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UNIT 1:- LINEAR ALGEBRA: MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM EQUATIONS

SET – I
I. Determine rank of following matrices by reducing to Echelon form
1 0 3 0 0 1 2 2 3
1 2 3 1  2
  1 7 0 1 2 5 4 6
(1) 2 4 6 2 (W-I) (2)   (3)  
  1 0 3 2 4  1  3 2  2
1 2 3 2    
1 0 3 0 0 2 4 1 6
 5 2 4 1 6  1 3 0 2 4 1 2 2 3 1
 2 1 1  2  2 3 3 1 6 3 1 3 2 3 0
(4)   (5)   (6)   (W-I)
4 1 0 5 10  2 1 1 7 9 2 4 3 6 4
     
 1  2 5  8  6 5 8 1 7 1 1 1 1 4 6
[Ans: (1) 2, (2) 3, (3) 4, (4) 3, (5) 3 , (6) 4 ]

II. Determine rank of following matrices by reducing to Normal form

0 2 1 3
1 2 3 4   2  5 3 4 1 1  1  2
(1) 2 1 4 3  (2) 1 3 5 2 (3)   (W-I)
    1 2 0 1 
3 0 5 10 4  10 6 8   
 1 1 2 6
 3 3 2  1  1  2  3
  4 4  2 4 1 0 2
(4)   (5) A    (BSG)
 4 5 3  0 3 1 4
   
  2 3  2 0 1 0 2
2 3  1  1
1  1  2  4   2 1  3  6
(6)   (BSG) 
(7) A  3  3 1 2  (BSG)
3 1 3  2  
  
 1 1 1 2 
 6 3 0  7 
3 4 1 1 1 2  1 3
9 7 3 6  2
  4 3 6 4 1 2 1
(8) 5  1 4 1 (W-I) (9)   (W-I) (10)   (W-I)
   1  2 6 4  3  1 1 2
6 8 2 4    
 1  1 2  2 1 2 0 1
[Ans: (1) 3, (2) 2, (3) 4 , (4) 3, (5) 4, (6) 2, (7) 3, (8) 3, (9) 4, (10) 3 ]

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III. Find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in normal form. Also find rank of
A, where
1 1 2  3  1  1 1 2 3 2 
(1) A  1 2 3  (BSG) (2) A   1 5  1 (3) A  2 3 5 1 
   
0  1  1  1  1 3  1 3 4 5
2 1  3 6 1  1 2  1

(4) A  3  3 1 2
 
(5) A  4 2  1 2
 W-I
   
1 1 1 2 2 2  2 0 
1 3 4 3 1 2 3  2 
(6)  3 9 12 9  W - I (7) A  2  2 1 3  (BSG)
 
 1  3  4  3 3 0 4 1 
[Ans: (1) 2, (2) 3, (3) 2, (4) 3, (5) 3, (6) 1 ]

HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM (AX = 0)

IV. Solve the following systems of equations:
(1) x + 2 y +3z = 0, 3x + 4 y +4 z = 0, 7 x + 10 y + 12 z = 0 (BSG) {0,0,0}
(2) x  2 x  3x  0 , 2 x  5x  6 x  0 (W-I) {-c,0,c}
1 2 3 1 2 3
(3) 2 x -2 y +5 z + 3w = 0, 4 x - y + z + w = 0, 3x - 2 y +3z + 4w = 0,
x - 3 y + 7 z + 6w = 0 {5k, 36k, 7k, 9k}
(4) 4 x + 2 y +z + 3w = 0, 6 x +3 y +4 z +7 w = 0, 2 x + y +w = 0
(BSG) x  (a  b) / 2, y  b, z  a, w  a
(5) x+y -2 z +3w = 0, x- 2 y+ z- w= 0, 4 x  y - 5 z + 8w= 0, 5 x -7 y +2 z -w = 0
rank(A)=2
(6) 4 x + 2 y +z + 3w = 0, 6 x +3 y +4 z +7 w = 0, 2 x + y +w = 0 rank(A)=2

