JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND PLANT SCIENCES

COURSE TITLE CURRENTTOPICS IN AGRONOMY

COURSE NO AGRN 611

REVIEWON ROLE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES UNDER

CHANGING CLIMATE

BY

JebeluSherafu

MARCH, 2024
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

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 JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND PLANT SCIENCES

ON

REVIEW ON ROLE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES UNDER

CHANGING CLIMATE

By

Jebelu Sherafu

Coordinator:Zeleke Wondimu(PhD, )

MARCH, 2023
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION..........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1. Objective...............................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................4
2.1. What Is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?...................................................................4
2.2. The role of IPM in sustainable agriculture:......................................................................5
2.3. Response of Insect Pests to Increased Temperature.........................................................5
2.4. What Is Climate Change?.................................................................................................6
2.5. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture........................................................................7
2.6. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Pest Management in a Changing Climate.......8
2.7. Evolutionary responses to climate warming.....................................................................9
2.8. Mixed responses to climate warming among insect pests................................................9
2.9. Climate Forecasting and Model Development................................................................10
2.10. Principles of IPM.........................................................................................................12
2.11. Pest Management Components...................................................................................13
3. CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................15
4. REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................16

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Allah for the good health, well-being, and all the necessary provisions that were
important to complete this senior seminar.

I express my deepest gratitude to my advisor,….., for his support in bringing this review work to
the present level.

I am highly indebted, and I express my great appreciation for my course coordinator Zeleke
Wondimu (PhD) for his unlimited orientation and advise which support for the accomplishment
of this review.

I want to express my thanks to my wife, Rahma Temam, for her unreserved love and the
unpayable price she paid to help me by managing my children. I, would also like to extend my
appreciation to all those who helped me, directly or indirectly, with this task of my review.
LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CO2…………………………………………..Carbon Dioxide

ENM……………………………………………Ecological Niche Models

IPM……………………………………………..Integrated Pest Management

NPV……………………………………………Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

US………………………………………………..United State

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ABSTRACT

The production of sustainable crops and environmental management in farming face several
significant potential obstacles, including climate change, resource depletion and environmental
degradation. Weeds and insect pests that considerably reduce yields have put crop production
systems in danger. The greatest worry for farmers is the decline in productivity due to illnesses
and pests. Insects, weed pests, and plant pathogens destroy more than 40% of all potential food
production every year. The widespread use of integrated pest management (IPM) is a result of
worries about the long-term viability of conventional agriculture. IPM ensures sufficient, secure,
equitable, and steady flows of both food and ecosystem services, as well as increased agricultural
profitability due to lower pest management expenditures. A number of studies conducted on IPM
have been combined. Important information from all these studies was analyzed and summarized
in this literature review. In this article, we investigated the following: explanation of different
management components; development in organically integrated weed and insect pest
management, with possible ramifications and scope; knowledge and adaptation status of IPM in
the modern world; resources and tools of IPM; current challenges and suggested future research
priorities. Regular training related to IPM should be arranged to spread the knowledge of IPM to
all farmer levels. This requires the cooperation of the government. Furthermore, IPM will reach a
new milestone if Internet of Things technology is practiced along with the existing pest control
method. Overall, this review addresses the possibilities for researchers and farmers to use a
variety of natural control agents as a full or partial replacement for synthetic pesticides.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
A pest insect is one that is judged by humans to cause harm to themselves, their crops, animals or
their property. In farming, an insect may be classified as a pest if the damage it causes to a crop
or to livestock is sufficient to reduce the yield and/or quality of the ‘harvested product’ by an
amount that is unacceptable to the farmer(Patel and Barad, 2023). Insects may be classed as pests
because they cause damage directly to harvestable products (e.g. codling moth larval damage to
apples), or because they cause indirect damage or harm in other ways (e.g. by causing a nuisance
to livestock or humans, or as vectors of plant or livestock diseases). There are a myriad of ways
in which insects can cause harm and they have done so for the thousands of years that man has
occupied the Earth(Morris, 2020). Likewise, man’s attempts to control or manage the harm
caused by insects have a long and varied history. A knowledge of this history adds an important
dimension to the study of pest management because it can provide insights into the driving
forces (technical, economic and social) that have forged current pest management practices,
which in turn will provide some idea of the forces likely to be acting in the future.

