National Intelligence and Security University

COUNTER-TERRRORISM

Endale Nigussie Aman,

March , 2023, Ethiopia.

1
 Introduction
Counterterrorism
has come to fore of
international
relations & remains
in the news almost
daily.
This is due to ongoing
conflicts in Iraq, & Pakistan,
Afghanistan, it is prompted
military or intelligence means
to countering terrorism.
Partly states and civil society
have followed preventive
measures to deal with violent
extremism, partly successful
than military approaches. 4
What is Counterterrorism(CT)?
Terrorism: the calculated use of
violence, or threat of violence
to induce the fear in order to
coerce or intimidate gov’ts and
societies in order to achieve
some political, religious or
ideological goals. 5
CT: responsibility to protect those
within the government jurisdiction
from extremist attacks. “Anything that
cuts the roots of terrorism”
CT: Incorporates the practice, military
tactics, techniques, and strategy that
gov’t, military, law enforcement,
business, and intelligence agencies use
to combat or prevent terrorism.
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Approaches of CT / How of CT
1.Police and Intelligence.
2. Direct military operation.
3.Knowing terrorists
environment & cutting their
support.
4.Negotiation with Government
or Terrorist groups (Private
Intelligence and CT
Intelligence as a set of permanent
institutions dates back only to the 2nd
half of the 19c. But as information and
news - in the dictionary meaning used in
English since the middle of the 15c, of
'knowledge as to events, communicated
by or obtained from another, especially
military' - it has always been collected as
part of warfare
For a military,
it can mean knowledge of
the enemy can distinguish
&

between to defeat and to

lose because information
means knowledge and
knowledge are power. 9
Intelligence as a package of information
pending for clarification & policymakers
consider they should be informed so
that they can meet the needs, stated or
understood.
Intelligence gathers informational
component of national security, internal
& external policies, & certain aspects of
international security in case of global
cross-entities (states, organizations).
What is Intelligence? It is "knowledge
capacity“ & “good understanding“.
• Walter Laqueur: "the term intelligence
refers to a body that collects information,
and on the other hand, to information
that was processed and ready for use by
consumer.”
• In terms of political: “the collection of
information of military or political
value.”
• Michael Herman: “Intelligence is power
component (military force), it is part of
hyper-powerless, allowing the state to
project military force and dominate.”
• Gerald Templer: “It is an essential aid to
policy-making & military & should
ideally provide timely warning of events
w/h we wish anticipate & intelligence
background for policy decisions.”
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1. Intelligence is separated from
decision-taking;
2. its basic role is providing
information and not giving advice
on what should be done about it.
3. Most of its targets are foreign.
4. Its special emphasis on forecasting;
on foreign targets it is government's
right arm. 13
4. Gathers>> national security,
internal and external policies, and
international security.
5. Melanie Gutjahr: “intelligence is
the process by which certain types of
information considered important to
national security are required,
collected, analyzed and presented to
factors of decision.”
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Function of Intelligence in CT
1. Provide strategic sense: which groups
are dangerous, their areas of operations.
2. Provide detailed information for
diplomacy: what such group demarches,
and their financial assets.
3. Provide how terrorists could be
eliminated: infrastructures, locations,
cells, operation connections and
biographic data. 15
HUMINT
It is Collection Human Intelligence: is any
information that can be gathered from
human sources(Spies informers).
It danger and more risk must take in
concern. Individuals must be able to
provide valuable information. Trained
Language HUMINT work beside exchange
data and law enforcement.
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Historical narratives on war and strategy
are complete with stories of spies:
Chinese strategist SunTzu: “dispositions
of an enemy are ascertainable through
spies and spies alone;”
France’s main counter-terrorism force,
“HUMINT’s importance was highlighted
by the fact that nearly all terror plots in
France have been foiled thanks to it”.
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 HUMINT Collection
modern day terrorist is skillful at
counter-surveillance skills, minority
engaging in communication systems
w/h can be traced & monitored.(Bin
Laden stopped using his satellite
phone as early as 1998 when he
realized that his conversations about
the African embassy bombings were
being monitored.) 18
the infiltration of terrorist cells has
helped CT officials to gain good
intelligence. Potential Complications:
1. Imprisonment in Foreign states &
loss of friendly lives.
2. Revelation of covert efforts.
3. Terrorist does not usually appear
on the diplomatic cocktail.
4. knowledge of dialects customs. 19
HUMINT is the collection of
information from human sources. The
collection may be done openly, as
when FBI agents interview witnesses
or suspects, or it may be done
through clandestine or covert means
(espionage). Covert Action Why we
use clandestine, while we can
cooperate with the concerned states?
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Covert Action: is using whenever you
do not have diplomatic relation and if
you want deal with illegal NGOs
(terrorists ). Advantages are:
1) Negotiations are deniable by both
sides. (Iran –America)
2) Terrorist will accept talking with
intelligence than diplomats. (UK- IRA)

