International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 3, May-June 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Bishnupur: A Paradise for Cultural Tourism in West Bengal, India

Madhu Sudan Ghosh
Senior Research Fellow-Tourism Management, Department of History of Art,
Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Madhu Sudan

Tourists are the main actors in the tourism development for a Ghosh "Bishnupur: A Paradise for
destination. It is therefore, necessary to assess whether a destination Cultural Tourism in West Bengal, India"
is suitable for tourism activities. The objectives of this study were to Published in
International Journal
assess the availability of tourist attractions, major challenges faced by
of Trend in
Bishnupur in developing cultural tourism and promotional activities Scientific Research
initiate by governing authorities. In this study, the authors used and Development
secondary data sources to estimate the above objectives in the context (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
of Bishnupur city, India. The findings showed that Bishnupur has 6470, Volume-8 | IJTSRD64814
rich heritage of terracotta temples and sculptures, performing arts and Issue-3, June 2024,
textiles, but lacked in infrastructure and planned city development. pp.96-103, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64814.pdf
KEYWORDS: Cultural tourism, Terracotta temple, Dokra art,
Poramatir haat, Bishnupur Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

1. INTRODUCTION
Cultural heritage is constantly threatened by human day-trip tourist hub on the map of West Bengal. Once
activities because local residents do not understand the capital of the Malla rulers and is also known for
the importance of maintaining and preserving cultural its Baluchuri sarees, Dashavatar cards, terracotta
relics, folk culture, traditions, crafts, and historical artifacts and Hindustani classical music of the
environments. Tourism plays an important role in Bishnupur Gharana. The Temple city of Bengal, a
preserving cultural heritage by promoting education, seat of Sanskrit learning, assumes its name from Lord
designating places as World Heritage Sites, and Vishnu. Its origin date back to 694 A.D. when King
enabling sustainable regional development. Raghunath, also known as Adi Malla, founded the
Furthermore, tourism benefits host communities by Malla dynasty (www.wbtourismgov.in), popularly
providing them with opportunities and incentives to known as Mallabhum, which covered most of the
take responsibility for preserving their heritage. present-day Bankura district. During Bir Hambir's
Additionally, Duman & Kozak (2009) suggests that time, the Gaudiya Vaishnava religious movement
cultural sites provide native people a venue to spread to Bishnupur along with the entire Mallabhum,
showcase their traditional craft skills and sell their and this philosophy had a great influence on the
handiworks. temple architecture of Bishnupur, mainly built by Bir
UNWTO defined cultural tourism as the movement of Hambir and his successors Raghunath Singh Dev-2
people essentially for the purpose of cultural tour, and Bir Singh Dev. Lies south of the river
performing arts, study tours and travel for festivals Dhaleshwari or Dhalkisor a tributary of Damodar
and other events (WTO, 1985). McKercher and Du River and 132km from North West of Kolkata,
Cros (2002) identified four components of cultural Bishnupur has been proposed as state’s first heritage
tourism: tourism, use of heritage assets, consumption city.
of experiences, and products and tourists. Even though Bishnupur has the potential to become
Bishnupur is a center of decorative indigenous the cultural tourism hub of West Bengal, few tourists
visit it due to lack of knowledge and promotional
terracotta temples in Bankura district and a major

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activities about the city. Therefore, this study study the promotional activities to enhance tourist
attempts to highlight the importance of this city as a flow in Bishnupur; and to investigate the major
cultural tourism destination, which includes the challenges faced by Bishnupur in developing cultural
following objectives: study the availability of tourism.
attractions and infrastructure for cultural tourism;

Figure 1: Location Map

2. Review of literature
A review of the available literature reveals a number of topics addressed in the field of cultural tourism. Some of
the main research themes were covered in this study: cultural tourism, motives for cultural tourism, economic
aspects of cultural tourism, spirituality and tourism. Culture and tourism have always been closely linked and
root of modern day’s cultural tourism dating back to the 16th century in England as the Grand Tour (Feifer,
1985; Kumar et al., 2019).
Cultural attractions, local customs, and events are some of the important factors for travel motives. Therefore,
cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the essential motivation of tourists is to know, discover,
experience and consume tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourist destination (Richards,
2018; Sharma et al., 2022).Cultural tourism embraces the special interest of travel, such as novelty, authenticity,
new experience as well as emotional, psychological, and intellectual experiences (Reisinger, 1994; Seyfi et al.,
2019; Zeppel & Hall,1992).In line with this, Adams (1995) argued that cultural tourism is a type of travel for
personal enrichment. Demographic, social and cultural differences have motivated in growing interest to art,
culture and history, which in turn benefitted cultural tourism (Munsters & Freund de Klumbis, 2005)
Future prospects for cultural tourism products are expanding the focus from built heritage and the arts to creative
cities, landscapes, religious tourism, dark tourism, intangible heritage and many other activities
(McKerracher,2002).Cultural attractions such as monuments and architecture, museums, and events such as
festivals and folklore are considered important pull factors and motivations for travel (Richards,1996; Seyfi et
al., 2019).Therefore, Museums, architecture, heritage and tourist attractions such as food, language, native
lifestyle, and religion can be included in a cultural destination (Stylianou-Lambert, 2011; Pandey et al., 2021).
Although Bishnupur is a center of architecture, indigenous lifestyle and folklore, a lack of interest has been
shown by both academics and tourism marketing managers. This study therefore aims to obtain an understanding
of different factors which may influence the cultural tourists to visit the destination, and explore the cultural
beauty of Bishnupur.

