structure of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid,
Pancreas, Adrenal glands
Essential Reading :
1. Chaurasia B D, (2016), Human Anatomy, 7th edition
2. Ross & Wilson,(2014),Anatomy & Physiology in health & illness,11th edition
3. Gray’s anatomy for students
4. Text book of anatomy – VISHRAM SINGH
5. Text book of anatomy – VOL 1,2 – INDERBIR SINGH
Suggested Readings –
1. Text book of Anatomy – W.J. Hamilton

2
Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 102 Fundamentals of Human 42 3 25 75 100
Physiology

Objective – This paper provide the knowledge of human systems physiology. To

understand the functions of all physiological systems including the cardio-respiratory,
renal, reproductive and metabolic systems, to perform, analyze and report on
experiments and observations in physiology.
Intended Outcome – The student will be able to identify the structures and describe
the functions of the musculoskeletal system, the functions of the nervous system, the
endocrine system, functions of the special senses, components and relate the
functions associated with blood and lymphatic system, physiology of absorption and
Excretion, Identify the structures and describe the functions associated with the
respiratory system, Structures and the functions associated with the digestive system
and the urinary system.
Unit I: Blood –Plasma & Cellular Components - RBC, WBC & Platelet (Morphological
features and functions), Haemopoiesis, Haemoglobin – Structure, Abnormal
haemoglobins- Sickle-cell anemia and Thalassemia. Different types of anaemia and
their causes. Hemostasis – factors, mechanism, anticoagulants, procoagulants.

Unit II: Muscle Physiology –Microscopic and electron microscopic structure of skeletal,
smooth and cardiac muscles, Single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle. Properties of
skeletal muscle: excitability, contractility, all or none law, summation of stimuli. Muscle
proteins. Mechanism of skeletal and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation :
Excitation- contraction coupling.

Unit III : Nervous system Physiology –Functions of Brain, Spinal Cord, ANS & Cranial
Nerves, Structure, classification and functions of neurons and neuroglias,
Myelinogenesis, Resting membrane potential, Action potential. Properties of nerve
fibers : excitability, conductivity, all or none law, accommodation, adaptation,
summation, refractory period, fatigability, Neuromuscular junction : structure,
transmission.

Unit IV : Cardiovascular System –Physiology of the heart, Properties of cardiac

muscle, Origin and propagation of cardiac impulse, Conduction System of Heart,
Cardiac Cycle- Pressure and Volume changes, Heart sounds, Cardiac output.

Unit V : Respiratory System – Principles of respiration, respiratory muscles, Transport

of oxygen and carbon dioxide, Brief account of respiratory regulation, Definition of
hypoxia, Cyanosis, asphyxia. Dead space and uneven ventilation, Oxygen
dissociation curve of hemoglobin and myoglobin – factors affecting. Carbon dioxide
dissociation curve

3
 Unit VI : Gastro Intestinal Tract - Functions of alimentary canal, Digestive glands –
Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, Deglutition, Movements of alimentary canal,
Composition, functions and secretion of salivary, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal
juices and bile, Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids. Defecation

Unit VII : Urogenital & Endocrine System – Structure of Nephron, measurement

and regulation of GFR, mechanism of urine formation, Clearance tests & values of
inulin, PAH and urea clearance, functions of ovaries , sex hormones, menstrual cycle,
pregnancy, parturition, lactation, Male sex hormones and spermatogenesis, Endocrine
glands & their secretions, functions of various hormones.

Essential Reading –
1. Medical Physiology – Indu Khurana
2. Text book of Physiology – Prof . A. K. Jain
3. A Text book of Practical Physiology – Prof. A.K. Jain
4. Essential of Medical Physiology – K Sembulingam, Prema Sembulingam
5. Review of Medical Physiology – Ganong’s
Suggested Readings –
1. HARRISON’S PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
2. Text book of Medical Physiology – Guyton
3. A Text book of Practical Physiology – C. L. Ghai

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 103 Basic Biochemistry 42 3 25 75 100

Objective : The students will understand the chemical nature, function, metabolic
pathways and biological importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and
enzymes.

Intended outcome : The students will understand the structure, function and
biological importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes,
vitamins and the regulation of biochemical processes . They will also become aware
how deficiency or excess of these will cause disease.

Unit I : Carbohydrates: Definition, function and classification of carbohydrate.

Monosaccharide, glycoside formation, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Glycolysis, catabolic fates of pyruvate, metabolic fate of Acetyal-CoA and Citric acid
cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway.

Unit II : Biological Oxidation: Enzyme, coenzyme and electron carriers involved in

biological oxidation. Electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate
level phosphorylation. Inhibitors of electron transport chain.

Unit III : Amino acids and proteins: Definition, structure, classification, essential &
non essential amino acids. Proteins definition and classification. Primary, secondry,
tertiary and quaternary of proteins of proteins

4
 Unit IV : Vitamins: Definition and classification of vitamins, difference between fat
soluble and water soluble vitamins. Water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins

Unit V : Lipids: Definition, classification and function of lipids. Fatty Acids,

Triacylglycerols or Triacylgcerides or neutral fat. Fatty acid metabolism. Ketone body
metabolism.

Unit VI : Enzymes : Introduction, definition, classification, coenzymes, active site of

enzyme, cofactors of coenzyme, isoenzymes, properties, mechanism of enzyme
action.

Essential readings :
1. Lehninger,(2013),Principles of Biochemistry,6th edition, W H Freeman
2. Satyanarayan,(2008), Essentials of Biochemistry,2nd edition, Standard
Publishers
3. Biochemistry for students, V.K. Malhotra

Suggested readings :
1. Pankaja Naik, Biochemistry , 4th ed

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 104 Cell Biology & Medical Genetics 42 3 25 75 100

Objective – To develop an understanding that cell is the fundamental unit of life .

The students will also learn the structure and function of cells, cell organelles and
their life processes. In genetics , the students will learn the basis of heredity and
variation in humans

Outcome intended – Students will be able appreciate the general properties shared
by all cells and the highly complicated functions of some specialized cells. They will
also learn how changes in the human genome result in disease and disability.

Unit I : Cell Structure: Cell as a basic unit of life - discovery of cell, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell; unicellular and multicellular organisms; Microscopic Study of Cell: tools
and techniques (compound microscope, electron microscope and cell fractionation);
Ultrastructure of prokaryoytic and eukaryotic cell - cell wall, cell membrane - unit
membrane concept (fluid mosaic model); membrane transport; cellular movement
(exocytosis, endocytosis);

Unit II : Organelles of Cell: Cell organelles and their functions- nucleus, mitochondria,
plastids, endoplamasic reticulum, Gogli complex, lysosomes, centrosome,
mesosomes, vacuole, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella, ribosomes.

Unit III : Cell Cycle: Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Regulation of Cell cycle progression, Cell
division, Mitosis & meiosis , Events of Mitotic , events of Meiosis , non disjunction ,
Fertilization. Programmed Cell Death -- Apoptosis , Stem Cells - Embryonic , Tissue
and induced pluripotent stem Cells , cloning - reproductive and therapeutic

5
 Unit IV : Chromosomes : structure of DNA & RNA , chromatin , comparison between
Bacterial and eukaryotic chromosome , human genome ,Karyotyping , autosomes
,sex chromosomes , Chromosomal basis of inheritance, linkage and crossing over ,
mutations , Menelian inheritance ,other patterns of inheritance - incomplete
dominance, multiple allelism, quantitative inheritance. Human genetics - methods of
study, overview of genetic disorders.

Essential Readings:
1. S.C.Rastogi , (2005),Cell Biology, 3rd ed.
2. Manu L .Kothari , Lopa A. Mehta , Sadhana S.Roychoudhury ,Essentials of
Human Genetics,
( 2009) , 5th ed .
3. Kapur & Suri’s Basic Human Genetics, Dipali S. Trivedi

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 105 Fundamentals of Computer & 42 3 25 75 100
IT

Objective – To develop a basic understanding of computers and their role in the

practice of modern medicine.

Outcome intended – The students will get an idea of the computer hardware , software
, programming languages , networking and applications in a clinical setting.

Unit I : John Von Neumann Architecture , Different Type of Computer Hardware ,

CPU, Input Devices, Output Devices, Storage Devices , Communication Devices,
Configuration of hardware devices and their applications , convert decimal to
binary and vice versa.

Unit II : Networking - Basic idea of Local Area Network (LAN) , MAN , Wide Area
Network (WAN),E-mail , browsers and servers, Multimedia ,Operating System:
Software needs, application software, programming language , artificial intelligence
.Windows, print , control panel, Paint , calculator, desktop, find, Run ,Snipping tool
,Sticky note , Word pad ,Notepad ,Gadgets , Windows defender ,Firewall.

Unit III : Microsoft Word - basic commands, Formatting-text and documents,

sorting and tables, background images , hyperlinks , Mail merge , Graphics
,columns , Smart Art , spelling & grammer , Thesaurus , Translate , watermarks ,
borders , Drop Cap

Unit IV : Microsoft Excel - Conditional formatting , Formulas , Functions , Fill

features, Sort & Filter , Wrap text , Merge & Centre . Insert – Tables ,illustrations,
charts , Links , Text ,Background. Remove duplicates

UNIT V : Microsoft powerpoint – Designs, slide transition, Smart Art , animation

hyperlinks , automatic slide advance , background images

6
List of practicals :
1. Microsoft Word
2. Microsoft Powerpoint
3. Microsoft Excel
4. Microsoft Access

Essential reading :

1. Computers Fundamentals by P.K.Sinha , 6th edition , BPB Publications

2. Fundamentals of Computers by E Balagurusamy

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 106 English 42 3 25 75 100

Objective – The students will learn to communicate in English , make simple sentences
and understand the significance of English comprehension in healthcare industry .

Outcome intended – The students will be able to speak ,write and understand simple
English and improve their vocabulary required for personal and professional life .

Unit I: English grammar: Articles,Preposition,Tenses,Voice,Direct and Reported

Speech
Unit II: Vocabulary: Common Vocabulary, Word Often Confused, Some Common
Errors

Unit III: Paragraph Writing: Process Writing, Descriptions Summarizing and Writing in
brief of Medical passages,Note- taking Exercise,Formal Correspondence ( Letter and
application)-Application for job, for higher studies- Letter to The Editor, Ordering
Equipments, Requesting for Information

Unit IV: SPOKEN ENGLISH: Communicative Skills, Discussion Sessions, Dialogue

Sessions
Essential reading:

1. High School English Grammar & Composition by Wren & Martin , Blackie ELT
Books
2. Business English .Department of English ,University of Delhi , Pearson
Suggested reading:

1. English Grammar Composition & Usage by J.C. Nesfield, Macmillan

Publishers

7
 Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 107P Practical I (MLS 101, MLS 102) 84 6 25 75 100

List of Practicals :
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy :
1. Demonstration of Major organs through models and permanent slides.
2. Demonstration of parts of circulatory system from models.
3. Demonstration of parts of respiratory system from models.
4. Demonstration of structural differences between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
5. Demonstration of various bones
6. Demonstration of various joints
Fundamentals of Human Physiology :
1. Study the Basic structure of microscope and its use
2. Estimation of Hemoglobin
3. RBC count
4. WBCs Count
5. Bleeding Time, Clotting Time
6. Blood Group
7. Arterial Blood pressure

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 108P Practical II (MLS 103, MLS 104) 42 3 25 75 100

List of Practicals :

Basic Biochemistry
1. Identification of carbohydrates by Molisch’s test.
2. Identification of reducing sugar by Benedict’s test.
3. Identification of ketose sugars by Seliwanoff’s test.
4. Identification of reducing sugar by Osazone test.
5. Identification of cholesterol by Salkowski’s test.
6. Identification of protein by Biuret’s test.
7. Identification of protein by Ninhydrin test.

Cell biology& Medical Genetics :

1. Parts of a microscope, usage & caring for the microscope
2. Buccal smear - characteristic features of human cheek cells
3. Demonstration of transport across cell membrane
4. Phases of mitosis – demonstration by teaching slides
5. Mitosis in onion root tip – preparation and observation of a crush smear
6. Demonstration of phases of meiosis in grasshopper testes

8
 Semester – 2nd
Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 201 General , Clinical & Systemic 56 4 25 75 100
Pathology

Objective – To develop the basic understanding of why and how diseases develop
and the changes that occur at the macroscopic, tissue and cellular level.

Outcome intended – At the end of the semester , the student will become familiar
with the terminology used in pathology , identify changes that occur at the
macroscopic and microscopic level , perform various basic clinical pathology tests
like routine examination of urine and body fluids.