V. Determine the values of  for which the following systems of equations may possess
non-trivial solution. Determine the solution for any value.
(1) 2 x  y  2 z  0 , x  y  3z  0 , 4 x  3 y  z  0 {  8; x  k , y  4k , z  k}
(2) 2 x  2 y  z  x , 2 x  3 y  2 z  y ,  x  2 y  z {  1,   3} (BSG)
(3) x  y  3z  0 , 4 x  3 y  z  0 , 2 x  y  2 z  0 {  9 2 ,   0; }

NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM (AX = B)

VI. Test for consistency and if consistent solve
(1) 3x + y + 2 z = 3 ; 2 x -3 y- z = -3; x + 2 y + z = 4 (BSG) {1,2,-1}
(2) 3x + 3 y + 2 z = 1, x + 2 y = 4, 10 y + 3z = - 2, 2 x - 3 y - z = 5 {2,1,4}
(3) x1  2 x2  x3  1, 6 x1  x2  x3  4 , 2 x1  3x2  x3  0 ,  x1  7 x2  2 x3  7,
x1  x2  1 (W-I){-1,-2,4}
(4) 2 x1  x2  5x3  x4  5 , x1  x2  3x3  4 x4  1, 3x1  6 x2  2 x3  x4  8,
2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  3x4  2. (W-I){2,1/5,0,4/5}
Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK
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(5) x + 2 y + z =4, x + y + 2 z = 0, 2 x +y + z = 4, 3 y +5 z = 1 Inconsistent

(6) 2 x +4 y  z = 9, 3x  y +5 z = 5, 8 x + 2 y +9 z =19, 5 x + 3 y +4 z =14

29  19t 17  13t
{x  ,y  , z  t}
14 14
(7) 2 x1  x3  4 , x1  2 x2  2 x3  7 , 3x1  2 x2  1
(W-I) {x1  2  (c / 2), x2  (5 / 2)  (3c / 4), x3  c}
(8) x1  x2  2 x3  x4  2 , 3x1  2 x2  x4  1 , 4 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  3
5  4a  3b 6a  2b  5
x1  , x2 
5 5
(9) x1  x2  x3  x4  x5  1, 2 x1  x2  4 x3  4 x5  2, 3x1  2 x2  2 x3  x4  x5  1
x1  x3  2x4  x5  0.
(W-I) {x1  1  3a  b, x2  1  3a, x3  1  a  2b, x4  a, x5  b}

VII. For what values of  the following set of equations is consistent and solve them
completely for each case:
(1) x  y  z  1 , x  2 y  4 z   , x  4 y  10 z  2 (W-I)
{  1 : 2c  1,3c, c;   2 : 2c,3c  1, c}

VIII. Find the values of  and  so that the following systems of equations have
i) no solution, ii) an unique solution and iii) an infinite number of solutions.
(1) x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + z =  (BSG)
(2) x + 2y +3 z = 4, x + 3y + 4z = 5, x + 3y + z =  (W-I)

IX. Find the values of a and b for which the equations

x + ay +z = 3, x + 2 y +2 z = b, x + 5 y + 3z = 9
are consistent. When will these equations have a unique solution? (BSG)

X. Find for what values of k the following system of equations will have i) no solution
ii) infinitely many solutions.
2 x  3 y  6 z  5t  3 ; y  4 z  t  1 4 x  5 y  8 z  9t  k

Linear and Orthogonal Transformation

Ex.1. A transformation from the variables x , x , x to y , y , y is given by Y  AX , and
1 2 3 1 2 3
another transformation from y , y , y to z , z , z is given by Z  BY , where
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 0  1 1 1
A   0 1  2, B  1 2 3 .
   
 1 2 1  1 3 5
Obtain the transformation from x , x , x to z , z , z .
1 2 3 1 2 3

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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Ex.2. Show that the following transformation is regular. Write down the inverse
transformation.
y1  2 x1  x2  x3 , y2  x1  x2  2 x3 , y3  x1  2 x3

Ex.3. Write the following transformation in matrix form

3 1 1 3
x1  y1  y2 , x2   y1  y .
2 2 2 2 2
Hence find the transformation which expresses y , y in terms of x , x .
1 2 1 2
Ex.4. Prove that / Verify that the following matrix is orthogonal:
 2 1 2  cos  0 sin  
1
(i) 2 2 1 (ii)  0 1 0 
3   
 1 2 2  sin  0 cos  
1 2 a
1
Ex.5. If A  2 1 b  is orthogonal, find a, b, c & A1.
3 
2 2 c 