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3. Methodology
To achieve the research objectives, the present study was conducted using secondary data sources to capture all
aspects that constitute the cultural attractions of a destination. Secondary sources include various literature,
brochures, and websites that reveal the cultural characteristics of a destination. In the next stage, post-visit
feedback from tourists was collected on review websites. This helps to determine the availability of tourist
attractions and infrastructure such as transportation, accommodation, markets, healthcare, communication
systems, daily necessities, recreation, and security facilities.
4. Findings
The following section provides the various elements found to contribute to the cultural tourism experiences,
along with post visit comments and the results of the literature review. The presentation of the findings of this
study focused on three main areas: availability of attractions for cultural tourism and role of infrastructure in
tourism development, promotional activities to increase tourist flow in Bishnupur, and key challenges faced by
Bishnupur in the development of cultural tourism.
4.1. Attractions
There is number of attractions to visit Bishnupur ranging from making of playing cards, conch cell, bell metal
articles, Saree weaving to Bishnupur Gharana music in general and terracotta temple with tile works in
particular. Bishnupur depicts glorious past of Malla Kings’ traditional architecture of ratna temples, which not
only narrate tales of the Ramayana and Mahabharata but social and cultural life of village people. All these make
a perfect destination for cultural tourists. Therefore, this tentative list on UNESCO World Heritage site
(whc.unesco.org) attracts lot of tourists across country as well as foreigners.
4.1.1. Temples to visit
Rashmancha: One of the most iconic structures in the city center, Rashmancha is an elevated platform built by
King Bir Hambir in 1600 AD (Bain, 2016). During the Raas festival, the public used to gather on the lawn of
Rashmancha to witness the display of 'Radha-Krishna' idols from all other temples. Recently, the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) stopped holding public gatherings at Rashmancha due to conservation concerns.

Figure 2: Rashmancha
Jorebangla temple: A must-visit temple in Bishnupur,
Jorebangla is a double hut-shaped temple built by
Raghunath Singha-2 in 1655 AD (Mandal, Mukherjee,
Mondal, 2016). The south-facing temple or Keshta Rai
temple is under the protection of Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI).

Figure 3: Jorebangla Temple

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Madan Mohan temple: Malla king Durjana Singha
Dev built this temple in 1694 AD to dedicate Lord
Krishna (Mandal, Mukherjee, & Mondal, 2016). The
Eka Ratna temple is an example of the artist's
craftsmanship in depicting the stories of Ramayana
and Mahabharata on the walls of the temple.

Figure 3: Madan Mohan Temple

Shyam Rai temple: Shyam Rai Temple, also known as
pancha ratna built by Malla King Raghunath Singha in
1643 AD (Mandal, Mukherjee, Mondal, 2016).
Conserved by the Archaeological Survey of India, the
Shyam Rai temple has walls decorated with terracotta
tiles and is an attraction for tourists visiting Bishnupur.

Figure 4: Shyam Rai Temple

Radhe Shyam temple: Radhe Shyam temple
(www.asikolkata.in) is a living shrine dedicated to
Radha Krishna built by Chaitanya Singha in 1758 AD.
The south-facing Eka Ratna temple is located within a
walled compound near the Jorbangla temple.

Figure 5: Radhe Shyam Temple

4.1.2. Monuments
Dalmadal Canon: The Dalmadal canon, a symbol of the
power of the Malla kings, was built by Raja Gopal Singh in
1742 to fight the Maratha invaders (www.wbtourismgov.in).
The cannon, made of wrought iron (www.asikolkata.in), has
a legend that it was fired by Lord Madan Mohan himself to
ward off Maratha raiders.

Figure 6: Dalmadal Canon

Garh Darwaja and Bara Pathar Darwaja: The northern
entrance of the old fort of the erstwhile Malla kings narrates
the glory days of Bishnupur. The outermost gate is locally
known as Pathar Darwaja (small gate) and was built by Bir
Singh 2 (www.asikolkata.in). A few meters away there is
another entrance known as Bara Pathar Darwaja, a two-story
gate.

