Chapter 3: Solid Waste Handling Collection

Transfer and Transport

Er sunil Rakhal
B.E Civil/Msc. Environmental Engineering
Pulchowk campus
Senior Lecturer , Coordinator K.E.C kalimati
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On-site management
• Waste handling , separation, & storage
• Includes all activities after generation of waste is placed in municipal
container
• Separation -to recover and reuse of materials
• Storage -is the designate container until the collection is made
• Processing -selling the recyclables, composting, grinding
On site management influenced mainly following
• Collection system : commingled or separated waste collection,Types and
degree of separation, frequency of collection
• Dwelling(residency) pattern: detached building, medium rise building and
high raise building

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In low rise detached building

• Involvement of house owner

• Organic waste encourage to compost
• Inorganic waste may be separated for recycling
• frequency of inorganic collection is less
In medium rise building
• Tenants(भाडामा बस्ने अथवा भाडा तिरे र बस्ने) separates their waste and place in
appropriate container at their cellar or container area
• Maintenance staff transfer the waste container to the collection point and return
the container as per municipal schedule
In rise building
• Waste bags are dropped in the vertical chute to drop in the container at the cellar
• Either maintenance staff or municipal staff collect the container from the basement
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The container used to store waste depends on

• Frequency of collection
• Amount of waste generation during the period
• Waste collection adjustment may be based on number of container
Types of container based on
• Types of waste generated
• Types of waste collection system
• Ease to move the container
• Durability, affordability

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Types of container
• Green for organic
• Blue for inorganic
• Yellow for recyclable
• Community containers
• Metallic containers
• Plastic container
• Movable
• Closed or opened

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What is Waste Collection?
➢Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. It is the
transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point
of treatment or landfill.
➢Waste collection also includes the curbside collection of recyclable
materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill
diversion program

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Hauled Container System:
Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled
to the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to either their
original location or some other location are defined as hauled container systems.
There are two main types of hauled container systems:
1) tilt frame container,
2) trash-trailer.
1.The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and
unloading empty containers and emptying the contents of the container at the
disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used.
2.Systems that use tilt frame loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop
boxes are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish
from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers.
3.The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of frame container systems. Trash
trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish and often are used
for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites.

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 Types:
• » Hoist truck : 2 - 10 m3
• » Tilt frame container: 10 - 40 m3 –
• » Trash trailer - for heavy, bulky rubbish (construction,
commercial, usually open top container);
• » 2 crew per vehicle.

Trash Trailer 8
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Stationary Container System:
containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste
generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary
container system
1.Labour requirements for mechanically loaded stationary container systems
are essentially the same as for hauled container system.
There are two main types of stationary container systems:
i) those in which self loading compactors are used.
ii) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used.
1.Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationary container
systems using self loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction
mechanism as they are in hauled container system.
2.Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made
after the contents of number of containers have been collected and
compacted and the collection vehicle is full. This system is used for the
collection of all types of wastes.
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Collection Frequency:
• residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
• communal/ commercial : daily - food waste - max. period should not
exceed : • the normal time for the accumulation of waste to fill a
container • the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).

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Analysis of haul container system

Pick up time in HCS (Phcs) = time spent for picking up the loaded
container +time spent in unloading the empty container + time spent in
reach to next container (लोड भएको कन्टेनर उठाउन ,खाली भएर आएको कन्टेनर राख्न र अको
स्टेसन मा जान लाग्ने समय)
2. Haulage time (hhcs)= time to move from collection station to disposal
site + time to reach same or next st. to return container (कलेक्सन स्टेसन बाट
डडस्पोसल साइट जान र आउन लाग्ने समय)
3. at site S = time required for waiting to unload waste at TS and DS
+time required to unload the waste

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Off route time ,
• W = time spent on activities that are non productive from the point of
view of the overall collection operation
• Off route time may be Unavoidable and avoidable
• UnAvoidable off route time are: checking in and out in the station,
time lost in unavoidable congestion,time spent on equipment repairs.
Maintenance, etc
• Avoidable off route time includes unauthorized tea breaks , lunch
talking with friends and likewise activities

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• Pickup time per trip (hr/ trip) ,Phcs = Pc+ Uc+dbc
• Where Pc= time required to pickup loaded container, hr/trip
• Uc= time required for unloading empty container, hr/trip
• dbc= time required to drive between two container location
• Total time required per trip , Thcs =Phcs +s+h
S= at site time hr/trip
h = round trip haul time = a+bx ,
a= empirical haul constant, hr/trip
b = empirical haul constant, hr/km
x= round trip haul distance, km/trip

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• Number of trips per day Nd
• Nd =[(1-W)H-(t1 +t2 )]/Thcs
• w= off route factor (expressed as a fraction 0.1 to 0.25)
• H= length of work days hr/day
• t1= time for garage to first container location, hr
• t2= time for last container location to garage, hr
Relation between number of trip per day and waste generation
• Nd= (Vd /c*f) Where Vd= average daily quantity of waste collected m3 / d
• C= average container size m3 /trip
• f = weighted average container utilization factor (actual filled volume/
volume of container)
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Representative data to use for computing equipment

