QTY 332: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV

WEEK 5
❑Proprietary systems –
▪Suspended ceilings
▪Curtain walling
▪Cladding
❑Industrialized building system
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
▪Suspended ceilings are ceilings fixed to a framework
suspended from the main structure thus forming a void
between the two components.
▪A suspended ceiling (also known as a dropped ceiling or
false ceiling) is a secondary ceiling made of a series of
ceiling tiles and a metal framework that is hung from the
underside of the structural ceiling above it.
▪Usually, a gap of between 3 and 8 inches is left between
the structural and suspended ceiling, which is where the
naming conventions originally comes from.
SUSPENDED CEILINGS cont’d
▪It is mostly popular in business premises and offices as it
maintains a clean, professional atmosphere while utilising
the space created between itself and the structural ceiling
to conceal the necessary wires, heating, and ventilation
that a business is often required to have.
▪A suspended ceiling also allows for the installation of
various workplace necessities, such as light fittings, CCTV
and smoke detectors, as a result of not only the created
space, but the use of fitted ceiling tiles. The ceiling tiles
slotted into the grid can be lifted or have fixtures attached,
enabling easy access to remove, repair or replace anything
within.
SUSPENDED CEILINGS cont’d
▪Suspended tiles come in a variety of designs, colour and
materials.
▪Suspended tiles are manufactured from materials such as
mineral fibre, metal, plasterboard and laminates and are often
perforated to provide specific levels of acoustic absorption that
can be used to control the reverberation time in spaces below.
▪Typically ceiling tiles are 600mm by 600mm or 600mm by
1200mm, although a range of sizes are available.
▪A typical suspended ceiling system consists of two main parts:
the grid and the panels.
▪The ceiling grid is a metal framework hung from the structure
and designed to support the material (ceiling panels).
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SUSPENDED CEILINGS
▪Be easy to construct, repair, maintain and clean.
▪Provide adequate access for any form of maintenance
▪Provide any required sound and/or thermal insulation.
▪Provide any required acoustic control
▪Provide required structural fire protection to structural steel
▪Conform to requirements in the Building Regulations
▪Create a void space suitable for housing, concealing and
protecting services and light fittings
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
SUSPENDED CEILINGS
CURTAIN WALLING
▪Curtain walling is a form of lightweight non-load bearing
external cladding which forms a complete envelope or
sheath around the structural frame.
▪In low rise structures, the curtain wall framing could be of
timber or patent glazing but in the usual high rise context,
box or solid members of steel or aluminium alloy are
normally employed.
▪Curtain walling is an external vertical building enclosure
produced by elements mainly of metal, timber or plastic.
Basic Requirements for Curtain Walls
▪Provide the necessary resistance to penetration by the elements.
▪Have sufficient strength to carry own self weight and provide
resistance to both positive and negative wind pressures.
▪Provide required degree of fire resistance
▪Be easy to assemble, fix and maintain.
▪Provide the required degree of sound and thermal insulation.
▪Provide for thermal and structural movements.
▪Admittance of natural daylight and ventilation
▪Durability – limited maintenance
▪Aesthetically acceptable
CURTAIN WALLING
CURTAIN WALLING
CLADDING
▪Cladding is a material used to provide a decorative and
protective skin on a building.
▪claddings are used for the exterior of insulated walls
assembly.
▪The purpose of cladding is to protect a building's structure
from natural elements like wind and rain.
▪ Cladding have other benefits, such as insulation and noise
control, and it can boost the aesthetic appeal of a building.
▪Cladding can be made of wood, stone, or concrete, and
although it doesn't support the structure, it does protect
against elements like wind or rain.
CLADDING
▪Some of the materials used for cladding include
brick/block, glass, timber, vinyl, steel, aluminium
CLADDING
CLADDING
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM
▪Industrialized building system (IBS) is a technique of
construction where by components are manufactured in a
controlled environment, either at site or off site, placed and
assembled into construction works.
▪The IBS allows for all building components such as wall, slab,
beam, column and staircase are mass produced either in factory
or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site
activities.
▪Industrialized building construction involves producing building
components in a factory setting and assembling them on site.