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 Intelligence-Law Enforcement
In counterterrorism efforts,
Intelligence agencies work alongside
law enforcement agencies (gathering
evidence, developing leads, and
maintaining retrievable databases).
Law Enforcement agencies: Police,
Intelligence. This cooperation has
been seen after 9/11.
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Law enforcement Intelligence
1. Ensure that law enforcement agencies
have better access to information
acquired by intelligence agencies
about potential terrorist activities.
2. Suspected terrorists are arrested and
prosecuted.
3. Using intelligence’s gathering
information in investigations.
Terrorism is a crime. 23
Intelligence - Military Operations in CT
Military operations against terrorists
require collecting and transmitting
precise intelligence to military
commanders.
Using HUMINT unmanned aerial
vehicles, manned aircrafts & satellites.

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Using intelligence to transform the
nation’s defense strategy and force
structures. The linkage of such platform to
platform armed led to Allied success in
the Persian Gulf War (1991), and Allied
Force in Kosovo (1999). Military
Operations advantage: 1. Dramatic results
to resolve 2. Destroy terrorist capabilities.
3. Deterrent effects on terrorists groups
and supporters. Terrorism is a war
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International Intelligence Cooperation
against Al Qaeda: After 911, the
necessity for cooperation among
security and intelligence agencies-
nationally and internationally.
There was awareness that Al Qaeda will
be eliminated only if done globally.
Military operation against Al Qaeda in
Afghanistan, Middle East and Central
Asian countries. 26
US benefited from Russia, Pakistan, China
and Libya intelligence services in fighting
Al Qaeda. US’ Joint Inquiry Staff- which
investigated the events of 911- argued
that this cooperation were not efficient
because foreign services were unable to
look after the Al Qaeda networks.
A BILATERAL nature of intelligence
liaison are usually the most productive,
MULTILATERAL arrangements have been
considered and most of them AD HOC. 27
Why to cooperate?
1.No agency can do or know everything.
2.Getting more experiences and less cost.
3. Replacing nonexistent diplomatic r/s
International Intelligence Cooperation
Dilemmas of Intg. Cooperation:
1.D/s in perceptions of a threat and
foreign policy objectives.
2. D/s distributions of power (unequal).
3. Fear to pass intelligence’s i/n to third
party. 28
Multilateral Arrangements: NATO
during Cold War
NATO, South Korea and Japan UK,
USA ,The Club of Berne, The
Kilowatt Group
Bilateral Arrangement: MOSSAD
Jorden’s intelligence
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Outcomes Intelligence is a powerful
agency in the state. Intelligence must
invest more in counter terrorism.
More cooperation is required to
reduce terrorists (Military and
International). Intelligence should
range its knowledge.