Unit I : General Pathology - Introduction to pathology – study of pathology , an

overview – health and disease - Determinants of health-- Etiology – cause of disease
- multi – factorial causation of disease– significance of etiology , natural history of
disease , pathogenesis , clinical manifestations- signs and symptoms , morphological
changes – macroscopic and microscopic - in disease - common terms in pathology
Unit II : Cell injury - etiology of injury - Reversible and Irreversible Injury, morphology
of reversible injury --hydropic ,hyaline , mucoid and fatty change. Intracellular
Accumulation, endogenous and exogenous pigments, morphology of irreversible injury
– cell death – autolysis – apoptosis – necrosis – coagulative , liquifactive , caseous ,
fibrinoid - Cellular adaptations –Causes ,types and morphology - Atrophy,
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia.
Unit III : Inflammation and Healing – Types of inflammation -Acute and Chronic,
chemical mediators of inflammation , Inflammatory Cells, Morphology and Fate of
inflammation -Chronic inflammation – chemical mediators and morphology – types -
non specific and Granulomatous . Healing – Regeneration, Repair, Healing in Skin --
Healing by primary and secondary intention, healing in other tissues
Unit IV : Pathophysiology of Haemodynamics –fluid compartments of the body –
types of pressure gradients --- Disturbance of Body Water – pathogenesis of oedema
–types of oedema , haemorrhage ,hyperaemia and congestion, Thrombosis
,embolism , ischaemia & infarction - Neoplasia – overview ,benign and malignant
tumours , classification and nomenclature of neoplastic disease , Chemical, Physical
and Biological Cacinogenesis -- Clinical and Gross Features --dysplasia- invasion
and metastasis --cytological features of malignancy.
Unit V : Clinical Pathology - Routine urine examination—specimen collection --
physical examination -- chemical examination -- microscopic examination , body fluids
–an overview – description of various body fluids --CSF , pleural , peritoneal , synovial
– indications for collection of body fluids – normal and abnormal features - routine
sample processing and examination .

9
Unit VI : Systemic Pathology –an overview of the systems and pathologic conditions
- Cardiovascular system-atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, Respiratory
diseases- chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic restrictive lung disease, respiratory
infections Musculoskeletal system - neurogenic disease , myopathies- muscular
dystrophy, The nervous system— infective diseases, ischaemic brain damage,
cerebral infarction, intracerebral haemorrhage, degenerative diseases Digestive
System- Disease of Oesophagus , Stomach ,Hepatitis, Cirrhosis of Liver, Neoplasm
of GIT, Excretory System- Glomerulonephritis ,Nephritic & Nephrotic Syndrome,
Pyelonephritis, Renal Arteriosclerosis, Hydronephrosis ,Renal neoplasms
Essential reading :
1. Harshmohan (2017), Textbook of Pathology,7th edition, Jaypee Publications
2. Robbins,(2012), Text book of Pathology, 3rd edition, Elsevier Publications

Suggested reading :
1. Boyd’s Textbook of Pathology (Systemic Pathology) , 10th ed , Dr. J.R.
Bhardwaj
2. Essentials of Clinical Pathology, Kawthalkar, Shirish M

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 202 Clinical Biochemistry I 42 3 25 75 100

Objectives : The students will be able to understand the bimolecular architecture of

cells and organelles , the chemical nature and metabolism of macromolecules and
the integration of metabolism at various levels .
Intended outcome : at the end of the semester the student will be able to
understand the molecular make up of cells and tissues and how abnormalities at
this level result in disease.
Unit I : Introduction of Clinical Biochemistry: Introduction & importance of clinical
biochemistry. Methods of taking blood specimen, Separating the serum and plasma
aseptically. Anticoagulant.
Unit II : Integration of Metabolism and Metabolism in Starvation: Definition and
Significance of integration of Metabolism, Integration of Metabolism at Cellular and
Tissue or Organ Level. Blood glucose regulation. Metabolism in Starvation, Phases of
Starvation and Diabetes.
Unit III : Plasma proteins: Major classes of Plasma proteins, Synthesis of Plasma
proteins, Function of Plasma Proteins, Separation of Plasma Protein.
Unit IV : Metabolic intermediates: Introduction to Non-protein nitrogenous
compounds ,urea/BUN: Synthesis, clinico-pathological correlations and estimations,
Creatin and creatinine :Synthesis, clinico-pathological correlations and estimations,
Uric acid :Synthesis, clinico-pathological correlations and estimations, Ammonia,
Prophyrins,

10
Unit V : Mineral & Metabolic Bone Diseases: Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus,
Sulfur etc. Metabolism of Trace elements. Bone metabolism, Markers of bone
metabolism.
Unit VI : Water, Electrolyte Balance and Imbalance: Distribution of water and
electrolytes in the body. Water and electrolytes balance. Regulatory Mechanism.
Water and Electrolyte Metabolism. Dehydration. Acidosis and Alkalosis.
Essential reading :
1. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Carl A.
Burtis, David E. Bruns, 7th ed
2. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry , Robert K. Murray , Darrly K. Granner , Peter
A Mayes , Victor W Rodwell , 26th ed.

Suggested reading :
1. Essentials of Biochemistry , U.Satyanarayan , 3rd ed .

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 203 Instruments & Reagents 42 3 25 75 100

Objectives :The students will learn about commonly used instruments , apparatus
and equipment , and the properties of reagents and chemicals . They wil also learn
about the safety norms practised in a medical laboratory .

Intended outcome : The student will be able to understand the safety measures
and methods of prevention of accidents in the laboratory , uses of instruments and the
preparation and storage of various chemicals used in the laboratory .

Unit I: Laboratory Safety

Laboratory safety measures, safe use and storage of chemicals and reagents ,
Laboratory hazards and accidents , First aid in accidents, Laboratory contamination
and laboratory assoaciated infections, Preventing laboratory infection, Chemical and
Biological waste disposal, Biosafety cabinets –types, Biosafety regulations for basic
laboratory practises and procedures, WHO guidelines for clinical lab biosafety

Unit II : Clinical Laboratory Organization: Safe laboratory design and organization

Operational standard and management, The Laboratory Manual or protocol
accomodation, training of staff, quality assurance, Research and Literature in Clinical
Laboratory: Medical Dictionaries, Merck Index, Pubmed Database, Role of seminar
and conference

Unit III : Use of Basic Laboratory Instruments

Water bath, Balances, Hot plate, Magnetic stirrer, Hot air oven, pH meter, Incubator,
Water Distillation Apparatus,

Unit IV : Preparation of Solutions and Reagents

Normal, Molar & percent solutions, Buffers-Preparation and types, pH and
significance, Diagnostic kits

11
Unit V : Laboratory Techniques

Principle, & Applications of Centrifuges, Colorimetry and photometry,

Spectrophotometry, flame photometry, fluorometry, End point reaction methods,
Turbidimetry and nephelometry, Densitometry.
Chromatography: Principle, Chromatographic performance parameters, types of
hromatography Electrophoresis:Principle, Types, electrophoresis of proteins & nucleic
acids
Essential reading :
1. Manual of Laboratory Safety , Najat Rashid, Ramnik Sood
2. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, Praful B.Godkar , Darshan P.
Godkar

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 204 General Microbiology 42 3 25 75 100

Objectives: The students will develop an understanding of the history of microbiology,

microorganisms and basic requirements for their growth, methods of cultivation and
staining and biomedical waste management

Intended outcome : The student will be able to understand growth of

microorganisms , methods of cultivation and detection by different types of staining ,
management of biomedical waste

Unit I : Introduction to Microbiology: Introduction of Medical Microbiology,

Discovery of microorganism. Contribution of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur
and theory of spontaneous generation, Robert Koch and his postulates, Metchnikoff,
Alexander Fleming.