The development and deployment of effective pest management strategies and tactics into
suitable production systems are fundamental to successful IPM programs(Deguine et al., 2021).
Not surprisingly, tools effectively used for managing pests of crops or animals often are useful
for managing pests in rural or urban settings. Key IPM strategies include prevention or
avoidance of pests and/or pathogens, decreased pest populations, decreased host susceptibility,
and pest eradication(Klassen and Vreysen, 2021). These strategies may be used independently
but are more often combined in a holistic approach. Primary tactics used in IPM encompass
breeding for host-plant resistance and using natural enemies or biological controls, cultural
practices, and pesticides. Reliable identification, diagnosis, and monitoring of pest populations
are essential(Rustia et al., 2022).

IPM is an effective and environmentally-sensitive approach that offers a wide variety of tools to
reduce contact with pests and exposure to pesticides(Coyne et al., 2019). The website focuses on
providing vital information in the school setting to parents, school administrators, staff and pest
management professionals. Knowledgeable, proactive stakeholders can enable a community to
prevent or significantly reduce pollution from unnecessary pesticide use(Cheng et al., 2017).To
feed the increasing population, crop productivity had to be enhanced and there came the role of
modern molecules of pesticides. While to develop one molecule of pesticide, it takes several
years and huge investments, due to their misuse and abuse, i) within no time the pests are
developing resistance to the molecule, ii) causing soil, water and air pollution and iii) the costs
have become prohibitive. Hence, the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was
introduced in 1967 where based on the knowledge of pest biology and ecology in conjunction
with prevailing climate(Deguine et al., 2021).

IPM is a tactical combination of common-sense practices advocated to optimally manage the

pests (pathogens, weeds, insects, vertebrates) in an ecologically and economically sound manner
while safe-guarding the beneficial non-target species. In 1985 India declared IPM as official
Ministerial Policy. Over the years IPM underwent several changes in its focus and approaches.
Inspection; scouting and monitoring; pest identification; record-keeping and evaluation are
fundamental to IPM. Monitoring and managing pest levels would not only reduce input costs but
also preserve the environment, and protect the health of humans and animals including birds,
bees, butterflies, predaceous bugs, and other pollinators. A sustainable IPM strategy requires
profound knowledge of pest biology; all available methods of management; and judicious and
targeted use of pesticides to reduce pest pressure as a long-term pest prevention or suppression
with limited recourse to repeated intervention(Luna and House, 2020).

World population continues to increase and needs to be fed by a global ecological system under
stress. As a result, there is expanded interest in a productive and ecologically sound agriculture
that grows healthy food while protecting environmental integrity for future generations. Not all
technologies that increase productivity are free of negative impacts on long-term sustainability.
For these reasons, there is a need to develop approaches that are stable, resilient and sustainable
as well as productive(Becker, 2023).IPM stands for integrated pest management, according to
the Food and Agricultural Organizations (FAO) in the United States; IPM is an ecosystem
approach involving crop protection which combines different strategies and practices toward
growing healthier crops and minimizing the use of pesticides to protect the environment(Angon
et al., 2023). It is an analytical method used to analyze the agro-ecosystem and its different
elements in order to optimally manage these elements to control and minimize pests while
protecting the environment and the economic health(Bachev, 2020).

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Climate is an important determinant of the abundance and distribution of biological species.
Over past hundred years, the global temperature has increased by 0.8 °C and is expected to reach
1.1-5.4 °C by the end of next century. On the other hand, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
has increased drastically from 280 to 370 ppm and is likely to be doubled in 2100. Change in the
global climate may affect the crop yields, incidence of pests and economic costs of agricultural
production(Skendžić et al., 2021). Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the
distribution, phenology and abundance of many species over the next few decades. The climate
change impacts on insects may include shifts in species distributions with shift in geographic
ranges to higher latitudes and elevations, changes in phenology with life cycles beginning earlier
in spring and continuing later in autumn, increase in population growth rates and number of
generations, change in migratory behaviour, alteration in crop-pest synchrony and natural
enemy-pest interaction, and changes in interspecific interactions. Extreme weather events such as
intense rainstorms, wind or high temperatures also affect survival of insect populations(Skendžić
et al., 2021).