▪This allows for faster construction, higher quality control, and
more economical mass production compared to traditional
craft-based methods
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ IBS is also known as Pre-fabricated/Pre-fab Construction,
Modern Method of Construction (MMC) and Off-site
Construction.
▪All modular structures are prefabrications, but not all
prefabrications are modular structures.
▪For something to be labelled as ‘modular’, at least 70% of
the project must be completed in factories before delivery
to the site.
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ Some examples where prefabrication was used throughout
history are: –
▪1755 – Following the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, Baixa District in
Lisbon was rebuilt using prefabricated component while
introducing some of the earliest forms of anti-seismic designs.
▪1851 – The Crystal Palace in London used prefabrication
techniques using iron and glass
▪1941 to 1945 – During World War II, the United Kingdom
government used prefabrication to construct temporary homes
for thousands of urban families ‘bombed out’ in the war
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ Some benefits of prefabrication include: –
▪Easy transportation - large volumes of prefabricated parts can
be transported at any given time.
▪ Space saving - with the Industrialized Building System, the need
to allocate dedicated zones for assembly is eliminated, freeing
up valuable space.
▪Not susceptible to weather - with prefabrication, most of the
work is undertaken indoors without the need to worry about the
weather.
▪Optimal usage of materials - prefabrication is often done in a
controlled environment, which results in a more efficient usage
of raw materials, controlled noise pollution and efficient
recycling.
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ Some benefits of prefabrication include: –
▪Flexibility – for IBS, once a specific component has been
fully prefabricated, the factories can be retrofitted
accordingly to the next component.
▪Reduction of manual labour and safety - using the IBS, the
number of manual workers can be reduced as they would
not be needed on the construction site. Also, the need for
the human touch in difficult and dangerous works can be
eliminated as prefabrication often employs machines and
robots.
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ Some benefits of prefabrication include: –
▪Reduce construction period - prefabrication allows
developers to carry out more work in different places at the
same time. A shorter construction time can be achieved to
deliver the date production of housing units.
▪Application of state-of-the-art technology - systems like
the IBS allows state-of-the-art technology to be integrated
into the prefabrication process. Prefabrication today uses
3D modelling, high-precision laser beams and artificial
intelligence to create a more refined end product.
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM cont’d
▪ Some disadvantages of prefabrication include: –
▪Logistic nightmare - although IBS enables better logistics of
components with its off-site work area, transporting the
end product can be a logistical nightmare.
▪Cost - transporting large volumes of prefabricated
components or large singular components would incur a
higher cost than traditional construction methods.
CLASSIFICATION OF IBS
❑Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems
▪ The pre-cast concrete elements are concrete products that are
manufactured and cured in a plant environment and then transported
to a job site for installation. The elements are columns, beams, slabs,
walls, 3-D elements (balconies, staircase, toilets, and lift chambers),
permanent concrete formwork and etc.
❑Steel Formwork Systems
▪ The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on
site. However the steel reinforcement and services conduit are
installed on site before the steel formwork are installed. The
installation of this formwork is easy by using simple bracing system.
Then concrete is poured into the formwork and after seven days, the
formwork can be removed and there is some system whereby the
formwork served as a part of the structure itself after concreting. The
steel formwork systems are used in tunnel forms, beams, column
moulding forms and permanent steel formworks
CLASSIFICATION OF IBS cont’d
❑Steel Framing Systems
▪ The elements of steel framing system are rolled into the specific sizes
and then the elements are fabricated that involves cutting, drilling,
shot blasting, welding and painting. Fabricated elements are sent to
the construction site to be then erected whereby welding and the
tightening of bolts at joints are conducted. The elements include steel
beams and columns, portal frames and roof trusses.
❑Prefabricated Timber Framing System
▪ The prefabricated timber framing system is normally used in the
conventional roof truss and timber frames. The timber is prefabricated
by joining the members of the truss by using steel plate. It is important
that all members are treated with the anti pest chemical. Then, the
installation is done on site by connecting the prefabricated roof truss
to the reinforcement of the roof beams.
CLASSIFICATION OF IBS cont’d
❑Block Work System
▪ The elements of block work system include interlocking
concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete
blocks. The elements are fabricated and cured in the
factory. The elements are normally used as bricks in
structures and interlocking concrete block pavement.
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM
INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM