A Real-time Performance Monitoring of IoT-based

on Lithium-Ion Battery Pack

Murie Dwiyaniti Luthfi Rahman Nova Kusuma Silawardono
Electrical Department Electrical Department Electrical Department
Politeknik Negeri Jakarta Politeknik Negeri Jakarta Politeknik Negeri Jakarta
Depok, Indonesia Depok, Indonesia Depok, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-0524 luthfi.rahmannovakusuma.te18@mhsw. [email protected]
pnj.ac.id
Sri Lestari Kusumastuti Tohazen
Electrical Department Achmad Rais Wiguna Electrical Department
Politeknik Negeri Jakarta Electrical Department Politeknik Negeri Jakarta
Depok, Indonesia Politeknik Negeri Jakarta Depok, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-441X Depok, Indonesia [email protected]
[email protected].
2022 International Conference on Informatics Electrical and Electronics (ICIEE) | 978-1-6654-8622-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIEE55596.2022.10010263

id

Abstract— One of the newest battery technologies widely This paper proposes to monitor the performance of IoT-
used for various applications is the lithium-ion battery. The based battery packs with a simple programming algorithm
performance of lithium-ion batteries must be maintained to get using the Blynk platform [14]. One of the advantages of using
maximum battery life. For this reason, a real-time lithium-ion the Blynk platform is the ease of connectivity between field
battery performance monitoring system is needed so that
devices (sensors) and microcontrollers, ease of programming,
lithium-ion batteries have a long life. This paper proposes to
create a lithium-ion battery pack (12 V, 60Ah) monitoring and stability in the internet network to minimize data loss.
system using IoT-based. The parameter of a lithium-ion battery This article discusses the cut-off voltage when the battery is
can be monitored, such as battery capacity, voltage, current, and discharging and charging. The Blynk platform is applied to
power. Real-time data is updated automatically per minute and monitor the condition of the battery packs made in previous
is visible on the LCD in the battery case and smartphone. As a studies [15].
result, the built-in monitor system successfully monitors battery With an IoT-based monitoring system, the battery pack's
performance during charging and discharging. The battery current, voltage, power, and capacity can be monitored and
charging process using current 4A took 18 hours, and recorded in real time. The system will notify the smartphone
discharging process with a load of 50 W took 14 hours. The
owner if the battery pack condition is outside the specified
minimum and maximum voltage are 9.91 V when the battery is
empty and 12.24 V when the battery is full. The system will range.
provide notification via the smartphone if the battery condition
is low. In addition, electrical parameter data is recorded via the
google spreadsheet and Blynk application.
II. METHOD
A. System Model
Keywords—battery pack, Blynk, Internet of things, lithium-
ion, real-time monitoring The battery packs of the lithium-ions system proposed in
this article consist of 108 batteries type 18650 with a voltage
of 3.7 Volts, varying capacities of 1500 mAh, 2000 mAh, and
2800 mAh. One hundred eight lithium-ion batteries are
I. INTRODUCTION divided into three battery packs and arranged in 3 series and
The latest battery technology of lithium-ion batteries is 12 parallel, as shown in Figure 1. The lithium-ion battery pack
claimed to have minimal maintenance and a long lifetime [1]. monitoring system has an LCD, sensor module, and panel box.
So lithium-ion batteries are widely used as energy storage for
electric cars [2][3] or renewable energy power plants [4][5]. Battery capacity
However, lithium-ion batteries must always be in a state of = (1200 mAh x 8) +
health to avoid critical safety and decreased performance of (2800 mAh x 3) + 2000 mAh
= 20.000 mAh
lithium-ion batteries [6][7]. Some large-scale batteries = 20 Ah x 3 pack = 60 Ah
generally use a battery management system (BMS) to manage
the charge-discharge process [8][9]. However, the current Electrical Energy
BMS design has not monitored battery performance in real- = 60 Ah x 12 V
time and mobile. BMS does not yet have the feature to = 720 Wh
connect with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT-
based monitoring system aims to increase scalability, cost- The striped gray circle is the negative
effectiveness, and flexibility [10]. pole (A and C), and the white is the
positive pole (B). The red line is a
Researchers have implemented an IoT-based battery series connection, and the blue line is
monitoring system, including a cloud-based condition a parallel connection.
monitoring platform [11], cloud-based fault diagnosis [12], Fig. 1. Battery array, battery capacity, and energy calculation
and android phone [13]. The three studies present fairly
complex programming algorithms.

978-1-6654-8622-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

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The battery pack is arranged in such a way in a panel box, as and Google Sheets via a wifi network, where the data will be
shown in Figure 2. updated automatically every 1 minute.

