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CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Er sunil Rakhal
B.E Civil/Msc. Environmental Engineering
Pulchowk campus
Lecturer , Coordinator K.E.C kalimati

Solid Waste
• It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous
substances”
• Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues

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Solid Waste (Management and Resource

Mobilization) Act, of NEPAL
• “Solid Waste” means domestic waste, industrial waste, chemical waste, health
institution related waste or harmful waste and this word shall also mean the
materials which cannot be used presently, thrown away or in rotten stage or in solid,
liquid, gaseous, thick liquid, smoke, or dust form emitted out damaging the
environment or materials and equipment's used for electrical or information
technology or any other materials of such nature or posters, pamphlets posted
unauthorized at public places or other substances prescribed as solid waste through
publication of notice in the Nepal Gazette by the Government of Nepal from time to
time.
• Sources: SWM act 2011

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Concept of waste management

Any unwanted product which is not a liquid or gas in our surroundings and from our daily
products.
Type of solid waste:
1. mining waste (including oil and gas production) - the largest amount by volume
2. agriculture waste (including food processing)
3. industrial solid waste (nonhazardous)
4. sewage sludge
5. construction and demolition waste - sometimes included in other groups
6. hazardous waste
7. municipal solid waste (MSW) - waste from the community including household and commercial
wastes
8. The rest of this page concerns only municipal solid waste.

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Solid waste management (SWM)

• Solid waste management (SWM) is associated with the control of waste generation,
its storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal in a manner
that is in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, public attitude and other environmental
considerations.

Functional elements of solid waste management

The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the point of
generation to final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements:
➢1. Waste generation

➢ 2. On-site handling, storage, and processing

➢3. Collection
➢4.Transfer and transport
➢5. Processing and recovery and
➢6.Disposal

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Waste Management Hierarchy

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage
between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts
include:
1. Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and
recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization.
2. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies.
3. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste .

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Objectives of the waste management assessment

The overall objectives of the waste management assessment are summarized below:
➢to assess the activities involved for the proposed and determine the type, nature and
estimated volumes of waste to be generated;
➢to identify any potential environmental impacts from the generation of waste at the
site;
➢to recommend appropriate waste handling and disposal measures / routings in
accordance with the current legislative and administrative requirements; and
➢to categorize waste material where practicable (inert material / waste fractions) for
disposal considerations i.e. public filling areas / landfill.

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Health impacts of solid waste

➢ Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and one of the main aspects
of concern is the pollution it is causing to the earth – be it land, air, and water.
➢ With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials,
there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household.
➢ waste is ultimately thrown into municipal waste collection centers from where it is collected
by the area municipalities to be further thrown into the landfills and dumps.
➢ However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets
collected and transported to the final dumpsites.
➢ Ifat this stage the management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious impacts
on health and problems to the surrounding environment

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Health impacts of solid waste

➢Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid
waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to
the spread of infectious diseases.
➢Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to
unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems.
➢The plague outbreak is a good example of a city suffering due to the callous(कठोर)
attitude of the local body in maintaining cleanliness in the city.
➢Plastic waste is another cause for ill health.
➢Excessive solid waste that is generated should be controlled by taking certain
preventive measures.

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Health impacts of solid waste

➢Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks.
➢Other than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can
expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards.
➢Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the
forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease.
➢Waste dumped near a water source also causes contamination of the water body or
the ground water source.
➢Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the
accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and animals
that feed on it

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Impacts of solid waste on health

1. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

2. Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
3. Low birth weight
4. Cancer

5. Congenital malformations(जन्मजात विकृ वत/जन्मजात अपुग )

6. Neurological disease
7. Nausea( िाकिाक) and vomiting
8. Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites.
9. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury.

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Effects of Solid Waste on Animals and

Aquatics life
➢Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers.
➢Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
➢ Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
➢Degrades water and soil quality
Impacts of solid waste on Environment
➢Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas
➢Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
➢Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which
solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them.

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Development of solid waste

• Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste.
• It could be in the form of:
▪ Bones
▪ Other parts of animals they slaughter
▪ Wood
• With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex
nature.
• At the end of 19th century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the world of consumers.
• The increase in population and urbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in solid
waste

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Three phases in recent development of SWM

phase I (1960 – 1975)
• Small scale approach- collection by hand carts
• Uncontrolled waste dumping- waste feeding to animal, applied in field
• Extensive use of human resource for management of waste
phase II (1976 – 1990)
• Debate on SWM was global Development of sectoral policies
• Environmentally acceptable land filling/sanitary land filling
• Incineration technologies applied
•Use of equipment's SWM
phase III (1990 onwards)
• Development of concept of Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Comprehensive planning, awareness building and the discipline became important function of municipalities
• 3R principles: serving the nature…

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The Love Canal Incident

• Love canal, Niagara City, USA is an unfinished hydropower project abandoned after excavation
of the canal
• The canal was used for dumping solid waste including toxic chemical waste from 1930 to 1952
• More than 20 000 tonnes of waste containing over 248 Chemicals were dumped in the canal
• Following the sale of the land a housing estate and a school was built on the landfill
• In 1977 foul smelling liquid and sludge seeped into the basements of the housing
• Various toxic elements were found in air, water and soil of the area
• Effects as ill health, birth defects, low growth rate of children were noted
• The area was declared Federal Disaster Area, people evacuated
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act, 1980 was
introduced in USA and made the producer of the waste responsible for the consequences

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The Minamata Case (1953~1956)

Discharge of mercuric sulphate used in plastic manufacturing plant in river
• Effect on human being due to eating fish
• River water was polluted with mercuric sulphate
• Minamata Disease - 43 dead and 18000 victims
• 1993 Supreme Court of Japan penalized the polluters