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Questions for debate
1.Can Intelligence’s Agencies success in
Combating Terrorists? How?
2.Do we have consensus on the understanding
of Intelligence ? Why?
3.Do we have consensus on the meaning and
understanding of CT? how?
4.Discuss the main essence of Functions of
Intelligence in CT
5.Briefly examine the relationship between
Intelligence & Law Enforcement in CT
Meaning, type, Characteristics, Causes
of Terrorism
1.Definitions of Terrorism
“Terrorism is the unlawful use of
force or violence against person or
Property to intimidate or coerce o
government, the civilian population,
or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social
F.B.I Definition "calculated use of unlawful
violence or threat of unlawful violence to
inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or
intimidate governments or societies ...to
attain political, religious, or ideological
goals."
U.S. “Terrorism is use or threatened use
of force designed to bring about political
change.” - Brian Jenkins
“Terrorism is unlawful use of force to 33
Types of Terrorism
1.National Terrorism involves groups
whose terrorist activities are directed at
elements of government without foreign
involvement.
2.International terrorism involves groups
whose terrorist activities are foreign-
based and/or directed by countries or
groups outside the states.
Sept. 11 is an example of International
Terrorism. 34
3. State Terrorism
State terrorism may refer to acts of
terrorism conducted by a state against a
foreign state or people.
it refer to acts of violence by a state
against its own people.
State terrorism is a system of political
domination based on the spreading of
terror in society.
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5. Bio Terrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the
intentional release or dissemination of
biological agents. These agents are
bacteria, viruses, or toxins.
it used for terrorist activities in which
biological substances are used to cause
harm to other people.
contaminating water, food, air and
create infection.
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6. Cyber Terrorism
It uses Information Technology to
attack civilians.
It use Computer System and
Telecommunications as a tool to
attack.
Example: The internet worms and
viruses that are designed to take
down some of the systems that the 37
means of countering Cyber Terrorism
a)Better Skills to monitor, search, collect
data
b)Fast removal of illegal content;
c)Enhanced Cyber security (Including E-
Education, Responsible use of ICT);
d)Mobilizing whole-of-society approach;
e)Effective campaigns to counter terrorist
narratives online.
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7.Eco Terrorism: it is a recently coined
term describing violence in the interests
of environmentalism.
8. Nuclear Terrorism: it refers to a number
of different ways nuclear materials
might be exploited as a terrorist tactic.
It is any different way that nuclear
weapons might be used for terrorism.
Use of Radioactive materials through
explosion. Use of nuclear reactor 39
7.Narco Terrorism: terrorists making,
transporting, and selling illegal drugs to
fund terrorists activities.
Narco terrorism has denoted violence
used by drug traffickers to influence
governments or prevent government
efforts to stop the drug trade. Example:
Making, transporting, and selling illegal
drugs to fund terrorists activities.
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Characteristics of Terrorism
a)It is exercised by organized groups
b)It is inspired by Political Motive
c)Use of Violence is intended to
arouse fright or alarm
d)systematic & indiscriminate use of
violence & breach of Law
Psychological Impact of Terrorism
a)Strong motivation to terminate terror
b)Evokes classic ego defense mechanisms
c)Often produces
d)frustration-aggression reaction
e)general increase in mental illness
f)Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
g)Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Causes Of Terrorism
a)Injustice and Politicians
b)Poverty and Illiteracy
c)Media-Controlled by Politicians
d)Religious causes
Methods of Terrorism
a)Firearms
b) Explosive Inflammable Devices
c) Chemical Agents
d) Biological Agents
e) Nuclear Weapon
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Purpose of Terrorism
a)Fear
b)Panic
c)Disruption
d)Demoralization
e)Intimidation
f)Embarrass Government
g)Media Attention
Similarities B/n Terrorist & Organized
Crime Groups
a)Hierarchy structure
b)Operate secretly and Underground
network
c)Control over the individual is strong
d)front organizations (Businesses or
Charities)
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Differences B/n Terrorist & Organized
Crime Groups
Terrorist
a)ideologically or politically motivated
b)seek media attention
c)Victimization is generally less
discriminate
d)compete with gov’ts for legitimacy
Organized Crime
a) profit-oriented
b)Do not seek media attention
c)Victimization is generally
less discriminate

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Prevention of Terrorism
a)Primary Prevention
Education!!!
Understand the differences in cultures
religions, beliefs and human behaviors
Think of peace, freedom and equality
of all human beings, not just “my
group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism
b) Secondary Prevention
Establish surveillance, monitoring
system on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens
c) Tertiary Prevention
Early detection of the sources
Prevent the extension of impairments
Rescue the survivors
Calm the rest of the population 50
Solutions for Terrorism
a)Remove Poverty
b)Justice
c)Dealing with media
d)Democracy
e)Inclusive government
f)Rule of law
g)Improving international behavior 51
Questions for debate
1.discuss the meaning of and levels of
prevention mechanism of terrorism
2.Examine the major types of terrorism
3.Explain the main features and purposes
of terrorism
4.Analyze the psychological impact and
solutions of terrorism
5.Briefly explain the root causes of
terrorism
Theories of Terrorism
Terrorism is a means used terror since
very ancient & notorious practices.
the theoretical literature on terrorism
has not been developed extensively.
theoretical literatures help to understand
the roots and motives of this practice and
the remedies to protect the society from
this evil practice.
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On account of shortage of theoretical
approaches the knowledge and
understanding of terrorism is influenced
by a variety of social disciplines such as
social psychology, cultural anthropology,
political and international studies,
religion, communications, and weapons
and information technology .