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UNIT 1:- LINEAR ALGEBRA: MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM EQUATIONS

SET – II
I. Determine rank of following matrices by reducing to Echelon form
1 0 2 1 3 4 1 1
1 1  1 1  0 1 2 1 2 3 6
(1) 1  1 2  1
4
(2)   (W-I) (3)  
   1 1 4 0  1  2 6 4
3 1 0 1     
 2 2 8 0  1 1 2  3
1  1 2  1
2 3 0 3
2
1 2 0

1
 2 4 8 2 4
(4) 1 2  2 3  (5)  
  1 2 4 2 2
 3 1  1 1   
1 1  1 2  1 3 6 1 5

[Ans: (1) 2 , (2) 3, (3) 4, (4) 4, (5) 3 ]

II. Determine rank of following matrices by reducing to Normal form

 1  3 3  1
1 1  1 1  1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 
(1) 1  1 2  1 (2)  2 4 3 0  (3)   (W-I)
     2  5 2  3
3 1 0 1   1 0 2  8  
 1 1 0 1
3 1 2 1
2 0 1  3  1
2 1 8 1 3 6
1
0 3
   2 2 (BSG)
0 1
(4) 1 2 3 4 (W-I) (5)   (6) A  0 3
  3 1 0 2  
3 1 4 1    8  1  3 4
1 1 2 0 
2 4 6 8 
 2 6 2  3
1 3 4 5  5  13  4
   7
(7) 1 2 6 7 (W-I) (8)   (W-I)
   1 4 1 2
1 5 0 1   
0 1 0 1
 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 4
1 0 2  1 2 6 0  16
(9)   (W-I) (10)   (W-I)
 4 1 3 1  1 0 3 5
   
 1 0 2 2   2 0 0 10 
[Ans: (1) 2, (2) 3, (3) 4, (4) 4, (5) 2, (6) 3, (7) 2, (8) 4, (9) 4, (10) 4 ]

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III. Find non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in normal form. Also find rank of
A, where
1 1 1 1 2  2 8 1 3 6
(1) A  1  1  1 (BSG) (2) A   1 3 0  (3) A 0 3 2 2
     
3 1 1   0  2 1   8  1  3 4
 2  1 1 0 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 4 

(4) A  0 3 3 6
 (5) A  2
 3 5 1 (6) 2 1 4 3  W-I
     
1 4 5 9 1 3 4 5 3 0 5  10
2 1  3 4 
3 2  1 5  2 4  2 5 
(7) 5 1 4 2 W-I (8) A   
  0 3 1 3
1  4 11  19  
 2 1  3  2
[Ans: (1) 2, (2) 3, (3) 3, (4) 2, (5) 2, (6) 3, (7) 3, (8) 3]

HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM (AX = 0)

IV. Solve the following systems of equations
(1) 2 x1  x2  3x3  0 , 3x1  2 x2  x3  0, x1  4 x2  5x3  0. (W-I) {-c, c, c}
(2) 2 y  y  y  3 y  0, y  y  y  y = 0,
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3 y1  2 y2  y3=0, 4 y2  3 y3  2 y4  0. {0,0,0,0}
(3) 3x+ 4 y - z - 6w = 0, 2 x + 3 y + 2 z - 3w = 0, 2 x + y - 14 z - 9w = 0,
x + 3 y  13z + 3w = 0 {6k, -3k, 0, k}
(4) 3x+ 4 y - z - 6w = 0, 2 x + 3 y + 2 z - 3w = 0, 2 x + y - 14 z - 9w = 0,
x + 3 y  13z + 3w = 0
(BSG) {x  11a  6b, y  8a  3b, z  a, w  b}
(5) x1  2 x 2 3x3  x4  0, x1  x 2  x3  x4  0, 3x1  x 2 2 x3  3x4  0. (W-I)
{x1  c / 3, x2  2c / 3, x3  2c / 3, x4  c}

