• REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND

ANIMALS
• It covers the following areas:
1) Cell division
2) Reproduction in plants
3) Reproduction in animals
 Cell division.
• Is the process by which cells of
organisms separate into two or
four cells.

• During cell division, the

chromosomes in the nucleus
separate into two as the nucleus
and entire cell divide.
The chromosomes

Chromatids

Centromere

DNA with genes

(with genes)
Chromosome

Chromatids

Centromere

DNA with genes

 The chromosomes
• Are located in the nucleus of cell.
• Each chromosome is made up of two
chromatids.
• Centromere - Is part that joins the
two chromatids in a chromosome.
• The chromosomes are made of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA has genes.
• Gene is the unit of inheritance
which determine the characteristics
of organism eg height, colour.
•The Genes on DNA has coded
information that determine the
characteristics of organism.
•Animals form reproductive cells
(gametes) called the ovum and sperm
• Plants form reproductive cells
in their flowers called ovule and
pollen.
-These reproductive cells have nucleus
with chromosomes and genes which
they pass over to their offspring
through fertilization in reproduction
thus making the offspring to resemble
their parents.
The chromosomes

Chromatids

Centromere

DNA with genes

(with genes)
Coded information on DNA
(Not necessary in F3)
• Different organisms have different
number of chromosomes in their cell
nucleus as shown below:
SOMATIC IN GAMETES
ORGANISM CELLS (Haploid – n)
(Diploid-2n)
1. Maize 20 10
2. Cow 60 30
3. Humans 46 23
4. Sheep 56 28
5. Lion 38 19
6. Rat 42 21
7. Gorilla 48 24
8. Elephant 56 28
9. Chicken 78 39
 Types of cell division
• There are two: (mitosis, meiosis)
1) Mitosis – Occurs in somatic cells (ie body
cells).
–Forms 2 diploid cells (2n) (ie cells with
full number of chromosomes)
–Leads to growth of organism since it
increases number of cells.
–Mitosis occurs in five stages. (Interphase,
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
- Mitosis is also called mitotic cell division.
(Please use the diagrams in your
textbooks)
MITOSIS
 Task:
1) Why do cells divide?
2) Name the 5 stages involved in
mitosis.
3) Explain what happens in each
stage.
MITOSIS: -The stages:

1.Interphase:
Cell prepares for division by:

-Forming more Energy (ATP)

-Forming more cell organelles

-Doubling of chromosomes
 2. Prophase
Centrioles move to apposite ends or
poles of cell (in animal cells).
Spindle fibres form in the cytoplasm
and link to the centrioles.
Nucleus membrane starts to
disappears.
Nucleolus disappears.
Chromosomes condense/shorten
and become visible (seen as two
chromatids joined at centromere).
 3. Metaphase
Nuclear membrane disappear.
Spindle fibres attach at
centromere of chromosomes.
 Chromosomes align at equator of
cell.
 4. Anaphase
Spindle fibres shorten and pull
chromatids to the poles of cell.
Chromatids separate at
centromere.
Chromatids move to opposite
poles of cell.
Cell membrane start to constrict.
 5. Telophase.
 Chromatids become chromosomes
at the poles of cell and become less
distinct.
 Nuclear membrane forms around the
chromosomes at each pole of cell.
 Cell membrane constricts fully.
 Cytoplasm divides into two
(cytokinesis).
 Cell divides into two diploid (2n)
cells.
Mitosis in plant cell
PLANTS – Mitosis involves cell plate
formation in the cytoplasm which
enables the cell to separate into two
Cells.

Meristematic tissue in plants are

regions in plants where there is active
mitotic cell division thus fast active
growth.
Meristematic tissue in plants include:
-Apical meristem at shoot tip and roottip
–At the cambium.
Identify the various stages of Mitosis
in the photographs below
 Task:
Identify the stage of mitosis where
the following occurs:
i. Chromosomes arrange at equator.
ii. Chromosomes double.
iii. Cytokinesis occurs.
iv. Spindle fibres form.
v. Chromatids move to opposite ends
of cell.
vi. Chromosomes condense.
vii.State 3 significance of mitosis.
 Significance of mitosis.
i. Leads to growth of organism.
ii. Maintains the diploid number of
chromosomes of cells.
iii.Is the basis of asexual
reproduction eg binary fission in
amoeba.
iv. Enables repair/healing of injured
parts of body eg regeneration of
lizard tail when cut.
 MEIOSIS (Meiotic) CELL
DIVISION
 Occurs in gonads (testis, ovaries) of
the reproductive system.
(In plants –anthers and ovary)
 Leads to formation of haploid (n)
gametes (reproductive cells namely
pollen, ovule, sperm, ovum.)-which
have1/2 no of crm.
 Forms 4 haploid cells.
 Occur in two main divisions namely
First and second meiotic division.
• Different organisms have different
number of chromosomes in their cell
nucleus as shown below:
SOMATIC IN GAMETES
ORGANISM CELLS (Haploid – n)
(Diploid-2n)
1. Maize 20 10
2. Cow 60 30
3. Humans 46 23
4. Sheep 56 28
5. Lion 38 19
6. Rat 42 21
7. Gorilla 48 24
8. Elephant 56 28
9. Chicken 78 39
 Task.
1. Name the stages of meiosis I.
2. Name the stages of meiosis II.
3. Explain how each stage of meiosis I
occurs.
4. Name one difference between
prophase of mitosis and prophase I
of meiosis.
5. Name one main difference between
metaphase of mitosis and
metaphase I.
FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION
• Occurs in 5 stages:
1) Interphase I
2) Prophase l
3) Metaphase I
4) Anaphase I
5) Telophase I
(Please draw/use diagrams
from your text book)
 1) Interphase l:
Cell prepares for division by:

• Forming and accumulating ATP.

• Chromosomes doubling.

• Doubling cell organelles.

 2. Prophase l
 Centrioles move to opposite ends
of cell.
 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear membrane starts
disappearing.
 Chromosome condense.
 Cytoplasm form spindle fibres
which link to the two centrioles.
Homologous chromosomes associate
to form a pair called bivalent.
Crossing over occurs within chromatids
of the chromosomes in the bivalent.
Crossing over leads to variation
which promotes survival of species
 Crossing over

Crossing over
 3. Metaphase l
Bivalents align at the equator of
cell.
Nuclear membrane disappears.
Spindle fibres are fully formed.
Bivalents attach to spindle fibres
at the centromere.
 4. Anaphase l
 Chromosomes of each bivalent
separate
 Spindle fibres shrink.
 Chromosomes are pulled to the
centrioles at the ends of cell.
 Cell membrane starts to
constrict.
 5. Telophase l
o Chromosomes arrive at the ends/
poles of cell.
o Cytokinesis occurs.
o Cell divides into two.
o The two cells rest very shortly
then immediately start meiosis II.
o Purpose of meiosis l is to
separate the homologous
chromosomes so that they don’t
occur in same gamete.
 Task:
• What is the main significance of
meiosis I?
• Why do chromosomes condense in
prophase I.
• Explain events that take place in
meiosis II.
 MEIOSIS ll
1. Interphase ll
 Takes a very short time.
 The chromosomes remain
condensed
 No doubling of chromosomes.
 2. Prophase ll
 Centrioles replicate and move to
opposite ends of cell.
 Spindle fibres form in cytoplasm
and attach to centrioles.
 Nuclear membrane disappears.
 3. Metaphase ll
• Chromosomes align at the equator
of cell.
• Nuclear membrane disappears.
• Chromosomes attach to spindle
fibres at centromere.
 4. Anaphase ll
Sister chromatids separate at
centromere.
Spindle fibres shorten.
Chromatids move to opposite
poles/ ends of cell.
Cell membrane starts to constrict
 5. Telophase ll
 Spindle fibres disappear.
 Chromatids forms chromosomes.
 Cytokinesis occurs.
Each of the 2 cells formed in
meiosis l divides into 2 thus
forming 4 haploid cells/gametes
(tetrads) in total.
Nucleolus reappears.
 Nuclear membrane appear and
enclose the chromosomes.
 Task.
What is the difference between:
a) Prophase II and prophase I.
b) Metaphase I and metaphase II.
c) Anaphase II and anaphase I.
-What is the main aim of meiosis II?
-State 2 significance of meiosis
-What name is given to cells that
form in meiosis and mitosis.
 Significance/importance of
meiosis.
1. Leads to formation of gametes that
are used in fertilisation in
reproduction.
2. Gametes formed are haploid thus
prevent doubling of chromosomes
from generation to the next.
3. Leads to variation through crossing
over which promotes survival of
species.
4. Restores the diploid number of
chromosomes at fertilisation.
 Identify stages of mitosis in the
Onion root tip cells photomicrograph below:
Identify stages a – e of mitosis in the
Onion root tip photomicrograph below:
Difference between mitosis and meiosis

MEIOSIS MITOSIS
1. Homologous chromosomes 1. Homologous chromosomes do
associate in prophase l not associate.

2. Takes place in two main 2. Takes place in one main

nuclear divisions. nuclear division.

3. Produces 4 haploid cells 3. Produces 2 diploid cells

4. Occurs in gonards. 4. Occurs in somatic cells.

5. Forms gametes (reproductive 5. Forms somatic cells

cells)

6. Plays role in sexual 6. Plays role in asexual

reproduction reproduction and growth.

7. Leads to variation due to 7. Doesn’t lead to variation since

crossing over in prophase l crossing over doesn’t occur.
• NOTE: Ensure you study your text
books and add more information
to these notes from the text books
and from your teacher.
• Strictly follow your biology
teacher’s notes and guidelines
alongside these notes
• Also study diagrams from your
text book.
• Physically answer many
questions on these form three
topics and view videos on this
topic so as to get well grounded
in biology.
 End of
Cell division
God bless you