Un1 Bas e hoordalrrs

DATE LDN
kevfew of 8e beory

Set _ Ase G anycOell defroed Un-ordere d

Colleclron o oisPoc ofels called zs elemods
the se 2A1 Vowe alphabels, odd nomben.

44Cardipai of set o Kepresent The nwm ber cf

lemen.s whh_a se

epresept alion of a se:

J) Descofplfve Nethod
Set fe specifed by a verbai descaipen. x: the
Se e numbe J23 SEhe ses t pas PÁ ve inreyey
less than4

aboialion Nefhd
) Set Pe Specied bslesting au the elemensn the ga
2: S : J J13

3)i e method or Sel. boider Nethod

Se fe SpecHfed by stalng z CharackeRhprpey
COmnon to 2I elementG t h e Set
S 2 an ntes@ 3}

dubs011A set As a Subse Bf a sel each

elimot c A _aub elemn of B ard a
dendt ed by
ERade et ASe Consfghna e4ne nomhr
lenenHS8 Se o2 days ha tOLLk
PAGE
elASSMALe
 DATE UIO

ThBk seli Sel consfelo npnide numbere of

elements EX:Set Of alll odd DUmbes

Emphy sel:Vofdsel) Sef withoud ans elornant.olt

Coft set Se Consfetinq O only one elemnt
Called a UniE set or Singieton set
e:N -2y s a onft Set u)Hh Singie elamont 2

Civers al sel: Asel oal enl?bies The CorenE

Condere

ower sel 3 Set o aPossible Subsets

A set wth D emenis bag 2 SUbsets

Sef OPeanors
J OnFon Onon otoo sek A R, dandled by As
S the Of onIy those elomek c hich
beions t ehe À cB o r botn A aw
Aug- /xtA 0reB
9) Inde Secho Thterseohen o
rwo Sefs A B.densted
by Ang T the Sel o onIy thase
betongs to both A and K.
eleme4S whch
Ann: 2/XEA and eRY
Ormpl ement A s a Suboef od onives a sel O hon Tua
omplment 04 A rS the Se a u hase eem enks
U Ohth do noa betong to Adenoted
by A
BEalatU and7A
) Dlerero- D cf 2 se A vA dlonsed by
alAsSMAte Set of a those elmens which PAGE
bllorgdA bot AD-
 DATE
Kevfan Loefe
Lpafc fs the Stoe eoth ard The firm evati
fokerenCe vald Pn forence one cphere there
a Specfc aln ogical opport behweenhe
agsumptfons o he fnfemence e Conlusfon.

roposiroal la

faopesirao s a declaaDve Sentence That delares

aa å efthar o e o7 a u e b t not both

Prnpositfonal log fs a branch mathemakcal

logre ohfch sdes The logal feladionships
betoeep Preposihos
Eh 249-5 (False) S 7 popes ita.

Open The door not z Papos Fhop

Porsdicatelogrc:
HOL declaratthe &tatemends fnvoi ving maihemabca/
NO fabe Henourd in mathemztical zsserten_and
Computer prm@ams, obch are_nefther we oy
Se coben he vawes Nasiables are not speched
1S Calod_Predicafe
Theogi iovoving Predrc ales caled predicate
loeic 4 7 Ts this a Pnpophm?V uns
he vauoe f 7 peded

PAGE
elASSMAte
 DATE

uantiFo3

ant&fers, ore The toole Tat Changehthe

e
fnto a PoPocithon hege aro
Pmpaci Önal-uncho
the tooxds thal elens to The quanlPlreg goch a
'Some' or a and indicahe_ haunepwentry
a Coain gtalement s dneCenttayckon opoposiing
m Tbe Prodicateg usmq quznthems quznficapon
CO
hvons a_quantihen |he phrae o audlenote
bs
by s Ca Uni ve a quaipes

: A huderts a Soch Colege re h@rdivorking

LO S): 2 udents 0SoCh otepe
HC7): " hdent ae hardao
VxScz) HTn)
stenhal Quanhher be Phrase hee e'denola
by s calLed eilenh al
quamhe
es:Oniyfew udends o sach_ college_are hardtoorkis
hardoerktu

alasSMAte
 DATE I

evfeo aFonchon
onCHon
T A and B are two sels a Jon chon
Ao B 3a ole 7bal agsPons each eumerls ol
A to The elemens p/ B
for aenCion m_Ar , The elemens
domzin element o B e Codom7in, Cnd
. a
7re a9iqnes
he elemens C BAObich eemen cA
Yan