Fig. 2. Panel box of (A) front view (outside) and (B).inside view

B. System Requirements
Figure 3 shows a stages diagram of a lithium-ion battery
pack monitoring system, and Table 1 shows the specification
component. The flow of the system is as follows:
1. Electrical installation
Install each lithium-ion battery in parallel and series to
obtain the desired capacity and voltage. The current
transformer and voltage sensor are connected to the
battery pack's output.
2. Data acquisition Fig. 3. Stages diagram of a lithium-ion battery pack monitoring system
Current transformer and voltage sensor are installed on
the output of batteries for data acquisition of current, TABLE I. SPECIFICATION COMPONENT OF MONITORING SYSTEM
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
voltage, and power. The analog-digital converter module
converts the read current and voltage into digital to be No Component Specification
connected to the ESP8266. The ESP8266 microcontroller 1 Battery 18650 3.7 VDC, 1200 – 3000 mAh
processes the data generated from the ADC module in real 2 BMS 12.6 VDC, 25 A
time. 3 MCB DC 1P, 125 VDC, 63 A
4 Connector NYAF AWG 14 (red and black)
3. Data processing
5 ESP8266 3,3VDC, Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11, Input Voltage
Data from the current transformer and voltage sensor that 7-12VDC
is converted by the ADC module on the battery pack 6 LCD Display Current: 0-300 A; Voltage: 0-200 V;
lithium-ion is read by the ESP8266 every minute. Then Power: 0-60000 W; Energy consumption: 0-
the ESP8266 sends the data via the wifi network to the 9999 kWh; Impedance: 0-1000 Ω; Capacity:
0-1000 AH, Internal resistance: 0-999 mΩ
Blynk application to display the data and also sends the 7 Current Sensor Supply Voltage: +-5V + 5%; Output Analog:
data to the google spreadsheet database. This process is 0.5 - 4.5V; Current rate: -100A s/d 100A
done in real-time and updated every minute. 8 Voltage Sensor Vmaks: 50V, Imaks : 20A, VDD 3-5,5 V
4. Data transmission 9 ADS 1115 Input voltage : 3,3-5,5 VDC, Input Channels :
The data transmission process uses a wifi ES8266 4, Interface : 12C, Resolution : 16 Bits
10 Buck Converter Input voltage: 4-38 VDC, Output voltage :
network connected to the Internet. The configuration 1.25-36VDC (Adjustable), Output current :
settings for the ESP8266 wifi required are the SSID, max 5A, Output Power : 75W, efficiency:
password, and IP address. >92%
5. Data monitoring and database processing
Data can be viewed on LCD and smartphones. Display
data on smartphones using IoT technology with the Blynk III. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT
platform. The current, voltage, and power values from Figure 4 shows the implementation of the lithium-ion
batteries are displayed. Data is also stored in the Google battery pack monitoring system.
Spreadsheets database, which is updated every minute.

C. Battery pack Operation

Lithium-ion battery pack operation works automatically.
The DC power source (from the solar panel) is connected to
the buck converter to provide electricity to the battery. The
current transformer detects the current coming out of the
battery. At the same time, the voltage sensor detects the
voltage at the battery output. Analog data in the form of
current and voltage is converted to digital by the ADC A B
converter for processing on the microcontroller. After the data Fig. 4. Implementation of a lithium-ion battery pack monitoring system:
process is complete, the data is sent to the Blynk application (A) front view and (B) inside view

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The display of lithium-ion battery pack data in the form of
voltage, current, and power on a smartphone using the Blynk
IoT platform is shown in Figure 5. Blynk app is only run on
Android OS version 4.2+ and iOS version 9+.

Fig. 7. Result of sensor readings on lithium-ion battery pack discharge

conditions

After the discharging process, the researchers charged the

battery using a current of 4 A. The battery charging process
from the empty capacity (0 %) to full (100 %) took 18 hours.
The measurement data in graphical form can be seen in Figure
8.

Fig. 5. The display of lithium-ion battery pack data on a smartphone using

the Blynk IoT platform

The data is sent to the google spreadsheet every minute, as

shown in Figure 6. The capacity of the database to record data
depends on the google drive storage area of the google email
owner. This data can be downloaded or deleted as needed.

Fig. 8. Result of sensor readings on lithium-ion battery pack charge

conditions

The minimum voltage when the battery is empty is 9.91 V.

While the maximum voltage when the battery is full is 12.24
V. To find out the State of Charge (SOC) value which is an
indicator to describe the remaining battery power [16], using
Fig. 6. The display of the Google spreadsheet database the formula:

The researchers conducted a discharge and charge test on SOC = × 100 %

the lithium-ion battery pack to determine whether the system
could function correctly. When the cut-off voltage is 12.1 V, the SOC:
The discharging test aims to determine the battery
capacity's condition and the duration of time. The electrical . ,
load used during discharging is 50 W. The time required for SOC = × 100 %
, ,
discharge from 100% to 0% battery capacity is 14 hours. SOC = 94 %
Figure 7 shows a graph of sensor readings displayed on Blynk
IoT and recorded in the google spreadsheet database when the The SOC calculation prevents the battery from being
lithium-ion battery pack is discharged. overcharged or over-discharged. Based on these calculations,
From Figure 7, the maximum voltage at 0% discharge the battery capacity is 94%, and the cut-off voltage of 12.1 V
condition or 100% battery capacity is 12.24 V. The minimum is the limit value for starting the battery discharge.
voltage of 9.91 V at 100 % discharge or 0 % battery capacity. Switching the charge state and the battery's discharge is
According to the Technical Specifications of a 18560 carried out automatically. Charging the battery is done
lithium-ion battery, the minimum discharge voltage is 80 % of through a buck converter whose voltage is adjusted according
the battery discharge condition. If it reaches the minimum
to the battery's cut-off voltage. While for battery discharge, if
discharge voltage, the battery must be charged so that the
battery life is long. Following the data obtained by the the voltage sensor reads that the battery voltage has reached
researchers, the voltage at 80 % discharge condition is 10.36 10.36 V, the microcontroller will send data in the form of text
V. This voltage value becomes the system limit to provide to the smartphone that the battery is low (Figure 9). At the
notification that the battery is low, so the system will same time, the microcontroller will activate the relay, which
automatically charge the battery. is connected to the buck converter for charging.

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Politeknik Negeri Jakarta supports this research. Under "Understanding the energy consumption of battery electric
Research Contract Number: B.267/PL3.18/PT.00.06/2022, buses in urban public transport systems," Sustainability,
the Year 2022. vol. 12, no. 23, p. 10007, 2020.

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