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Haul time and constant
• In HCS pickup time and at site time are relatively constant
• Haul time is mainly depends to distance and speed of vehicle
• Therefore haul time can be improve by improving speed and reducing
distance to be travelled

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Stationary container system
• In scs the container is not moved , the waste is loaded to collection vehicles
at site of collection leaving the container as it is
• It is more suitable for small quantity waste with small container
• Depending on type of vehicle the loading may be manual or mechanical
Analysis of stationary Container System
for mechanically loaded collection vehicles
• Total time required per trip (hr/trip)
• Tscs =Pscs+s+h
• S= at site time hr/trip
• h = round trip haul time = a+bx
• a = empirical haul constant, hr/trip
• b = empirical haul constant, hr/km
• x= round trip haul distance, km/trip 21
Pick up time per trip hr/trip
Pscs = ct *Uc+(np -1)* dbc
Ct =no. of containers emptied per trip ; containers per trip
Uc = average unloading time per stationary container; hr/container
np =no of container pickup locations per trip; location/ trip
dbc = average time spent driving between container location; hr/ location

The number of trips required per day can be estimated by using the equation as
follows:
• Nd =(Vd /v*r)
• Vd= average daily quantity of waste collected m3 / d
• V=volume of container m3 and r= compaction ratio
• C= average container size m3 /trip
• Time required per day taking into account the off-route factor W, can be
expressed as follows: H= [(t1 + t2 )+ (Nd *Tscs )]/ (1-W) 22
From waste generation relation:
• Ct * c*f = V*r
• Ct = V*r/c*f
V=Volume of collection vehicles ; m3
r= compaction ratio
Ct= no. of container emptied per trip
c = container volume; m3 /container
f= weighted container utilization factor (volume actual filled/volume of
container)

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 For manually loaded collection
For number of pick up location per trip, np
• np =60* Pscs * n/tp (location/trip)
• n = no. of collection crew
• tp = avg.pickup time per pickup locations; collector-minute/location
c
tp = dbc+k1 n + k2 (PRH)
dbc = avg. time spent driving between container locations hr/ location
cn = avg. no of containers in each location
k1 =constant related to the pickup time per container, min/container
k2 =constant related to the time required to collect the waste from the back-yard of
a residence , min/PRH
PRH = rear-of-house pickup locations, %
➢For two –member crew, pickup time may be calculated by
tp = 0.72 + 0.18Cn + 0.014(PRH)
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Labour requirement for manual curbside collection using a person
crew
Average no containers and /or boxes per Pickup time , collector –min / location
pickup location

1 or 2 0.50-0.60
3 or more or unlimited services 0.92

If the number of pick up locations per trip is known , the proper size of
collection vehicles can then be estimated as follows
v= Vp * np /r
v=volume of collection vehicles ; m3 / trip
Vp= volume of SW collected per pickup location ; m3 / locations
np = number of pickup locations per trip ; locations/ trip
r = compactions ratio 25
Calculation of vehicle operating cost
Cost of collection is made up of
• Labour cost necessary to load the refuse on the collection vehicles
• Expense of operating vehicles
• Labour cost
cost of driver + collection workers
Their Remunerations + allowances
◦ Overtime + other payments paid to them
◦ PF, leaves + other facilities
The operating cost on a single truck basis may be expressed by means of the
following mathematical expression;
➢Total operating cost per year per truck = annual depreciation+ average
annual interest + operation and maintenance per year
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Calculation of vehicle operating cost
The factors affecting the operating cost of refuse collection system are
➢Initial cost of refuse vehicles
➢Effective life of vehicles
➢Current interest rate on capital
➢Operation and maintenance cost of the vehicles
➢Average quantity of refuse collected per trip
➢No of collection trips per day /month/ year
➢Average total mileage travelled per collection trip or year

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Transfer station
Transfer station is a place where SW from collection vehicles is transferred
to larger transport vehicles to carry to MRF/ landfill or other ultimate
disposal sites
When transfer station considered
➢Haulage distance is long (i.e. >7 KM)
➢Small capacity vehicles are used for collection system (< 10 m3 )
➢Small capacity containers are used in HCS
➢Resources recovery facilities are installed
➢TS reduce non productive time,Maintenance cost and Facilitate MRF
activities

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Why Use Waste Transfer Stations?
• The primary reason for using a transfer station is to reduce the cost of
transporting waste to disposal facilities.
• Merging smaller loads from collection vehicles into larger transfer
vehicles reduces hauling costs.
• This also reduces fuel consumption and collection vehicle
maintenance costs, plus produces less overall traffic, air emissions,
and road wear.
In addition, a transfer station also provides:
• An opportunity to screen waste prior to disposal.
• Flexibility in selecting waste disposal options.
• An opportunity to serve as a convenience center for public use

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TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS:
HCS: - Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and returned to
original location or some other location - Suitable for areas where
higher wst. generation
Stationary Container System (SCS)
SCS: - the container used to store waste remain at the point of
generation; except when moved to curb or other location to be emptied.
Types include: - Mechanically-loaded system - Manually-loaded
collection vehicle(more common). - Used for residential/commercial
sites. - Vehicle w/ internal compaction mechanism or un- compacted
(open top lorry - side loaded.
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 On Site Handling of Solid Waste
• On-site handling methods and principles involve public attitude, individual belief and ultimately
affects the public health.
• It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers
used for their storage before collection. This may take place at any time before, during or after
storage.
• Importance of on-site handling of solid waste: - reduce volume of waste generated - alter physical
form - recover usable materials
• Onsite handling methods:Segregation, shredding, grinding and
composting.
• Segregation of wastes into degradable and non-degradable wastes is to be done to recover or
divert non-degradable wastes (electric items, plastics, tyres etc.) and degradable items (wood,
textiles etc.) to its recycling plant and if possible, it can be reused.
• It is a tedious process which therefore needs labor. Magnets can also be used to segregate ferrous
metals. This process will help in reducing the amounts of waste going for composting and also
earns money through selling wastes to recycling plant.
• Shredding or Pulverizing: this process involves in size reduction of organic wastes before it goes
for composting. This process reduces the overall volume by 40%.
• It will increase surface area availability for bacterial activity for decomposition and facilitates easy
handling of moisture content and aeration.
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• The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires
facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premises. Individual
house holder or business owner has responsibility for onsite storage of
solid waste.
• For individual homes, industries, and other commercial centers proper
onsite storage of solid waste is the beginning of disposal. Because un-
kept or simple dumps are sources of nuisance, flies, smells and other
hazards.
Factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid
waste are:
1. the type of container to be used,
2. the location where the containers to be kept,
3. public health,
4. the collection method and time.
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Design consideration for Transfer Station
1. Types of transfer operation to be used
a.Types of vehicles b.Types of loading c.Storage or non storage
TS are 3 types based on vehicle loading
i.Direct load TS
➢ Waste from collection vehicles are directly discharged into the transportation truck
➢ Two level arrangements with discharging vehicles at upper level
➢ Management of discharging vehicles and transport vehicles are not easy
➢ It may be with or without compacting facilities
ii.Storage load TS
➢ Waste is first discharged into the storage pit from which they are again loaded in transport vehicles
➢ Three level are required if gravity is to be used
➢ Storage facility give flexibility to the system
➢ May not be suitable for areas without buffer zone and Storage for a day or two is allowed
iii.Combined direct load and storage discharge TS
Normally provided where MRF are installed.Some wastes are stored others are directly discharged and
Storage facilities to the separated waste help to collect recyclable waste when there is enough volume of
collection
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2. Capacity requirements
➢ collection vehicles do not have to wait very long
➢cost of waiting against cost of expansion of TS
3. Trade off between options
➢small TS and use of more transport vehicles
➢large TS and use of fewer transport vehicles
4. Equipments and accessories requirements
➢depends on the function of TS
➢if designed for MRF it needs equipments accordingly
➢for loading front end loaders, compactors (stationery or mounted in
the trailer or compactor truck)
➢Weighing bridge to monitor performance
➢Recovery and storage facilities for scavangers
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5. Location requirements
➢As near as possible from weighted centre of Solid Waste generation
areas
➢within easy access to arterial road capable of running large trucks
➢minimum of public and environmental objections
6. Environmental requirements
➢EIA should be conducted
➢Construction of wind screen
➢Leachate collection and treatment facilities
➢Surface drainage system
➢Bird hazard control

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Q 1. Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck . Time taken to reach the first
container site from the garage is 30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the average time
required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed
limit 40 kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per day based on 8 hr/ day working
schedule. What would be the amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the 4 m3
containers are in an average 75 % or (3/4)th full.

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Q. Design a residential MSW collection system for curbside collection service with 1000 single family
dwellings using rear loading trucks with two person crew to load manually. Determine the size of collection
vehicle required with following data;
a. Average no of residents per pick up location = 5 , Family size = 5
b. Density of MSW as discarded = 250 kg/m3 , Container size = 360 litre
c. Collection vehicle compaction ratio = 2.5 , Collection frequency = 1/week , No of trips per day = 2
d. Round trip haul distance = 40 km
e. Travel time to 1st location = 0.2 hr ,Travel time from disposal site to garage = 0.3 hr
f. Off route factor = 0.2 , Length of work day H = 8 hr.
g. Haul time constants a= 0.016 hr/trip ; b= 0.028 hr/km ,at site time =0.1 hr/trip
h. waste generation = 0.5 kg/day

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Q. What is the compactor size required to haul waste from a residential
community with following details;
a.Containers size (C) = 0.24m3
b.Container utilization factors = 0.75
c.Average no of containers in each station = 2
d.Collection vehicles compaction ratio = 2.5
e.Container unloading time UC =5 min
f.Two way haul distance x = 30 km
g.Speed limit =40 km h. Length of workday H = 8 hr
i.Average driving time between the containers = 6 min
j.T1 = 15 min; t2 = 15 min
k. No of trip to disposal site per day = 2

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V=2.566 m3
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Therefore, volume of compacter needed is 2.566 m3
Q.

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