STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
3rd Quarter
Week 5

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
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 Competencies:
-Illustrates random sampling.
Code: M11/12SP-IIId-2
-Distinguishes between parameter and statistic.
Code: M11/12SP-IIId-3
-Identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean).
Code: M11/12SP-IIId-4

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have

a. defined terminologies related to random sampling;
b. constructed a sampling distribution of sample mean by following the
steps; and
c. reflected the importance of the lesson as applied in solving real-life
situated problems.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

In almost all fields of study, we gather data. These data are used to estimate
things about the nature of human beings, phenomena, and even our world. If the
number of elements in the population is too many, it will be extremely hard for the
researchers to collect all data from the group. In some cases, we need to use
random sampling to get the appropriate number from the samples to draw
conclusions that would represent the population.
This learning activity sheet was crafted with you in mind on how you can
define terminologies related to random sampling and identify the different random
sampling techniques as applied in solving real-life situated problems. It is here to help
you realize the importance of selecting the appropriate type of random sampling
method that can yield significant results in your future researches. Also, during your
junior high school classes, you already discussed frequency distribution and on the
earlier part of this subject, you also tackled the probability distribution. In here, we
will discuss another distribution, the sampling distribution of the mean. You will
construct a sampling distribution of the sample mean by following the steps that can
accompany you in your upcoming studies.

Terminologies related to Random Sampling

In research, collecting data can either be done in the entire population or
the subset of this population called sample. If a researcher decides to use sample
rather than a population, he must take considerations on the number of samples
and how these samples can be chosen out of his target population.

A population includes all of its elements from a set of data. The size of the
population is the number of observations in the population. For example, if the
Department of Education has 10,000 employees having the required age bracket in
a certain study, then we have a population of size 10,000.

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 Sample consists of one or more data drawn from the population. It is a subset,
or an incomplete set taken from a population of objects or observations. Taking
samples instead of the population is less time-consuming and cost-effective.
Although sampling has advantages, it can also be a source of bias and inaccuracy.

Random Sampling is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the

population wherein every sample has an equal chance of being selected. Accurate
data can be collected using random sampling techniques. There are different types
of random sampling.

a. Simple random sampling is the most basic random sampling wherein each
element in the population has an equal probability of being selected. They are
usually represented by a unique identification number that is written on equal-
sized and shaped papers and then selection of samples is possible through the
lottery method. Random numbers selected to decide which elements are
included as the sample. The drawing number of paper is based on the desired
number of samples.

Source: PIVOT 4A
Learner’s Material

b. Systematic random sampling is a random sampling which uses a list of all the
elements in the population and then elements are being selected based on the
kth consistent intervals. To get the kth interval, divide the population size by the
sample size.

Source: PIVOT 4A
Learner’s Material

c. Stratified random sampling is a random sampling wherein the population is

divided into different strata or divisions. The number of samples will be
proportionately picked in each stratum that is why all strata are represented in
the samples.

Source: PIVOT 4A
Learner’s Material

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d. Cluster random sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into
clusters or groups and then the clusters are randomly selected. All elements of the
clusters randomly selected are considered the samples of the study.

Source: PIVOT 4A
Learner’s Material

Parameter vs. Statistic

A parameter is a measure that is used to describe the population while

statistic is a measure that is used to describe the sample.

The mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of data. The mean is
used to describe where the set of data tends to concentrate at a certain point.

Population mean is the mean computed based on the elements of the population
or data. The symbol µ (read as “mu”) is used to represent population mean. To
compute for the population mean, we simply add all the data (X) and then, divide it
by the number of elements in the population (N). We apply the formula:
µ=
where µ = the population mean
∑X = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑁 = number of elements in the population

Sample mean is the average of all the data of the samples. The symbol (read as “x
bar”) is used to represent the sample mean. To compute for the sample mean, we
simply add all the data and divide it by the number of elements in the sample (n).
We apply the formula:
=
where = the sample mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑛 = number of elements in the sample

Population mean (µ) is what we call a parameter and Sample mean (𝑥̅) is what
we call a statistic.

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Illustrative Example: The table below shows the grades of Grade 11 HUMSS students
during the Second Quarter.

Population (N) Sample (n)

Student’s Number
(Student’s Grades) (Student’s Grades)
1 94 94
2 85
3 88 88
4 79 79
5 78
6 75
7 89 89
8 91 91
9 84 84
10 77 77
N=10; n=7 ∑X = 840 ∑x = 602
Table 1: Grades in Statistics of Grade 11 Students during the Second Quarter

Finding the population mean, we substitute to the formula µ=

where µ = the population mean
∑X = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑁 = number of elements in the population

µ= = = 84.

Finding the sample mean, we substitute to the formula =

where = the sample mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑛 = number of elements in the sample

= = = 86.

In this example, there is a slight difference between the population mean and the
sample mean. But notice that there is no difference regarding the method in
determining the value of the population mean and the sample mean. For the
divisor, the population mean µ uses N (population size) while sample mean x applies
n (sample size).

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sampling distribution shows all the possible samples, in a given population,

together with their mean. It describes the probability of the mean of all sets of
samples with the same sample size n. The idea of sampling distribution helps us to
recognize how we use one random sample to conclude for the population. It
defines the entire possible statistic we could conclude up with.

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 Sampling distribution of the sample means is a frequency distribution using the
computed sample mean from all the possible random samples of a particular
sample size taken from the given population.

The following are the steps in constructing the sampling distribution.

1. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples that can be drawn
from the given population by using the combination formula, NCn, where N is the
population size and n is the sample size.
NCn =
( )
2. List all the possible samples.
3. Compute the population mean and the mean of each sample.
4. Construct a frequency and probability distribution table of the sample means
indicating its number of occurrence or the frequency and probability. This will be
your sampling distribution of the sample means obtained in step 3.

Illustrative Example:
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Consider samples of
size 3 from this population, compute the populations mean, the mean of each
sample and construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

Step 1: Given: N = 5, n = 3, NC n =( )
5! 5! 5  4  3! 20
5C3 = = = = 5C3 = 10
(5  3)!3! 2!3! 2  1  3! 2

Step 2: Samples of size 3:

2, 4, 9 2, 4, 10 2, 4, 5 2, 9, 10 2, 9, 5
2, 10, 5 4, 9, 10 4, 9, 5 3 4, 10, 5 9, 10, 5

Step 3: Compute for the population mean, µ.

2  4  9  10  5 30
µ= = µ=6
5 5

Compute for the sample mean, x .

Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00

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Step 4: Sampling distribution of sample means

Sample Mean ( x ) Frequency Probability P( x )

3.67 1 1/10 or 0.10
5.00 1 1/10 or 0.10
5.33 2 2/10 or 0.20
5.67 1 1/10 or 0.10
6.00 1 1/10 or 0.10
6.33 1 1/10 or 0.10
7.00 1 1/10 or 0.10
7.67 1 1/10 or 0.10
8.00 1 1/10 or 0.10
TOTAL 10 10/10 or 1.00

Activity 1 – Match Me!

Direction: In your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct statement in column B
that defines the word in column A.

Column A Column B

1. random sampling A. the collection of the entire objects, individuals or

data being examined in the study.
2. population
B. part of population that is chosen as representative
of the entire population.
3. cluster random sampling
C. a sampling method of choosing representatives
from the population wherein every sample has an
4. systematic random
equal chance of being selected.
sampling
D. a random sampling wherein population is
5. sample divided into clusters and then the clusters is
randomly selected. All elements of the clusters
randomly selected are considered the samples of
the study.
E. a random sampling which uses a list of all the
elements in the population and then elements are
being selected based on the kth consistent intervals.

Activity 2 –Construct Me!

Direction: Read and analyze the situation below. In your answer sheet, answer what
is asked.

Situation: A population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are

drawn from this population. List all the possible samples. Then, compute the
population mean, the mean of each sample, and construct the sampling
distribution of sample means by following the steps.

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Activity 3 – Reflect On Me!
Direction: Given a real life scenario below, answer the question and apply your
learning from the lesson being discussed. Write it on your answer sheet.

Situation: The following are the number of recovered cases of COVID-19 in the four
cities of Caraga Region. Suppose sample of size 2 is taken from this population.
Cities No. of Recovered Cases
Surigao City 120
Tandag City 100
Bislig City 90
Butuan City 130
1. How many samples of size 2 are possible?
2. List the samples and construct the sampling distribution of sample means following
the steps.

Formative Test

Let us see how far you have learned about our lesson.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is random sampling?

A. convenience C. purposive
B. non-probability D. stratified

2. What do you call a number that describes a population characteristic?

A. data C. samples
B. parameter D. statistic

3. What do you call a number that describes a sample characteristic?

A. data C. samples
B. parameter D. statistic

4. What distribution pertains to the frequency distribution of the sample mean from
all the possible random samples of a particular sample size n taken from the given
population?
A. frequency C. population
B. normal D. sampling

5. Which of the following is NOT a step-in creating sampling distribution of the sample
mean?
A. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples.
B. Compute for the standard deviation and variance of the samples.
C. Construct a frequency distribution table of the sample means and
probability.
D. List all the possible random samples and solve for the sample mean of each set
of samples.

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 Answer Key

Activity 1
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B

Activity 2 Activity 3 (Answer on Question No. 1 is 6)

Solutions: Solutions:
𝑁 𝑁
Step 1: Given: N = 5, n = 2, NCn = Step 1: Given: N = 4, n = 2, NCn = (𝑁
(𝑁 𝑛) 𝑛 𝑛) 𝑛

5C2 = = = = = 10 4C2 = = = = =6

Step 2: Samples of size 2: Step 2: Samples of size 2:

1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 2, 3 120, 100 120, 90 120, 130
2, 4 2, 5 3, 4 3, 5 4, 5 100, 90 100, 130 90, 130

Step 3: Compute for the population mean, µ. Step 3: Compute for the population mean, µ.
1  2  3  4  5 15 120  100  90  130 440
µ= = =3 µ= =  110
5 5 4 4

Compute for the sample mean, x. Compute for the sample mean, x.
Sample Mean Sample Mean
1, 2 1.50 120, 100 110
1, 3 2.00 120, 90 105
1, 4 2.50 120, 130 125
1, 5 3.00 100, 90 95
2, 3 2.50 100, 130 115
2, 4 3.00 90, 130 110
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50

Step 4: Sampling distribution of sample means Step 4: Sampling distribution of sample means

Sample Mean ( x) Frequency Probability P( x) Frequency

Sample Mean ( x) Probability P( x)
1.50 1 1/10
95 1 1/6
2.00 1 1/10
105 1 1/6
2.50 2 2/10
110 2 2/6
3.00 2 2/10
115 1 1/6
3.50 2 2/10
125 1 1/6
4.00 1 1/10
TOTAL 6 6/6 or 1
4.50 1 1/10
TOTAL 10 10/10 or 1

References

Belecina, Rene R., Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”.
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016.
Malate, Jose S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School. Vicarisg Publications
and Trading, Inc, 2017.
PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material. Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Department of
Education - Region 4A CALABARZON