Figure 7: Garh Darwaja

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4.1.3. Lakes and Boat Riding Bishnupur Gharana Music: Not only the terracotta
King Bir Singha excavated eight tanks, locally called temples, Baluchari sarees and Dasavatar cards, but
bandh to store water around Bishnupur: Lal Bandh, also the 'Bishnupur Gharana', Bengal's only classical
Krishna Bandh, Yamuna Bandh, Shyam Bandh, Poka music Gharana, attracts many music-loving tourists to
Bandh, Gantat Bandh, Choukhan Bandh and Kalindhi Bishnupur. Bahadur Khan (Bain, 2016), a musician
Bandh (Biswas, 2003). Among these Lalbandh offers and singer flourished Bishnupur Gharana music at the
boat riding (bishnupurtourism.com) every day and court of Raghunath Sinha II, a vocal enthusiast of the
only on weekends one can enjoy classical music Malla dynasty. Tourists who love Indian classical
performances of Bishnupur Gharana on special boats. music can experience performances of the Bishnupur
4.1.4. Art and Crafts Gharana at Ramsharan College of Music, Asia's
Baluchuri saree: Baluchuri sarees represent the socio- oldest music college. West Bengal tourism
cultural and religious themes of Bishnupur, and department has taken an initiative to revive this
classical music by organizing Bishnupur music
Patpara and Krishnagunj in Bishnupur city are the
hubs of world-famous Baluchuri saree weavers festival every year on the month of February.
(Mandal & Basu, 2010). Saree weaving was 4.1.5. Fairs and Festivals
commissioned in the early 18th century in Baluchar, a Bishnupur Mela: The much-awaited mela (festival) is
small village in present-day Murshidabad district, on held in the terracotta city of Bishnupur in the last
the initiative of the Nawab of Bengal, Murshidkuli week of December every year. The festival showcases
Khan. The village of Baluchar (from which it derives local handicrafts, cuisine, folk songs and dance
its present name Baluchari or Baluchar) faced performances from Bankura and neighboring districts.
frequent floods from the Bhagirathi river, after which The traditional carnival lasts for four days at the end
industries were relocated to the present-day center of of the farming season and attracts tourists from all
Bishnupur. Storied from Hindu mythology, human over the country.
profiles and folk tales are some prominent motifs
Poramatir Haat or Terracotta Market: A weekly
often depicted in saree pallu.
market place is held every Saturday, where people
Terracotta Artifacts: Terracotta horses of Bankura, a gather to sell their terracotta handicrafts. This
national symbol of Indian handicrafts, are produced in initiative was taken by the local government to
village Panchmura, 22km from Bishnupur. The Malla provide a platform to showcase the clay art of local
kings adopted this terracotta artifact to decorate their artists (www.bishnupurtourism.com).
temples, and today it is a geographical indicator of
4.2. Transportation
Bishnupur. In collaboration with UNESCO;
4.2.1. Railways
Government of West Bengal has established a Rural
The temple town has a railway station on its own
craft center at Panchamura village to learn craft
name that comes under south eastern railway. This
making through workshop (wbmsme.gov.in).
small but magnificent terracotta-decorated railway
Artifacts offer traditional products such as horses,
station connects India's largest cities such as Howrah,
elephants, manasa chali etc.
Delhi, Puri, Bhubaneswar, Ahmedabad and Surat, and
Dokra Art: Dokra Damar, a tribal group of Bankura, has facilities such as dormitories, rest rooms and
practices Dokra art with brass metal using one of the waiting areas.
primitive techniques of lost wax casting (official
4.2.2. Roadways:
website of RCH). This almost extinct art of making
Keeping in view that Bishnupur is a tourist
sculptures such as Durga idol, Ganesha idol, various
destination, State Govt. inaugurated a new bus stand
animal forms and jewellery, is practiced in Bikna and
in 2016 with all facilities. The bus station has three
Kenjakura villages. Tourists can visit the Bikna
terminals and connecting both nearest and interstate
village, a hub for handicrafts, to witness how these
cities Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC)
master pieces are made and purchase souvenirs as a
and South Bengal State Transport Corporation
memento of their visit to the terracotta city.
(SBSTC) provide regular bus services from Kolkata
Dasavatar cards: Dasavatar Taas or Card consist of to Bishnupur. Regular buses also run from Panagarh,
120 cards with ten suits portray ten incarnation of Asansol and Durgapur.
lord Vishnu respectively Matsya, Kurma, Baraha, 4.2.3. Airways:
Nirshinga, Baman, Parasuram, Ram, Balaram, Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport in Andal is the nearest
Budhha and Kalki(Mukherjee,2011). Fouzdar family airport to Bishnupur, approximately 62kms away.
of sakhari bazaar is well known for making Dasavatar
and Naqsah cards, that showcase Bishnupur’s own
craftsmanship to the world.