Unit II : Control of growth of Microorganism & Biomedical Waste management:

Physical and Chemical Method of Control of Microorganism. Classification of
Hazardous Waste. Different Locations of Biomedicals waste Generation. Importance
of Segregation. Biomedical Waste Management process.

Unit III : Microorganisms : The morphology and fine structure of Bacteria, Fungai,
Alge, Protozoa and Viruses.

Unit IV : Cultivation of Microorganism: Purpose of cultivation of Microorganism.

Basic growth requirements and Essential growth factor. Types of media, Preparation
of media, storage of media.

Unit V : Staining: Classification of microbiology stains and different types of staining –

Simple staining, Negative staining, Impregnation methods, Different staining (Gram
staining), Special Staining – Z. N. stain & Albert stain, KOH test.

12
 Essential reading :

1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology , 10th ed.

2. An Introduction To Microbiology , M.G. Sequeira, K.K. Kapoor, K.S. Yadav, P.
Tauro, 3rd ed

Suggested reading :

1. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, Praful B.Godkar , Darshan P.

Godkar

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 205 Haematology & Haemoglobinopathies 56 4 25 75 100
Objective – To familiarise the student with the structure and function of blood and the
techniques used to diagnose disease by studying the different components of blood in
the laboratory .

Outcome intended– At the end of the semester , the students will be able to perform
various basic haematological tests , correlate and compare the normal and abnormal
values and be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

Unit I : Blood –an overview , general aspects of Haemopoiesis , sites of

haemopoiesis , regulation of haemopoiesis , haematopoetic stem cell , structure of
bone marrow , examination of bone marrow , sites of bone marrow aspiration and
biopsy , development of blood cells , erythropoiesis , granulopoiesis , lymphopoiesis ,
development of monocyte macrophage series ,the megakaryocyte , development,
structure and functions of platelets.
Unit II : Laboratory investigations of haematologic disorders ,Disorders of Red Blood
Cells , Anaemia due to Impaired Red Cell Production: Iron Deficiency Anaemia,
Megaloblastic Anaemia, Aplastic Anaemia, haemolysis & Anaemia due to Excessive
Red Cell destruction , anaemias due to enzyme deficiencies – pyruvate kinase
deficiency , G6PD deficiency , Haemoglobin Variants, Haemoglobinopathies—α-
Thalassemia, β -Thalassemia , Sickle-cell disease/trait
Unit III : An overview of WBCs , types , Structure and functions of WBCs , normal
ranges , Disorders of White Blood Cells , etiology , pathogenesis & laboratory
diagnosis of disorders of granulocytes , causes of neutrophilia, lymphocytosis,
eosinophilia , neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia , monocyte macrophage system
, causes of monocytosis and monocytopenia , leukaemoid reaction , leukamias ,
lymphomas
Unit IV : Disorders of platelets, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis , mechanism of
coagulation , tests for coagulation , disorders of coagulation , fibrinolysis , bleeding
disorders caused by abnormalities of the Blood Vessels – vascular Purpuras ,
anticoagulant therapy , Heparin Therapy, Oral Anticoagulants and monitoring.

13
 Essential reading :

1. Shirish M Kauthalkar, Essentials of haematology, 2nd ed.

2. Dacie & Lewis, Practical Haematolgy
3. Atlas of Haematology by Renu Saxena

Suggested reading :
1. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition,Bhalani Publications
2. Sood Ramnik,(2015), Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology,2nd edition,
Jaypee Publications

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS206P Practical III (MLS201,MLS 205) 98 8 50 150 200
List of practicals :

Pathology practicals :
1. Demonstration of microscopic features of fatty change
2. To study microscopic features of coagulative necrosis
3. Demonstration of microscopic features of acute inflammation .
4. Demonstration of microscopic features of chronic inflammation
5. Demonstration of microscopic features of chronic granulomatous inflammation
6. Demonstration of microscopic features of metaplasia
7. To learn about the sample collection and routine examination of urine –
physical & chemical properties
8. To study the microscopic aspect of urine examintion.

Haematology practicals :
1. Demonstration of different anticoagulant used in haematology laboratory, vials,
vacutainers, colour codes and order of draw.
2. Preparation and staining of a blood smear
3. To determine the relative number of each type of white cell present in the blood
by performing differential leucocyte count (DLC )
4. Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – Westergren and Wintobe
methods
5. Procedure for preparation and determination of reticulocyte count.
6. Detection of abnormal haemoglobin

14
Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 207P Practical IV (MLS202, MLS 203) 98 8 50 150 200

List of Practicals :

Clinical Biochemistry 1
1. Blood collection.
2. Separation of serum and plasma.
3. Estimation of glucose by GOD POD method.
4. Estimation of protein by Bradford method.
5. Estimation of urea by Urease (Berthelot) test.
6. Estimation of uric acid by Uricase/PAP method.

Instrumentation and Reagents

1. Preparation of percent solution, Molar solution and Normal solution.

2. Preparation of buffers and adjusting their pH by using pH meter..
3. Quantitative estimation of protein by using spectrophotometry.
4. Performing thin layer chromatography.
5. Preparation of agarose gel and SDS-polyacylamide gel and performing
electrophoresis.

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 208P Practical V (MLS 204 ) 42 3 10 40 50

List of Practicals :

General microbiology :
1. Understanding the autoclave and sterilization procedures.
2. Understanding the laminar flow equipment and its function.
3. Preparation of liquid media
4. Preparation of solid media
5. Inoculation of cultures through loops.

15
 Semester – 3rd
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 301 Clinical Biochemistry II 56 4 25 75 100

Objectives : The students will learn about the secretory , absorptive and excretory
mechanism taking place in the digestive and excretory system . They will also learn
about acid base balance and the role of enzymes .

Intended outcome : At the end of the semester the student will be able to
understand the mechanism of development of disease in different organ systems and
the role of metabolites , excretory products and enzymes as biomarkers.

