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Java Basic Syntax
Last Updated : 14 Jul, 2024
Java program is an object-oriented programming language, that means java is the
collection of objects, and these objects communicate through method calls to each
other to work together. Here is a brief discussion on the Classes and Objects,
Method, Instance variables, syntax, and semantics of Java.

Basic Terminologies in Java

1. Class: The class is a blueprint (plan) of the instance of a class (object). It
can be defined as a logical template that share common properties and methods.

Example1: Blueprint of the house is class.

Example2: In real world, Alice is an object of the “Human” class.
2. Object: The object is an instance of a class. It is an entity that has behavior
and state.

Example: Dog, Cat, Monkey etc. are the object of “Animal” class.
Behavior: Running on the road.
3. Method: The behavior of an object is the method.

Example: The fuel indicator indicates the amount of fuel left in the car.
4. Instance variables: Every object has its own unique set of instance variables.
The state of an object is generally created by the values that are assigned to
these instance variables.

Example: Steps to compile and run a java program in a console

javac GFG.java
java GFG

import java.util.*;
public class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("GeeksforGeeks!");
}
}

Output
GeeksforGeeks!
Note: When the class is public, the name of the file has to be the class name.

Syntax:
1. Comments in Java

There are three types of comments in Java.

 i. Single line Comment

// System.out.println("This is an comment.");
ii. Multi-line Comment

/*
System.out.println("This is the first line comment.");
System.out.println("This is the second line comment.");
*/
iii. Documentation Comment. Also called a doc comment.

/** documentation */
2. Source File Name

The name of a source file should exactly match the public class name with the
extension of .java. The name of the file can be a different name if it does not
have any public class. Assume you have a public class GFG.

GFG.java // valid syntax

gfg.java // invalid syntax
3. Case Sensitivity

Java is a case-sensitive language, which means that the identifiers AB, Ab, aB, and
ab are different in Java.

System.out.println("GeeksforGeeks"); // valid syntax

system.out.println("GeeksforGeeks"); // invalid syntax because of the first letter
of System keyword is always uppercase.
4. Class Names

i. The first letter of the class should be in Uppercase (lowercase is allowed but
discouraged).

ii. If several words are used to form the name of the class, each inner word’s
first letter should be in Uppercase. Underscores are allowed, but not recommended.
Also allowed are numbers and currency symbols, although the latter are also
discouraged because they are used for a special purpose (for inner and anonymous
classes).

class MyJavaProgram // valid syntax

class 1Program // invalid syntax
class My1Program // valid syntax
class $Program // valid syntax, but discouraged
class My$Program // valid syntax, but discouraged (inner class Program inside
the class My)
class myJavaProgram // valid syntax, but discouraged
5. public static void main(String [] args)

The method main() is the main entry point into a Java program; this is where the
processing starts. Also allowed is the signature public static void main(String…
args).

6. Method Names

i. All the method names should start with a lowercase letter (uppercase is also
allowed but lowercase is recommended).

ii. If several words are used to form the name of the method, then each first
letter of the inner word should be in Uppercase. Underscores are allowed, but not
recommended. Also allowed are digits and currency symbols.

public void employeeRecords() // valid syntax

public void EmployeeRecords() // valid syntax, but discouraged
7. Identifiers in java

Identifiers are the names of local variables, instance and class variables, and
labels, but also the names for classes, packages, modules and methods. All Unicode
characters are valid, not just the ASCII subset.

i. All identifiers can begin with a letter, a currency symbol or an underscore (_).
According to the convention, a letter should be lower case for variables.

ii. The first character of identifiers can be followed by any combination of

letters, digits, currency symbols and the underscore. The underscore is not
recommended for the names of variables. Constants (static final attributes and
enums) should be in all Uppercase letters.

iii. Most importantly identifiers are case-sensitive.

iv. A keyword cannot be used as an identifier since it is a reserved word and has
some special meaning.

Legal identifiers: MinNumber, total, ak74, hello_world, $amount, _under_value

Illegal identifiers: 74ak, -amount
8. White spaces in Java

A line containing only white spaces, possibly with the comment, is known as a blank
line, and the Java compiler totally ignores it.

9. Access Modifiers: These modifiers control the scope of class and methods.

Access Modifiers: default, public, protected, private.

Non-access Modifiers: final, abstract, static, transient, synchronized, volatile,
native.
10. Understanding Access Modifiers:

Access Modifier Within Class Within Package Outside Package by subclass

only Outside Package
Private
Yes

No

No

No

Default
Yes

Yes

No

No

Protected
Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Public
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

11. Java Keywords

Keywords or Reserved words are the words in a language that are used for some
internal process or represent some predefined actions. These words are therefore
not allowed to use as variable names or objects.

abstract

assert

boolean

break

byte

case

catch

char

class

const

continue

default

do

double

else

enum

extends

final
finally

float

for

goto

if

implements

import

instanceof

int

interface

long

native

new

package

private

protected

public

return

short

static

strictfp

super

switch

synchronized

this

throw

throws

transient

try

void
volatile

while

Conclusion
Mastering Java’s basic syntax is essential for any aspiring programmer. It lays the
foundation for more advanced concepts and skills. To further enhance your
understanding and proficiency, consider enrolling in our Free Java Course, which
offers comprehensive coverage and practical exercises

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author
mayur_patil

958
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