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0610:42:M:J:23

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Andy Aung Phone Sett
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41 views3 pages

0610:42:M:J:23

Uploaded by

Andy Aung Phone Sett
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

a). It is made up of tissues with specific organs working towards a shared function

b). Layer b or the palisade mesophyll cells are packed tightly, contain a lot of
chloroplasts, and are positioned right under the upper epidermis to maximise the
absorption of light energy reaching the layer for photosynthesis.
Layer c or the spongy mesophyll cells have interconnected air spaces which
allow diffusion of gasses and evaporation of water from the surfaces of spongy
mesophyll cells into the air spaces and through the stomata

c(i). guard cells

c(ii). To allow the transport of gasses or gas exchange in and out and regulation
of transpiration

c(iii). To reduce transpiration prevent excessive water loss causing wilting

d). The increased humidity would reduce the rate of transpiration due to a decrease
in the concentration gradient of water vapour inside and outside of the stomata
which would reduce of evaporation and thus the rate of transpiration, so the
stomata would take longer to close, the guard cells would also lose less water and
remain more turgid

2.

b). 100-(29 x 2) / 2 = 21

c(i). Gene - length of a DNA that codes for a protein

c(ii). mRNA transcribe genes from the DNA which stays inside the nucleus then
spread across the cytoplasm to bind with ribosomes which translate the information
in mRNA determined by the sequence of bases to assemble
amino acids in order to produce specific proteins using the energy produced from
respiration by mitochondria

c(iii). Carriers, receptors cells, maltese/enzymes

3.

a(i). -44%

a(ii). The daily doses of erythromycin increased from 2.3 to the peak of 2.8 per
10000 people as the years increased from 1983 to 1989 then decreased more rapidly
between 1989 to 1995 decreasing from 2.8 to 0.5 per 1000 people as the number of
resistant bacterial infections appeared at 1.95 then increased then decreased to
1.5 infections from 1991 to 1995.

a(iii). There was a decrease in the use of erythromicin doses per 10000 people so
that may have exposed less bacteria to the antibiotic for them to develop a
resistance to it and would've been killed by other newer more effective antibiotics
instead

a(iv). Random mutations occur in some bacteria which may lead to the development of
an allele that provides resistance to an antibiotic, by exposing those bacteria to
an environment with that antibiotic, they thrive and reproduce rapidly more than
other bacteria without that allele in competition for resources to pass on the
allele for antibiotic resistance whereas if they were not introduced to the
antibiotic, they would have the same chances of survival in an antibiotic
environment as their competition leading to them not thriving and reproducing as
quickly to spread the allele.

b(i). DNA not in nucleus but inside cytoplasm, circular DNA

b(ii). Allows locomotion/swimming

4.

a(i). aquatic plants -> shrimps, (midges -> stoneflies -> salmon -> herons),
(mayflies -> salmon -> herons)

a(ii).

primary consumer - shrimps, midges, mayflies


secondary consumer - stoneflies, salmon
tertiary consumers - herons, salmon
quartiary consumers - herons

a(iii). The tissues of primary consumers contain chemical energy - passed onto
secondary consumers by being eaten - food particles digested to produce energy or
glucose for respiration - energy used for growth or mitosis - energy used for
protein synthesis or storage as fat or glycogen

a(iv). Overharvesting of salmon lead to a rapid growth in the populations of


mayflies and stoneflies as they lose predation. This leads to a decrease in the
population of midges as there are an increased number of predation by stoneflies to
hunt them. There is a decrease in the population in the population of aquatic
plants due to an increase in the number of mayflies which feed on them.

b). Organism that gets its energy from feeding from waste or dead organic material

c). Energy is lost from each trohpic level through heat, being used for growth,
movement, or because there are inedible parts of organisms or through excretion of
waste; energy transfer between food chains is inefficient. As plants are on a lower
trophic level, humans gain more energy directly from them

5.

a). Mitochondrion for aerobic respiration to produce energy

b). Magnification and length of cell in the image

c). 0.075

6(ii). The bean roots have grown downwards towards gravity whereas the shoots have
grown upwards away from gravity

6(ii). Gravitropism

6(iii). In seedling B, auxin diffuses and is released from tip of the shoot away
from it to concentrate in the lower surface of the shoot to stimulate more cell
elongation there so it grows upwards from gravity and at upper surface of the roots
so it grows downwards towards gravity whereas auxin is distributed throughout
seedling E to ensure equal cell elongation and growth so the shoots and roots grow
straight

b(i). Suitable temperature


b(ii). Oxygen provides energy for the start of growth by aerobic respiration and
water is used in cell processes and as a solvent

7). soluble, stomatch, hydrochloric acids, pathogens, pancreas/small intestine,


alkaline, bile, emulsification

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