Unit I: Evaluation of liver & gastric function: - Test based on excretory function-
serum bilirubin, bile acids and bile salts. Test based on synthetic function, test based
on serum enzymes-serum enzymes as markers of hepatobiliary disease, markers of
obstructive liver disease. Assessment of gastric & pancreatic function, malabsorption
studies.

Unit II: Kideny function test: - Test to screen for kidney disease-complete urine
analysis, plasma urea and creatainine. Test to assess renal function-glomerular
filtration rate, clearance tests, glomerular permeability, proteinuria, assessment of
tubular function- reabsorption studies, secretion test, concentration and dilution test,
renal acidification. Uric acid excretion.

Unit III: Acid-Base balance & pH: - Buffers of body fluids, respiratory regulation of
pH, renal regulation of pH, disturbances in acid-base balance- metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis. Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis, anion gap, determination of
blood pH & gases.
Unit IV: Clinical enzymology & biomarkers: – Clinical enzymology, plasma lipid
profile, hypolipoproteinemias, hyperlipidemias. Cardiac markers-creatine kinase (CK-
MB), cardiac troponins, high sensitive TnT, AST & LDH. Markers of Muscle diseases-
creatine kinase (CK-MM), aldolase. Markers of bone disease- Alkaline phosphatase,
heat labile bone isoenzymes. Prostate markers- prostate specific antigen, acid
phosphatase. Miscellaneous enzymes-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, urease,
glucose oxidase & peroxidase.

Essential reading :
1. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Carl A.
Burtis, David E. Bruns, 7th ed
2. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry , Robert K. Murray , Darrly K. Granner , Peter
A Mayes , Victor W Rodwell , 26th ed.

Suggested reading :
1. Essentials of Biochemistry , U.Satyanarayan , 3rd ed .

16
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 302 Systemic bacteriology 56 4 25 75 100

Objectives: The students will learn the techniques of sample collection , culture ,
identification and study of different types of bacteria .

Intended outcome : At the end of the semester the student will be able to collect
microbiological samples , set up culture and antimicrobial sensitivity and identify the
causative organisms using various culture media .

Unit I : Collection, Transport and Examination of specimens

Specimen collection, preservation transportation and examination of specimens- urine,
urogenital, throat and mouth, feces, blood and bone marrow, CSF, eye specimens, ear
discharge, pus from wounds, abscesses, burns & sinuses.

Unit II : Identification of Bacteria

Culture media, Culture Methods-Aerobic & Anaerobic culture methods, Identification
methods-Morphology & Culture characteristics, Staining Reactions, Resistance,
Metabolism, Biochemical properties-IMViC Tests, Biochemical reactions on TSI slants,
Antibiotic resistance, Antimicrobial sensitivity tests

Unit III : Study of gram positive bacteria

Gram positive cocci – staphylococci,streptococci.
Gram positive bacilli – Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Listeria, LactoBacillus,
Anaerobic bacteria -Clostridia.

Unit IV : Study of Gram negative bacteria

Gram negative cocci - Neisseria
Gram negative bacilli – Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Aeromonas,
plesiomonas, Campylobacter, Bacteroides, Bordetella, Brucella, Haemophilus,
Pasteurella, Francisella, Spirochaetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, etc

Unit V : Automation in Bacteriology

Introduction, BACTEK system, The ATB system, The VITEK system, The API
systems, BacT/ALERT 3D automated microbial detection system

Essential reading :
1. Clinical Microbiology & and Parasitology , Nanda Maheshwari
2. Diagnostic Microbiology , Ranjan Kumar De
3. Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology , 10th ed.

Suggested reading :
1. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition, Bhalani Publications

17
 Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 303 Blood Banking & Transfusion Medicine 56 4 25 75 100

Objective – to understand the basics of immunohaematology , blood grouping ,

compatibility testing , blood donation , component preparation and problem solving in
transfusion practice.

Outcome intended : At the end of the session, the student will be able to perform the
basic techniques in blood donation , component preparation, blood banking as well
as pre transfusion testing and resolution of post transfusion problems.

Unit I:-

Introduction to blood banking ---basic immunohematologic concepts — red cell

Antigens--- Immunogenicity--Blood Group Antibodies---Natural antibodies –immune
antibodies—autoantibodies ---alloantibodies ---The Complement System and role of
Complement in Erythrocyte Destruction -- human blood group systems ---ABO and
Rh blood group Systems -- other blood groups - inheritance of blood group systems

Unit II:-

Pretransfusion testing ---Blood groupig & Rh typing --- Basic Principles—

Hemagglutination--- Factors Affecting Hemagglutination---Grading of
Hemagglutination Reactions---Tube Reactions---ABO blood group typing problems -
Antihuman globulin test --- direct Coomb’s test--- indirect Coomb’s test---antibody
screening – cross matching ---Specimen Requirements ---Rh incompatibility , HDN --
-blood screening for Transfusion transmitted diseases --TTD—quality control in blood
bank procedures
Unit III:-

Blood collection –- donor selection criteria—phlebotomy—anticoagulants-- blood

preservation ---techniques for separation of blood components—preparation , storage
and dispensing of blood components like WB , PRBC , FFP , platelets –—blood and
blood component transfusion therapy – indications & selection of blood components –
leucoreduction -- irradiation - apheresis- indications , techniques and advantages
Unit IV:-

Blood transfusion --- presurgical blood donation – autologous transfusion --

Massive blood transfusion---exchange transfusion —neonatal and paediatric
transfusion --- transfusion reactions—transfusion reaction investigations—non
infectious complications of blood transfusion -- blood transfusion alternatives

18
 Essential reading :

1. Essentials of blood banking , SR Mehdi , 2nd ed

2. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition, Bhalani Publications
3. Technical Manual - American Association of Blood Banks - AABB- 16th ed
4. Handbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine , Rao Gundu HR
Suggested reading :

1. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology,(2014),13th edition, Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins
2. Handbook of Blood banking and Transfusion medicine, H.R. Gundurao

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total

Code Hrs
MLS 304 P Practical VI ( MLS 301 ) 56 4 50 50 100

List of Practicals :

Clinical Biochemistry II :

1. Estimation of total cholesterol in a sample of blood

2. Estimation of HDL cholesterol in a sample of blood
3. Estimation of albumin in a sample of blood
4. Estimation of calcium in a sample of blood
5. Estimation of serum enzymes ALT in a given sample of blood
6. Estimation of serum enzymes AST in a given sample of blood

Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Tota

Code l
MLS 305 P Practical VII ( MLS 302 ) 56 4 50 50 100

List of practicals:

Systemic Bacteriology

1. Preparation of solid and liquid media.

2. Procedure of growth of microorganisms in solid media by streaking and
spreading method.
3. Gram Staining.
4. Identification of bacteria by IMViC test.
5. Antibiotic Sensitivity Test.