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Key Policy Challenges and Recommendations

The following eight issues are highlighted as key policy issues for improving SWM
in Nepal.
1. Development of Policy, Strategy, and Guidelines
2. Promotion of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
3. Strengthening Capacity of Local Bodies
4. Public Participation and Consultation
5. Cost Recovery : The SWM Act directs the local bodies to levy service charges to
meet the cost of SWM services and make the service self-sustaining.
6. Data Management, Updating, and Dissemination
7. Improvements toward Integrated Solid Waste Management
8. Public–Private Partnership

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Legislation Provision of Solid Waste Management in Nepal

• The Government of Nepal enacted the Solid Waste Management Act of 2011 effective from 15 June
2011.
• The objectives of the act include maintaining a clean and healthy environment by minimizing the
adverse effects of solid waste on public health and the environment.
• The local bodies, such as municipalities, have been made responsible for the construction, operation,
and management of infrastructure for collection, treatment, and final disposal of MSW.
• The act mandates local bodies to take the necessary steps to promote reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R),
including segregation of MSW at source.
• It also provides for the involvement of the private sector, community-based organizations (CBOs), and
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in SWM through competitive bidding.
• Procedures for bidding, selection of the successful bidder, and authority of the bidder in collecting
tipping fees (tariffs) against SWM services are provided. In addition, the act authorizes the imposition
and collection of service fees against SWM services, and prescribes the basis for fixing such fees and
procedures for their collection and usage.
• It also authorizes the local bodies to formulate rules, by-laws, and guidelines, with the approval of the
municipal board. As provisioned in the act, the SWM Technical Support Center (SWMTSC) under the
Ministry of Urban Development shall provide technical support to all local bodies for effective and
sustainable SWM and advance research and development in this sector 26

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Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 (2013)

Date of Publication in Nepal Gazette
2070/3/10(2013/7/24)
• The following Rules have been issued by the Government of Nepal by exercising the power conferred by section
50 of the Solid Waste Management Act, 2068.
1. Short Title and Commencement:
(1) These Rules may be called as "Solid Waste Management Rules 2070."
(2) These Rules shall come into force immediately.
2. Definitions: Unless the Subject or Context Otherwise Requires, in these Rules,
(a) “Source of Generation” means a place from where the solid waste comes out, or starts to commence.
(b) (b) “Act” means the Solid Waste Management Act, 2068.
(c) (c) “Organic” means any substance that decomposes in a very short time and that word shall also denote
materials, paper, and wood like substances made up from organic materials.
(d) (d) “Non-Organic” means any material that does not decompose or rot very fast.
• 3. ………..
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Integrated solid waste management

• Integrated solid waste management refers to the strategic approach to
sustainable management of solid wastes covering all sources and all aspects,
covering generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery
and disposal in an integrated manner, with an emphasis on maximizing resource
use efficiency.

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Integrated Solid Waste

➢Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention,
recycling, composting, and disposal program.
➢An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid
waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment.
ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and
combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions.
➢The major ISWM activities are waste prevention, recycling, composting,
combustion, and disposal in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills.
Each of these activities requires careful planning, financing, collection,
transportation, and processing of waste.

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Basic information for ISWM design

Know your waste
• The source of waste
• The composition of waste
• The density of waste
Know your city and neighborhood
➢ Road and traffic capacity
➢ Traffic condition
➢ Space for temporary storage of waste
➢ Land use

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• Know your citizens and clients

➢ Ability to pay
➢ Willingness to pay
➢ Community composition, homogeneity
➢ Their attitude towards waste and its management

Know all waste management activities in your city

➢ Waste managed by municipality/authority
➢ Waste managed by scavengers (सफा गर्ने मान्छे )
➢ Waste managed by recycling
➢ Waste managed by animal feeding
➢ Waste managed by composting, etc
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Sustainable
consumption and
production
Design for
environment

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In Europe approximately 35% of MSW ends up in

landfill sites: for Austria, Denmark and the
Netherlands ~10% for Greece, Italy and UK 40~45%

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Future challenges and opportunities

1. Changing consumption habits in society

2. Reducing volume of waste at source
3. Making landfill safer
Less toxic material deposition
4. Selection of landfill for long term containment
5. Development of new technologies Conservation of nature

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3R Principles of Solid Waste Management

The purpose of this activity is to provide you with basic information and ideas on
waste management. This will also help us to be more resourceful on materials that we
can reutilize and at same time reduces solid waste production.
• Reduce – is decreasing unnecessary and wasteful purchases.
• Reuse- is a way of using again the item or materials.
• Recycle- is to make something new from something that has been used before.

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How can we reduce?

• Buy only what you need.
• Buy products that can be reused.
• Buy all-purpose household cleaner.
• Buy products with little packaging.
• Sell or give away unwanted items.
• Reduce paper waste.

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How can we reuse? (Think before you throw)

• Papers and envelopes can be used as scrap paper in making notes.
• Cardboard, Newspaper and Bubble Wrap can be used as packing materials.
• Jars and Pots can be used as small containers
• Plastic and Paper Bags can be reused in the shops, used as bin bags or wrapping paper.
• Used wood can be used in woodcrafts for making objects.
• More...

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How can we recycle?

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Recycling
➢Recycling refers to the collection and refuse of waste materials such as empty
beverage container.
➢The materials from which the items are made can be processed into new products.
➢ Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using
dedicated bins.

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Benefits of Recycle
• Recycling reduces the need for land filling and incineration
• It prevents pollution It saves energy
• It decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change
• It conserves natural resources
• It helps sustain the environment for future generations

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