Technical Drawing 7

Hand – outs

LESSON 1: PERFORMS FREEHAND SKETCHES SHADING AND RENDERING TECHNIQUES

DRAWING TOOLS

1. PENCIL - the basic tool in drawing. It is manufactured in various grades of hardness

ranging from 7H which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of the pencil is a mixture graphite,
clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line
is produced.
2. RULER - is used for making out distances as well as for measuring purposes.

3. T-SQUARE- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for
vertical or sloping line drawing.
4. TRIANGLE - is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45-degree triangle and
the 30-60-degree triangle.

5. PROTRACTOR - is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic and a half circle shape.
It has two scales: the outside scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the
inside scale which is the opposite.
6. COMPASS - is an instrument for drawings arcs and circles. The pencil compass has an opening for
the pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg

7. FRENCH CURVE - is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than arcs and circles.

8. RULING PEN - is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in order to produce

thickness and thickness of lines.

9. DIVIDER- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.

10. TRIANGULAR SCALE - is used for measuring and for scaling process.

DRAWING MATERIALS

1. DRAWING TAPE - is used before any drawing activity is to be started.

2. DRAWING PAPER - is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light green and buff.

3. ERASER - has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum of the two kinds of eraser the
yellow art gum is better to use for its correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.

DRAWING EQUIPMENT

1. DRAWING TABLE- may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with
convenient height that will make you comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to provide
you a place where you can fasten your paper

2. DRAWING BOARD - is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size of

drawing board is 45.72 cm X 61 cm.
 3. DRAWING STOOL - is essentially a normal ergonomic chair with a couple modifications: the
cylinder is elongated, meaning the seat is higher than normal, often topping out above 30”.

LETTERING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

1. SPEED BALL - Featuring precisely machined nibs designed with a rounded tip, a lightweight,
ergonomic construction, and a quality, free-flowing ink. Speedball Calligraphy Fountain
Pens provide a superior writing experience that allows artists to create beautiful results
easily. It is used in writing various styles of letters.

2. Lettering Brush - It is used for sign painting.

3. FELT POINT PEN- It is used for sign painting

4. LETTERING TEMPLATE - It is used as guide for letter transfer.

5. LETTER TRANSFER STICKER - It is used to direct letter Transfer

6. TECHNICAL PEN - It is used for writing Gothic Letters

7. LEROY SCRIBER - It is used for engineering and architectural lettering.

Proper Care and Maintenance Of Drawing Tools And Instruments

1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger. Keep your drawing tools and instruments in
proper places before and after using.
3. Avoid Dropping your tools and equipment.
4. Never use measuring tools in cutting paper.
5. Wipe off surface and edges of triangles and T-squares.
6. Always clean the tip of technical pens before using it.
7. Clean your paint brush after using it.

LESSON 2: SKETCHES BASIC SHAPES FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD PROPORTION

Sketch - Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final drawing. This can be done in a light line form
with the use of sketching tools and materials.

Principles of Sketching Objects

1. Analyze the proportions of the subject.

2. Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject.
3. Determine the small details on the subject.
4. Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.
5. Use the appropriate sketching materials.

The Two Basic Proportions of Object

1. Height - It is the distance, elevation from bottom to top.

2. Width- It is the distance from font to rear.
 THERE ARE SEVEN TYPES OF ANGLES
1. Zero Angle: The two rays of the angle make zero degrees inclination w.r.t. each
other i.e. the rays overlap. Here, Angle AOB denotes zero degrees in measure.

2. Acute Angle: The two rays of the angle make zero to nighty degrees inclination.
Here, Angle AOB denotes Acute degrees in measure.

3. Right Angle: The two rays of the angle make 90 degrees inclination. Here, Angle AOB
denotes 90 degrees in measure.

4. Obtuse Angle: The two rays of the angle make ninety to one-hundred eighty degrees
inclination. Here, Angle AOB denotes Obtuse degrees in measure.

5. Straight Angle: The two rays of the angle make one-hundred eighty degrees inclination, or
the rays are straight line w.r.t to each other. Here, Angle AOB denotes 180 degrees in
measure

6. Reflex Angle: The two rays of the angle make one-hundred-eighty to three hundred
sixty degrees inclination. Here, Angle AOB denotes Reflex angle in measure.

7. Complete Angle: The two rays of the angle make three hundred sixty degrees inclination.
Here, Angle AOB denotes Complete angle in measure.

SHAPES OF OBJECTS

1. SQUARE - a quadrilateral shape with four equal sides and angles.

2. RECTANGLE - a quadrilateral shape with two long sides and two shorter sides. I has four
right angles.
3. RHOMBUS - is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles which may not be right angles
but are also equal.
4. HEXAGON - is a polygon having six equal sides.

5. PENTAGON - is a polygon having five equal sides.

6. DELTOID - is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.

7.
8. SCALENE TRIANGLE - A scalene triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are in different
lengths, and all three angles are of different measures. However, the sum of all the interior
angles is always equal to 180 degrees.
9. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE - is a triangle with all sides and angles are equal.

10. CIRCLE - a figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.

11. OVAL - it looks like and elongated circle.

LESSON 3 : SHADING

the process of adding value to create the illusion

of form, space, and most importantly light in a
dra ing
 the dar ness or lightness of a color
deals ith di erence
light values hen light hits the sub ect, it
produces a range of
dar values contras ng values he
intensity of the light
determines the contrast of
values

n shading applica on,

the source of light is pply the lightest shading on the part
of a surface that receives more light
assumed to be coming
from the upper le hand hade the por on of a surface hich
receives less light ith medium values
corner of the dra ing
paper, and rays of light hade the por on of a surface hich
receives a li le amount of light ith a
are imagined to be
heavy shade
inclining at an angle of
degrees

ethods of hading pplica on

t is applied by dabbing
techni ue of the pencil point or pen
sho ing the various to produce dots on the
shades of an ob ect surface of the ob ect
by using lines

ethods of hading pplica on ethods of hading pplica on

3
t is called mi ed
because it applies both his is applied by using
the line and do ed the po dered graphite or
shading lead of a pencil