19
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 306 P Practical VIII ( MLS 303 ) 56 4 50 50 100

List of practicals :

Blood Banking & Transfusion medicine :

1. To understand the basic concept of Blood Grouping.
2. To determine ABO group of a sample by testing red cells and serum
( forward and reverse) by tube test method
3. Blood grouping of an unknown sample
4. To demonstrate the presence of H antigen on red cells
5. To determine subgroups of blood group A by the use of anti A1 antiserum
6. To determine the presence of unexpected ,incomplete antibody on the
surface of red cells by DAT .
7. To determine the presence of unexpected ,incomplete antibody in a blood
sample by Antiglobulin test.
8. To perform Cross match between donor and recipient blood to check
compatibility ( or incompatibility ) between them before blood transfusion

Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Tota

Code Hrs l
MLS 307 P Evaluative Clinical Training I 126 6 ……. 100 100

The ECT I is a clinical training of 45 days duration to be done in a Laboratory /Hospital

/Medical College approved by the University. MLS trainee students have to go for
observational cum hands on clinical postings during which they will observe and assist
in the techniques and procedures under supervision of an experienced staff in the
following areas:
Blood and sample collection
Clinical pathology
Haematology
Basic microbiology
Basic biochemistry
The students will be provided a Posting Manual in which they will record their daily
technical activities and get them verified by the supervisor / in charge under whom
they work. It is compulsory to submit duly signed and stamped Posting Manual to the
DDUKK before ECT I examination .
The supervisor / in charge will issue a duly signed and stamped certificate after
satisfactory completion of the training .
The ECT I examination will include assessment of record of work in the Posting
Manual and evaluation of knowledge and skill by viva voce .

20
 Semester – 4th
Paper Code Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total

MLS 401 Diagnostic Endocrinology 56 4 25 75 100

Objective – To understand the basics of immunohaematology , blood grouping ,

compatibility testing , blood donation , component preparation and problem solving in
transfusion practice.

Outcome intended : At the end of the session, the student will be able to perform the
basic techniques in blood donation , component preparation, blood banking as well
as pre transfusion testing and resolution of post transfusion problems.

Unit I : Introduction and classification of hormones, difference between hormones and

enzymes, Regulation and general mechanism of action of hormones.

Unit II : Pituitary gland & hypothalamus, hormones of the Anterior Pituitary- Growth
hormone, Prolactin, Gonadotropin, Follicle Stimulating hormone, Leuteinizing
Hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Unit III : Thyroid hormones – T3, T4, PTH, disorders. Neurohypophysis hormones-
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone.

Unit IV : Kidney hormone-Renin, Adrenal gland hoemones-Aldosterone,

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, cortisol, disorders.

Unit V : Gonads hormones-Testosterone, Estrogens, Progesterone, Human Chorionic

Gonadotropin (HCG), disorders.

Unit VI : pancreatic hormone- Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, disorders.

Unit VII : Diagnostic endocrinology techniques- ELISA, RIA, chemiluminescence

assay Procedure for hormones – physiological effects produced by normal and
abnormal levels of various hormones.

Essential reading :
1. Introduction to Endocrinology , Negi & Chandra S
2. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition, Bhalani Publications

Suggested reading :
1. Endocrinology , Mac Hadley , 6th ed

21
 Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 402 Immunology & Serology 70 5 25 75 100

Objective – The student will learn the basics of immunology, the types and outcome
of immune response, principles of antigen-antibody reactions, principles of
serological procedures and their application in laboratory medicine.

Outcome intended : At the end of the semester the student will be able identify the
structure, function, and special features of of immunoglobulin , perform serological
tests and correlate their results with disease conditions.

Unit I : Cells and organs of the Immune system, Immunity – innate and acquired
immunity, humoral and cell mediated immunity, Primary and secondary immune
response.
Unit II : Antigen – Classes, properties. Antibodies/Immunoglobulins – Structure,
Properties, Types of Immunoglublins, Complement, Introduction to serology

Unit III : Immunological principles of various reactions and techniques: Affinity and
avidity, cross reactivity, precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation, opsonisation,
immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA (indirect, sandwich, competitive,
chemiluminescence, and ELISPOT assay), western blotting, immunofluorescence,
flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy.
Unit IV : Diagnostic Immunology & serology -qualitative & quantitative tests, Widal
test, VDRL Test, ASO Titre, Rheumatoid factor, C Reactive protein, HbsAg, Anti HCV,
Anti HIV, Automation in serology
Unit V : Allergy, Hypersensitivity, Different hypersensitive reactions -type I, II, III, IV,
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation, Tumor immunity,
Tolerance, Autoimmunity-Mechanism, Transplantation immunology
Essential Readings :
1. Essentials of Immunology and Serology, Jaqueline Stanley
2. Kuby’s Immunology ,Owen , Judith A

22
 Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 403 Parasitology, Mycology & 70 5 25 75 100
Virology

Objective – The students will be introduced to the characteristic features of parasites

and hosts, life cycles , diseases and laboratory methods of detection of various
medically important parasites , fungi and viruses.
Outcome intended : At the end of the semester the student will be able to perform
the basic techniques in detection and identification of various parasite , fungi and
viruses of medical significance.

Unit I

General Parasitology—introduction -- Basic concepts in medical parasitology --

Association between parasite and host—surface , intestinal , blood and tissue
parasites ,Effect of parasites on the host-- Mechanism of disease production by
parasites, --Classification of medical parasitology --General characteristics of
medically important parasites -- Protozoa -- Heliminths-- Arthropods

Unit II
Medically important parasites -- Introduction & classification of medically important
parasites --E.histolylica, Giardia - Malaria parasite-- Leishmanial parasites—
Tapeworms-- Intestinal nematodes -- Filarial worms -- tissue nematodes --Arthropods-
-Importance of Arthropods in Parasitology -Classification of Arthropods -Medical
conditions related to arthropods

Unit III
Mycology – introduction to fungi - structure , general properties and
characteristic features - useful fungi - Classification of pathogenic Fungi-- Morphology
of Fungi— Brief idea of Dermatophytes, - Cutaneous mycoses, Systemic mycoses,
Opportunistic mycoses - Mycotoxins sample collection - Laboratory diagnosis of Fungi
- Culture and laboratory test for fungus -- KOH preparation , LCB mount –India Ink
preparation

Unit IV
Virology – discovery - General properties of viruses – structure, replication,
growth, classification and nomenclature of medically important viruses –Common viral
diseases – mode of transmission of infection - laboratory Diagnosis --arboviruses –
oncogenic viruses –prevention and control of viral diseases - interferons - Elementary
knowledge of viral vaccines -- Bacteriophage – Phage typing.