V. Determine the values of  for which the following systems of equations may possess
non-trivial solution. Determine the solution for any value.
(1) 3x1  x2  x3  0 , 2 x1  4 x2  x3  0, 8x1  4 x2  6 x3  0 {  1}
(2) x1  x2  x3  0 ,  x1  x2  x3  0,  x1  x2  x3  0 {  1}
(3) 3x + y -z = 0, 4x - 2y -3z = 0, 2x + 4y + z = 0 (BSG) {  1,   9}

NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM (AX = B)

VI. Test for consistency and if consistent solve
(1) x1  2 x2  2 x3  1, 2 x1  2 x2  3x3  3 , x1  x2  3x3  5. (W-I) {1,1,1}
(2) x + 2 y + z =3, 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5, 3x - 5 y + 5 z = 2, 3x + 9 y - z = 4 {1,1,2}
(3) x + y + z =6, x  2 y + 2 z = 3, 3x  y + z = 8, 2 x  2 y  3 z = 7. (W-I) {1,2,3}

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(4) 2 x  y  z  3u =11, x  2 y  z  u= 8, 4 x  7 y  2 z  u= 0 ,
3x  5 y  4 z  4u= 17. (W-I) {2,1,1,3}
(5) 2 x1  x2  5x3  4 , 3x1  2 x2  2 x3  2 , 5x1  4 x2  8x3  1 (W-I) Inconsistent
(6) 4 x  2 y + 6 z = 8, x +y  3z =  1, 15 x  3 y + 9 z = 21
(BSG) { x  1, y  3t  2, z  t }
(7) x1  x2  x3  x4  2 , x1  x2  x3  x4  4 , x1  x2  x3  x4  4,
x1  x2  x3  x4  0 {-4,3-2k,k,0}
(8) x1  x2  2 x3  x4  2 , 3x1  2 x2  x4  1 , 4 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  3
5  4a  3b 6a  2b  5
x1  , x2 
5 5
(9) x1  x2  x3  x4  x5  1, 2 x1  x2  4 x3  4 x5  2, 3x1  2 x2  2 x3  x4  x5  1
x1  x3  2x4  x5  0.
(W-I) {x1  1  3a  b, x2  1  3a, x3  1  a  2b, x4  a, x5  b}

VII. For what values of  the following set of equations is consistent and solve them
completely for each case:
(1) x  2 y  z  3 , x  y  z   , 3x  y  3z  2 .
(W-I) {  2 : c,1,1  c;   3 : c,0,3  c}
VIII. Find the values of  and  so that the following systems of equations have
i) no solution, ii) an unique solution and iii) an infinite number of solutions.
(1) 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y - 2z = 8, 2x + 3y + z = . (BSG)
(2) 3x - 2y + z = , 5x - 8y + 9z = 3, 2x + y + z = -1.

IX. Show that if   5, the system of equations

3x  y  4 z  3, x  2 y  3z  2,6 x  5 y  z  3,
have a unique solution. If   5, show the equations are consistent. Determine the
solution in each case. (BSG)

X. Find for what values of k the following system of equations will have i) no solution
ii) infinitely many solutions.
2 x  3 y  6 z  5t  3 ; y  4 z  t  1 4 x  5 y  8 z  9t  k

Linear and Orthogonal Transformation

Ex.1. Represent each of the transformations
x  3 y  2 y , y  z  2z and x   y  4 y , y  3z
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
by the use of matrices and find the composite transformation which expresses x , x in
1 2
terms of z , z .
1 2

Ex.2. If u  x cos   y sin  , v  x sin   y cos  , write the matrix A of transformation

and prove that A1  A. Hence write the inverse transformation.

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK

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Ex.3. Find the inverse transformation of y  x  2 x  5x ; y  2 x  4 x  11x ;

1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3
y3   x2  2 x3.

Ex.4. Prove that / Verify that the following matrix is orthogonal:

1 / 3 2 / 3 2/3  2 2 1
(i) 2 / 3 1 / 3  2 / 3
1
(iii) 2  1 2
  3  
2 / 3  2 / 3 1 / 3   1 2 2
 0 2b c 
Ex.5. Find the values of a, b, c if A  a b  c  is orthogonal.
 
a  b c 

Dept of Mathematics, KITCOEK