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As the terrorist acts are mostly under the
political and religious influences it is essential
to understand significant political approaches
I. Anarchism As A Theory Of Terrorism
Anarchism is often referred to as the 19th C
roots of terrorism.
The term Anarchism, derived from a Greek
word Anarkos, w/h means ‘without a chief’.
This term was introduced in 1840 by Pierre-
Joseph Produhn. This idea was owned by
Europeans, Russians and Americans in 19th c.
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The essence of this idea is abolishment of
Government system and its replacement
with voluntary cooperation as a An
Overview of the Political Theories of
Terrorism society’s organized principle.
This ideology was adopted by the
industrial working classes as a political
voice for their rights .

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At the end of 19th c & earlier decade of
the 20th c, major political assassinations &
casualties were instigated by anarchist
ideas & labeled as anarchist terrorism.
These killings created an assurance and
sense of fear among governments about
the existence of anarchist conspiracies on
national and international level.

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 in 1890 Greenwich observatory in London was
bombed by a French anarchist Martial
Bourdin.
This information depicts that anarchism was
the motivational ideology of terrorism in 19th c
for its intimidating thoughts & tactics.
Anarchism was the first political ideology
which gave systematic idea for the political
agitations and regarded violence as a tactic for
the achievement of political motives.

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Six steps to destroy the social structure for
political and revolutionary changes were:
 wipe out intelligent vital persons of society
 abduct wealthy community for exchange
for financial strength,
 join the group of politicians and take out
their secrets,
 help criminals of that society
 make your own militants,
 suppress opposition.

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Carlo Pisacane suggests the philosophy of
bombing and propaganda for achievement
of political interests while Karl Heinzen and
Johann has supported the use of weapons of
mass destruction for the same causes.
Charles Gallo, Auguste Vaillant, Emile Henry,
and Claudius Konigstein backed the idea of
targeting innocent people, crowded places
and economic hubs for the purpose of
revolutionary struggle and change.
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The main difference b/n anarchism and
terrorism is this that anarchism is a political
ideology & form of governance while terrorism
is not any political ideology.
anarchist turn down terrorism as a way of
achieving nationalist and religious purposes
but theoretically they give good reason for
terrorism as a criminal action to break down
the very structure of the society.

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Simply, there are weak theoretical linkages
b/n anarchism and terrorism as anarchists do
not support blind suicide bombing and target
infrastructure, institutions; while terrorists
affect people.
Rarely anarchists and terrorists work
interchangeably.

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 II. Fascism As A Theory Of Terrorism
The word Fascism is a Latin word which means
to use power to impress or shock people.

In 1922, Benito Mussolini introduced this term

and in the same year Fascists attacked socialist
officers, killed many leading figures, set their
homes at fire and occupied cities by using
violent means.

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Italian coalition government was too weak to
respond the fascist advance.
Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as
Prime Minister of Italy; this was exaggerated
by fascist as fascists’ heroic exploits .
to control over Italian parliament Mussolini’s
coalition government introduced economic
liberal policies, and introduced Acerb Law,
which guaranteed a plurality of the seats in
parliament to any party or coalition list in an
election that received 25% or more vote.
 violence and intimidation fascist won the
majority of seats and won the elections.
fascists’ success a reign of terror began
against Socialist Party and many socialist
leaders were kidnapped and murdered.
From 1925-1929 Fascist completely
ceased power of Italy denying opposition
to parliament advocates the concept of
emotionalism, irrationalism.
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According to Italian Encyclopedia for Fascism
the growth of empire, expansion of nation, is
an essential manifestation of vitality, and
opposes a sign of decadence” or dissolution.
Fascism supports the concentration of total
power (economic, social and political) into
sole supreme authority that is super patriot
and defeat all kinds of opposition.

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Fascism is ideology of war, violence,
domination and conflict.
This political ideology supports violence
for human progress-advocates militarism
for domination & oppressing adversaries.
This also views war as a mean of change
in society and considers conflict as a
fundamental law of life to gain strength.