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4.3. Accommodation Most of the city's tourist attraction areas are not
Bishnupur has a reasonable variety of hotels and developed in a planned manner and this is one of the
lodges in both government and private sectors that reasons why Bishnupur has not been granted heritage
cater to all classes of tourists. A list of best well status by UNESCO even though it has a large number
known hotels and lodges are given below. of historical monuments and a rich cultural
 Bishnupur Tourist Lodge, 1km away from environment (Singh, 2017). Despite prohibition on
railway station and run by WBTDC. construction within 100 meters of protected sites,
 Monalisa Lodge offers budget rooms to guests unauthorized buildings, shops and restaurants were
and located near to Shyamrai temple. being built just a stone's throw away. Drainage
 Hotel Heritage at Dalmadal Para only0.5km from system of the city has not been modernized, when it
Bishnupur Bus stand and 2 km from railway rains a little, water flows into spillways in most areas
station. of the city.
 Hotel Banalata, 3 km away from main town of
Bishnupur is rich in terracotta temples, sculptures,
Bishnupr and offers 38 rooms with basic historical buildings, monuments and other ruins. The
amenities. Archaeological Survey of India (www.asikolkata.in)
4.4. Promotional Activities conserves and maintains only 23 important temples
As part of its efforts to promote Bishnupur as a major and historical monuments, but many of the remaining
tourism hub of the state, the West Bengal government structures are being destroyed day by day by natural
plans to develop Bishnupur city as the state's first processes and human activity.
heritage city. Most tourists visit on a day trip, as the
5. Conclusion
Bishnupur temple complex is spread over a small area
Home of terracotta temples, handicrafts and culture,
and can be visited within a few hours. The Tourism Bishnupur is a perfect weekend destination for all
Department is expanding Bishnupur as a tourist
categories of tourists who prefer historical
destination to include outskirts such as Terracotta
monuments, performing arts and local handicrafts.
Village Panchmura, Dokra Village Bikna, Bishnupur Once ruled by Malla rulers, their capital still retains
Chatal and Joypur forest to convert day-trippers into
centuries-old traditions such as kirtan chanting, baul
overnight guests. West Bengal is home of rich
song performances, and tribal dances that You can
historical places such as Murshidabad, Bankura, bring them into your social life. The main objective of
Birbhum, Malda, Burdwan and Cooch Behar, as well this study was to investigate the range of tourist
as two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on the attractions, transportation and accommodation
tentative list: Bishnupur and Shantiniketan. Keeping
facilities available in Bishnupur as a tourist
this in mind, the Bengal Heritage Circuit destination in order to motivate potential tourists to
(www.wbtourismgov.in) is planned to cover
visit this tranquil place. Based on the results, we can
Bishnupur and Muktmanipur in Bankur district and conclude that this place is a paradise for day trips and
offer a glimpse of Bengal's hidden heritage. The state
weekend getaways as accommodation options and
tourism department has opted for digital marketing basic infrastructure are not sufficient. Furthermore,
and introduced 360-degree view on its official unplanned and unauthorized construction greatly
website to visit Rasmancha Temple, Jorbangla contributes to the formation of a negative image of
Temple, Shyamrai Temple, Lalji Temple, the destination. Unauthorized construction works near
Radhashyam Temple, Kalachand Temple, Jor Mandir cultural monuments is one of the main reasons for
Temple and Nandalal in Bishnupur. being denied UNESCO WHS status. As tourist is one
4.5. Major challenges of the key stakeholders for regional tourism
Although Bishnupur has great potential to become a development, destination managers should have a
cultural tourism hub, its importance for tourism comprehensive understanding of tourist behavior
development and necessary infrastructure has only towards tourism.
been recognized late. One of the biggest challenges in 5.1. Limitations and Suggestions
tourism development in Bishnupur is moderate
Although this study provides important insights into
transport connectivity which minimize to explore the development of cultural tourism, it also has some
beauty of the city and attraction. The next big issue limitations. First, data were collected from secondary
with the quality, number and distribution of sources such as news articles, research articles,
accommodation is the serious problem in Bishnupur. magazines, books, and feedback posted on various
Other infrastructure facilities such as drinking water, social media and websites. Therefore, the results of
toilets, washrooms, parking facilities and ATMs are this study are quite suggestive in nature and not
unavailable or inadequate in most places.
conclusive. Second, this study focuses only on factors

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
described in the literature, but other factors may also (Eds.), International cultural tourism:
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD64814 | Volume – 8 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2024 Page 103