Essential Readings :
1. Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology by C. K. Jayaram Paniker
2. Chatterjee, K. D. ,Parasitology: Protozoology and Helminthology
3. Ananthanarayan R. and Paniker C.K.J. (2009) Textbook of Microbiology. 8th
edition
Suggested reading :
1. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology , Nanda Maheshwari
2. The Shortbook of Medical Microbiology ( including Parasitology) , Gupte
Satish

23
 Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 404P Practical IX (MLS 401 , MLS 402) 98 8 100 100 200

List of Practicals :

Diagnostic Endocrinology :
1. Estimation of the concentration of TSH in a blood sample by ELISA method
2. Estimation of the concentration of T3 in a blood sample by ELISA method
3. Estimation of the concentration of T4 in a blood sample by ELISA method
4. Estimation of the concentration of Prolactin in a blood sample by ELISA
method
5. Estimation of the concentration of Estradiol in a blood sample by ELISA
method

Immunology & Serology :

1. Principle and procedure of Widal test
2. Slide test for Rheumatoid factor
3. Test for syphilis using RPR test kit
4. Estimation of antibody titres using Ouchterlony’s double diffusion method
5. Antibody capture by ELISA

Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total

Code
MLS 405P Practical X (MLS 403) 98 8 100 100 200

List of practicals :
Parasitology, Mycology & Virology :

1. Preparation , staining and examination of a blood smear and performing DLC.

2. To determine the number of eosinophils in a sample of blood by performing
absolute eosinophil count (AEC)
3. Preparation of thin & thick blood films for demonstration of blood parasites
4. Rapid diagnosis of malaria infection by detection of malaria antigen in a blood
sample.
5. To perform routine and microscopic examination of stool sample
6. Detemination of reducing substance in stool – measurement of unabsorbed
sugars in stool .
7. Determination of Occult blood in stool – testing presence of blood in stool
8. Demonstration of fungi by microscopic examination - wet mount
9. Demonstration of fungi in a clinical sample by treatment with 10 % KOH
solution.
10. Detection of Hepatitis B -- qualitative detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
(HBsAg) in serum or plasma.

24
 Semester -5th
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 501P Histopathology & Cytology 56 4 25 75 100

Objective – The students will learn about the techniques to study the structural
changes in cells and tissues obtained by aspiration, biopsy or autopsy .

Outcome intended : At the end of the semester the student will be able to perform
sample handling , preservation , tissue processing , routine and special staining
procedures.

Unit I
Introduction to histotechnology – Cells, Tissue ,organs and their functions -- Different
human organs and their gross and histological structure and functions --- Collection of
specimen -- tissue biopsies , cytological samples , FNAC , autopsy ,Fixation --
Classification of fixatives, Simple Fixatives and their properties --processsing bone
tissue –Decalcification, procedure and chemicals used

Unit II
Tissue processing—manual & automated tissue processing –- fixation-- Dehydration
----Clearing -- Impregnation --Embedding--Paraffin block making --- Section Cutting----
Microtomes and microtome knives -- types --- use and care-- sharpening of knife –
Honing—Stropping—Technique of section cutting ---- Frozen section.

Unit III
Priniples of staining—Dyes and stains used in histopathology --Staining with
Haematoxylin and Eosin --Congo red-- methyl violet-- Leishman stain —Giesma –
Special stains ----VG - PAS ---Masson’s trichrome , Gomori’s trichrome -- Perl’
Prussian blue -- Alcian blue ---Reticulin stain
Unit IV
Introduction to Cytology ---- Fine needle aspiration cytology ( FNAC) - Exfoliative
Cytology --Sample collection -- sputum, BAL, CSF, Pleural, peritoneal and pericardial
fluid, Gynaecologic samples - preservation and fixation of samples --- Liquid
Based Cytology LBC - Staining methods --- Papanicolaou’s staining technique ---
MGG staining --- H & E staining --- Cytospin technique -- cell block preparation

Essential reading :
1. Dr. D.R. Singh ( 2003) Principles & Techniques in Histology , Microsopy and
Photomicrography .
2. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition,Bhalani Publications
Suggested Reading :
1. Techniques Histopathology & Cytopathology , A guide for medical laboratory
students, Sadhana Vishwakarma, Jun 2017

25
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 502 Molecular Diagnostics 56 4 25 75 100

Objective – the student will learn about the genomic organisation , variation and the
techniques used in detection of these variations

Outcome intended : At the end of the semester the student will develop an insight
into the molecular disgnostic techniques used in the detection of infectious disease ,
cancers, genetic disorders and forensic testing.

UNIT I
Organization of the Genome –Molecular composition and structure, Pathway for the
transfer of genetic information, Chromosome structure, Structure of gene, Replication
of DNA, Transcription of DNA to RNA, Translation, Transcriptional control, The operon
concept, DNA repair, DNA mutations.

UNIT II
Molecular Biology Techniques- Nucleic acid extraction, Hybridization assays, DNA
amplification techniques – Fundamentals of polymerase chain reaction, Restriction
Fragment Length Polymorphism.

UNIT III

Applications of Molecular diagnostics- Diagnosis of cancer by using molecular

techniques, Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases, Forensic identity testing
(Parentage testing, DNA finger printing).

UNIT IV

Cytogenetics- Use of cell culture for cytogenetic studies, General method of

preparation of cell culture, Study of constitutional chromosome patterns.

Essential reading :
1. Tietz Textbook of clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , 5th ed
2. Laboratory Manual for Molecular Genetic Tests, Madhumita Roy Chaudhary

Suggested reading :
1. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3rd edition,Bhalani Publications

26
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 503 Public Health 56 4 25 75 100

Objective – The students will learn about the prevalence of disease in the community
, accessibility of the public to healthcare facilities and state run programmes to
promote health and prevent ,control and treat diseases.

Outcome intended– At the end of the semester , the students will become familiar
with the magnitude of disease in the community , health indicators and their
significance, health care facilities being provided by the government at the primary ,
secondary and tertiary levels . They will also become aware of the various national
disease prevention & control and health promotion programmes and the national and
international agencies like WHO , UNICEF , Red Cross involved in healthcare delivery
.
Unit I

Natural History of Disease--- Determinants of health---- multi – factorial causation of

disease –host ,agent , environment relationship ---primary--secondary and tertiary
levels of prevention with examples related to few diseases of national importance---
Mode of transmission of disease- Air – borne, vector and vehicle transmission---
Methods of control ----Disinfection of the infective materials received in the Laboratory
by using the appropriate disinfection methods, at the health centre level.

Unit II

Description of organization of health services at the centre and state levels—primary ,

secondary and tertiary health care delivery, International health , WHO, UNICEF --
Primary Health Care - Definition, components and principles of primary health care—
sub centre , Aanganwadi , PHC , CHC ,district hospitals , Apex hospitals ,Health for all
indicators --National Programmes of Health and disease eradication-- Health
Programmes---- Family Welfare Programme ---Immunization and universal
immunization programme---- Disease Eradication programme---Leprosy ,--Disease
control programmes---Tuberculosis--- Malaria—Goitre

Unit III

Statistics--- Presentation of data ----general tabulations ---Simple Tables-- Frequency

Distribution Tables ---diagrams ---Bar Diagrams, Histogram, Line Diagram --Pie
Diagram ---statistical averages ---calculation of Mean, Median, Mode-- measures of
dispersion ---Normal Curve, Range, Standard Deviation and their significance

Unit IV

Environmental sanitation--- Methods of water purification and disinfection, collection

of water samples, their transport and bacteriological analysis--- Food and Nutrition---
Food-borne diseases of Public Health importance---Assessment of Nutritional status—

27
 nutrition programmes--Management of Sanitation in Public Health --- Health
education – definition, principles, objectives, purpose

Essential Readings:

1. K. Parks & Sunder Lal, (2015),Textbook of Preventive Social Medicine ,3rd

edition, Bhanot Publications

Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total

Code
MLS 504P Practical XI ( MLS 501) 84 6 50 50 100

List of practicals :

Histopathology & Cytology :

1. Demonstration of various cells and tissues in the human body.

2. Preparation of 10% buffered formalin for fixation of surgical specimens
3. To study the properties of various fixatives used in histopathology
4. Decalcification of bone specimens for subsequent tissue processing
5. Gross examination of surgical samples
6. Tissue processing and block preparation by manual method
7. Tissue processing and block preparation – Automatic tissue processor
8. Section cutting , floatation and slide preparation
9. Staining and mounting of cut sections by H& E stain .
10. Staining and mounting of cytological smears by Papanicolaou method

Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total

Code
MLS 505P Practical XII ( MLS 502) 84 6 50 50 100

List of Practicals :

Molecular Diagnostics :
1. Preparation of reagents for DNA isolation
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from blood
3. Agarose Gel electrophoresis
4. Polymerase chain reaction
5. Detection of viral markers by PCR Technique

28
Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total
Code
MLS 506P Evaluative Clinical Training II 154 6 ……. 100 100

The ECT II is a clinical training of 45 days duration to be done in a blood bank

approved by the University. MLS trainee students have to go for hands on clinical
postings during which they will observe and assist in the techniques and procedures
under supervision of an experienced staff in the blood bank
The students will be provided a Blood bank Posting Manual in which they will
record their daily technical activities and get them verified by the supervisor / in
charge under whom they work. It is compulsory to submit completed , duly signed
and stamped Blood bank Posting Manual to the DDUKK before the ECT II
examination .
The supervisor / in charge of the blood bank will issue a duly signed and stamped
certificate after satisfactory completion of the training .
The ECT II examination will include assessment of record of work in the blood bank
Posting Manual , written examination of blood bank techniques and evaluation of
knowledge and skill by viva voce .

29
 Semester – 6th
Paper Paper Name Total Credit IA SE Total
Code Hrs
MLS 601 Quality Assurance & Medical 56 4 25 75 100
ethics

Objective – The students will be made familiar with good laboratory practices to
ensure and improve quality in the laboratory and basic ethics to be followed in a
laboratory/ health care setting.

Outcome intended : At the end of the semester, the student will be able to
implement the quality assurance programme in the laboratory and practice ethical
principles in the healthcare setting .

Unit I

Quality , an overview - Introduction to laboratory quality management --- Essential

elements of Quality Assurance Programme – QMS – QLPs – quality assurance QAS
– quality assessment QA –Indicators of laboratory quality - TAT –sample rejection -
patient feedback -- quality control QC --- Internal Quality control—external quality
control - EQUAS

Unit II

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) - Control of pre-analytical variables-- control of

analytical variables--- Quality Control of the chemicals, reagent –calibration of
equipment --laboratory precision, accuracy & sensitivity –sources of error-- Validation
of methods--- Reference materials and calibrating methods-- new reagent verification
---Systemic and random errors —Westgard rules -- Quality control charts--Levey-
Jenning chart - ---corrective methods -- Corrective action preventive action – post
analytical errors and their prevention and resolution

Unit III

Basic format of a test report - reference ranges - abnormal results- critical values -
critical value reporting protocol - release of test results -urgent, emergency and
routine reporting of results - alteration in reports protocols - quality improvement—
introduction to laboratory accreditation - Advantages of Accreditation, Brief
knowledge about National and International Agencies for clinical laboratory
accreditation -ISO , NABL , CAP etc.

30
 Unit IV

Medical ethics -Ethical Principles for a clinical laboratory professional --duty to the
patient --duty to colleagues and other professionals --general application of ethical
principles –Respect and equal treatment -- Dignity and privacy of patient --
Communication and informed consent--- Decision-making for incompetent patients--
Responsibility from acquisition of the specimen to the production of data ---
confidentiality of information ---maintenance , storage and retention of medical records
--- access to medical records.

Essential reading :

1. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory

Methods,(2011),22nd edition.
2. Quality Management in Hospitals by SK Joshi, 2nd ed

Paper Paper Name Total Hrs Credit IA SE Total

Code
MLS 602P Evaluative Clinical Training & 588 18 ….. 300 300
Internship

The ECT & Internship is a clinical training of 5 months duration to be done in a

Laboratory /Hospital / Medical College approved by the University. MLS trainee
students have to go for hands- on clinical training during which they will observe and
assist in the techniques and procedures under supervision of an experienced staff in
the different areas of medical laboratory like blood and sample collection, pathology ,
Haematology, Microbiology, Biochemistry , Molecular diagnostics , Histopathology &
cytopathology , quality assurance & improvement etc .

The students will be required to prepare at least one case study in every section, in all
not less than 5 case studies. The case studies will be verified by the supervisor / in
charge under whom they work. It is compulsory to submit duly signed case studies
to the clinical posting incharge before ECT & Internship examination .

The supervisor / in charge will issue a duly signed and stamped certificate after
satisfactory completion of the training .

The ECT & Internship examination will include presentation of the case studies ,
written examination of the techniques and viva voce for evaluation of knowledge and
skill .

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