Relahong
A btnary heiahon on rwo selsA and &&
a

Sobset oA Xp E A:dU,219 : { 7.
bic} hen
12), set
(2 1b), (3, C2} s a bin7ry reiahon on eo

equfvalepco Yelzfm
binan elzbon Pe an equPualenw elabo
sak olewrg CAz)ER
U s eed we, e a

s Symmer, e F Y (719E£ impio

( 9 n ER

Then C/Z)EF

Prnols p37
Direcf p To prove p->9, we prove
p0hhnJep-veP39, Rne 9 2
tenfa
ndireeL
p o p 9 , cwe p7u 79-
LCon tradicKn To

3)Todethim pn hvctre srpE

alASSMAte See in d t a l k
 DATE

heo o Loopudalron(Toc
R a sbdy o
Powe and rmis O Conp
han?nq hree_Iterac4nq Components o to
oh
to mala
mata
Theo Computabt Li Theo and Lompuen Thao
ham
ompudabi.lhheay
bat can be Compuled 2
-Vhe There Pmblens haf bo Pmgvam
Can Solve 2

Camplex Thoory
bat Lan be Compoted
Hre fhome-pob leme thal no pmgellrcintly
ram Can Solve n a
imPeodmount o hme or spoe
Auamata Thapr
tudy abratt machroe y Their
Proydin a pmpenhe
mashematical notafon 0 ompufe
Aotomata ae abfirack mathemah cal
malhina9 Thakpemform modeo_e
mo v thmugh a Servieg o(omputatns0 Dn_an npui by
Tho Aaler (onkrgwratono
Lomputasop oan auto mata rea@hag an
Coneaurafon t a Caops That ihput a eepiy

&hdy el Apmat
or Sotwore odeganing yChecvng
behaviouy
efdaftas Cinu
Fod desanino_8ohuore nr ChecLinglalge Dod e teE_
a a lsuLoLh®n_0 Web page,patHema ék LTKe_
palfen
Destanin eng cal dnauy 2 0 Compher, that
elojn 24

Dorea
DoreaLimut fed ntoCogrcalon Caued tocong
Cauad
elasSMAte PAGE
 DATE

Abalaac Nadt
Ao ab8hract modol of Compu ter 8y8fem
Consfdered ethe a hardiwae 6Y Sofhwone) s
ConstroCted to aClo cw a dlaPlOd vprecire anzugr's
0 how Tho Compotor Sy&tem WOmks
och a mod0fo2uy Congt&ie 0Popot,outpu4
Operakng fhot Can be pefermd and So Can be
thought 0 a a paocegSor e an absfroct ma
hatmodoý a baning Syklem can have 0pemationo
0fued epos+","witha transfer",ek

asic oncopks_el Hubmata Thon y

dymbo P8 The basfe bofid Png biock O ToC

oHiphabet P s o fn Phe, non-empty seB oSymbek

4Ps doncled by z (Sm a
E 0 19binany a1, 7 4 - 2peeial lymbeg
31b(y
0 nggXing
TngRs a TPaBe SeguenCe o Symbos akon
mm Some dph2blt eX 0JO a horing m fol}
aiven, d0J
d omepossPbi e &tring Over e- 'o0' 'o
oj 000, ek
Iola, bito -- -,z}, hen Competa ho" a
Xig mn qiven 0uphab Z

elasSMate PAGE
 DATE U T
n
AUole Po empty Slring exPsHa ango age
evemy ango
Svch an empi p4ring donoted by & leps? tn)
/GIFoe langth oEmpty &4irg s o
2be"- 3 elergth Yr 3

afven any alp habet 2 SoCh tha/2)ED ,n 7 hou

many &frings of Cangth m, mz,! are POsst blQ Over?

Then, Prgs o Wangth 9 posgYbe0ve E Pe

n-2, m2 Omeaz 3b, baibby. e y. 1e 2 '

Length o ShinThe Length of Sing h derokd

/wN
by
The num ber of Symbolg . doned by

Empt 8ting
be
s a String twFth zem Sqmbss Denvte
e (psion) The len th of an mpty nnga

Power 8 Aiphabe The Sel of au Strings a cetatm

sengthK o m an alphabek Ps the k th po cees of tna
alphäte ie. k ww=k
efe Sel of CL ferings t n leyh 0
osy . Set au Hnns lenth 2
00, Ol, JoiJJ y e 1 ' 11 engns

O 00, 00J OJ, b J Joo, JoJ, LJo, 2

PAGE
cASSMAte
 DATE
oKleeneClosure (5 *) elangJeng
The 8e of au the 84aing" OVer an aiphabel z P
(Qed k loene CLorore ofE and Pt P deno les by 51.
Caued
Thus Kleare Closte s he Sel of zu he strirgs o ver
phabet CWh ength 0 or more 17 PsalJocalad
mohur Of u (2ng0 ayey y ha nhn1le Lenpdu
3

eAeAoy then A'- /o ?

n 0iJl) - -

OPostrue ClosOe (zt

h eSet ol au Strings OVe n phabel z eltept
fhe ephy 1min s cald Posfhve lorore s
denotes by d

(onC7Benakion Stsing
and and y aretuo Stings Over an aphabe,
he ConC2tenaheh of andy s ontHen by y 2nd
CongFslc C The &ymbr8 o fet towad by these of y
Ex: :0aa y:bbb
Than y aabbb, yxbbbaaa
0ofe on (2fening The emphy r n E anctheA
&AmrgThe egult s fug fhe other&4vtn

o 9 0fai
inscaued a sofkz 04 antno Ariny
obBa?nd oy Vemovn 2 em ov mow (eadin Symbog
w 7bcd
bcd Ps Suftin ef W
elASSMAte Sfs pper Su{F1 S #w PAGE
 DATE OI
0Presz a a Anng
A
A 84m ng 's) s ailad a pretu ofa n e h
PPrs ototanad by Yenmoving Zero 0 r re traiiin
dymbel ow W-ab cd
Sabc Ps Pre#xO
S Ps a po per Prefx
PS #w

0ubstrin A String SR (aled a

P+ s
°btained by 80bstfrng o An
oad Pn or
remoVing zed Or
toraf1i ng Symbole Tn U.
or moTe
more2
Substin Ps TH s Pmpe

angu29e
J
A angu age L Over an
Subte O u the tings alphabet z fs
je. H 1 2ng o4 e fs Tha4 Can be
a Svbset fprmad OUf z.
alphabet ofkle2n Cuosore 6Ver an
A1anqu2e Can be
oite o
Pnfnite
EnIl0.Jy
L1 Set Of au
tar ngs
Jangth 2 0ver 2 SoCh hat
Aorns hove
L1-b0, 0J, J0.JJ} .
24
L Se) of au nite Janyo a
L
&mng Over
Ov e 5
a
0, 0J 00, 0 0), arq
g witn 0.
witn
DPsan foonite -

Wamua5.
alAsSMAte
 DATE OI

oempry languzge:
doeg h ve any &ing
A 2nguage fs Empty P/
P no
Z doe no4
PDfthintE ds an Empy langu aye
Contain any &tri

nMemberPhyp in 7 language

Nembershp in a anguaje debng2ssocab'*n Senma

te
nwPth the I2ngoage A mem berdhip Problm
s a
Qveghon of detding Whtthes a gNen Strng
0r n ie- Cwhetna
momber O Some paobcu lar ang Uag e
0 r not
he &tming belongs t the 9ven 1ango age

e7Ven.L DBN:, TOC, 7PA PH7 S hen for

w:"DBrs", the memberdhip of w E rve Pm t
CoWa HELLO, the memberthip fs a l e in L

PAGE
 ueg4ong agved m this Chapk

Dele the tem uphabet, prey and SoPhz o

Sing Cancadenahen Kleen 'C(osUre OTtH ExamPle.
2oY- mames)

v e the Vegula epTess fons orthe 4owwng

JanguaR OveY auphalbeab 2048- s mayk
2 Sef 0au 84ngs urth Substring bab or abb

DSet O0 rinqs C hose 37d Symbo Ps a and sth

Symbolfs b'.

De ine the temaiphahel, Substring pre 7/ SuP

2 nn wth enample 206 S marg)
e

Dene The temm

Kleene
and poDer Of an uphabet uosure, Union,_CoNcatënahon
cwith examplo Concatenaton
242-ma)

lasSMAte