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Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile
writes in ‘The Origins & Doctrines of Fascism’:
The healthiest and most vital of them assert
themselves against the weakest and the
natural evolution of nations and races takes
place through conflict.
He further says that mankind only progress
through division, and progress is achieved
through the clash of one side over another.

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Fascism sanctions social interventionism and
pursues policies of social indoctrination by means of
propaganda & controlling education and media.
Fascism supports domestic and international
terrorism for the achievement An Overview of the
Political Theories of Terrorism of interests.
State terrorism was practically applied by Fascism; a
state leader crack down opposite groups and
individuals opposing his governance.
failed fascists who failed to gain control in their own
countries and turned to domestic terrorism.

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III. Anti-Colonialism As A Theory Of Terrorism
early years of the 20th C time of pragmatic
application of the ideology of nationalism.

after World War II the Treaty of Versailles

redrew the map of Europe and many new
nations appeared on the map of the world.
new transformation invented new political
trends like right of self determination of
nations and ethnic groups.
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this fresh trend the groups and nations which
were not receiving recognition they started
campaign for their right of independence and
autonomy especially the colonies possessed
by major European powers started a new
wave of anti colonial movement.
This movement was also based upon terrorist
tactics . In this case the main leading groups
were Arab nationals who felt betrayed and
oppressed under French & UK colonial
powers. 71
Their disappointment was double on account of few
tragic issues; i.e. despite promises for post-war
independence and announcement of trusteeship
system French & British powers were given colonial
rights over lands; & Britain permitted immigration
of Zionist in Palestine under Belfour declaration.
By the end of WW II violence was committed as
subordinate element of anti-colonial insurgencies.
after the de-colonization of Arab territory this tactic
is still applied by the Arab countries against the
economic, cultural and political imperialism of great
powers in Arab countries particularly in Middle
East. 72
IV. Orthodox Terrorism Theory
Orthodox terrorism theory explains,
understands & with logic of terrorism as a
doctrine & strategy for political action, change.
discussing political objectives of terrorism, this
theory focuses established authority and state
as the main target of terrorist act.
Major themes of orthodox terrorism theory
are mainly three and in the light of these three
themes we elaborate more about terrorism.
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Functional
Orthodox theory is functional a reactionary theory,
which believes that the aim of the act of terrorism
is to force a reaction by the government or state
authority against the liberal approaches.
this kind of terrorist action provokes state for
chaotic repression & thereby as government cannot
meet their demands so it deprives the government
of its authenticity & tends the masses to make
extreme changes in political groups, institutions.
this theory of provocation compels state for
subjugation and oppression through draconian
trials against liberal impression. 74
Symbolic
The concept of symbolism is used by
Orthodox terrorism theory to explain the
representative acts of
terrorism which are to intimidate and
frighten. the intention of terrorism is to kill
one and threaten tens of thousands.
It’s a psychological war w/h aims at to
publicize & internationalize political
aim.
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Tactical
The third component of orthodox terrorism theory explains
the strategic tactics of terrorism. It comprises two types of
tactical methods one is short term tactic with limited
means for short term gains for instance hijacking hosts for
the release of detainees and commit bank robbery for
purchasing arms.
The other one tactical method is for long term objective
with vast resources for instance revolutionary movements
for freedom or right of self determination or insurgencies
against repressive government.
The purpose of this theory is not to engage in the
discussion of roots of terrorism because it provides the
basis for governments’ counter terror approaches .
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V. Religion As A Political Philosophy Of Terrorism
Criminology illustrates the linkage between
discipline of theology/religion and ideology of
terrorism.
According to some criminologists about half of the
dangerous terrorist groups on earth are for most
part instigated by religious doctrines and concerns .
these religious systems of belief convince believers
to exterminate evils through militant means for the
test of their faith or part of God’s plan.
They believe that it is demand of God that’s why
their actions are legitimized and for the protection
of their religion in present and future. 77
Questions for debate
1.discuss anarchism as the theory of
terrorism
2.Examine the essence of fascism as a
theory of terrorism
3.Explain the features anti-colonialism
as a theory of terrorism
4. discuss orthodoxy theory of terrorism
5.explain religion as theory of terrorism
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THANK YOU!

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