For species to survive changing climates, they must either adapt in situ to new conditions or shift
their distributions in pursuit of more favourable ones. Changes in rainfall pattern also have
implications for insect survival. It is being predicted that frequency ofrainfall would decrease,
but its intensity would increase. This may lead to floods on one hand and long dry spells on the
other. More intense rainfall as project under climate change may thus reduce incidence of small
pests on crops. Aphid population on barley was negatively related to January mean minimum
temperature and February total rainfall (Van den Eynde et al., 2022).

1.1. Objective
 To suggest on how IPM strategies can help mitigate the impact of changing climate
conditions on pest populations, crop health, and overall agricultural productivity.
 To Exploring how IPM techniques, which incorporate a combination of biological, cultural,
physical, and chemical control methods, can help manage pest populations effectively in the
face of evolving climatic conditions.
 Highlighting the potential of IPM strategies to maintain crop health, optimize yields, and
ensure food security under a changing climate by fostering a balanced and ecologically sound
approach to pest management.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. What IsIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)?
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a science-based, sustainable decision-making process that
uses information on pest biology, environmental data, and technology to manage pest damage in
a way that minimizes both economic costs and risks to people, property, and the
environment(Baker et al., 2020).

IPM uses knowledge of pest and host biology, as well as biological and environmental
monitoring, to respond to pest problems with management tactics and technologies designed to:

1. Prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage

2. Minimize the risk to people, property, infrastructure, natural resources, and the
environment
3. Reduce the evolution of pest resistance to pesticides and other pest management
practices

IPM provides effective, all-encompassing strategies for managing pests in all arenas, including
all forms of agricultural production, military landscapes, public health settings, schools, public
buildings, wildlife management, residential facilities, and communities. This also includes public
lands including natural, wilderness, and aquatic areas.

Integrated pest management (IPM) combines the use of biological, cultural and chemical
practices to control insect pests in agricultural production.It seeks to use natural predators or
parasites to control pests, using selective pesticides for backup only when pests are unable to be
controlled by natural means.IPM should not be confused with organic practices.It does not
discourage spraying chemicals; it promotes spraying with selective pesticides only when the crop
needs it, which generally means that less pesticide is used(Costa et al., 2023).

Cultural control is the nonchemical management of pests using manual or mechanical means to
change the soil and crop environment to discourage pest establishment.

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Biological control is where predatory or parasitic insects and mites known as ‘beneficials’ or
‘good bugs’ help to control chewing and sucking insects that affect the quality and productivity
of crops by killing them or disrupting their breeding cycle.

Chemical control involves the use of pesticides in the management of pests. It is used in IPM
when biological and cultural control has not been enough to protect the productivity of the crop.
Where chemical control is required, selective insecticides are chosen which target the pest,
leaving the beneficial population unharmed.

2.2. The role of IPM in sustainable agriculture:

Applies sustainable pest control. IPM builds on ecosystem services such as pest predation while
protecting others, such as pollination. It also contributes to increased farm productivity and food
availability by reducing pre- and post-harvest crop losses.

Reduces pesticide residues. IPM contributes to food and water safety, as reducing the amount of
pesticides used in turn reduces residues in food, feed and fiber, and environment.

Enhances ecosystem services. IPM seeks to maintain the national crop ecosystem balance. It
conserves the underlying natural resource base (i.e. soil, water and biodiversity) and enhances
ecosystem services (i.e. pollination, healthy soils, diversity of species).

Increases income levels. IPM reduces production costs through reduced levels of pesticide use.
Higher quality crops (with less residues) can command better prices in markets and contribute to
increased farmer profitability.

Strengthens farmer knowledge. IPM promotes farmer stewardship, increases farmer knowledge
of ecosystem functioning adapted to their local context.

2.3. Response of Insect Pests to Increased Temperature

Insect physiology is very sensitive to changes in temperature, and their metabolic rate tends to
approximately double with an increase of 10 ◦C. In this context, many researchers have shown
that increased temperature tends to accelerate insect consumption, development, and movement,
which can affect population dynamics by influencing fecundity, survival, generation time,
population size, and geographic range (Skendžić et al., 2021).

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Species that cannot adapt and evolve to increased temperature conditions generally have a
difficult time maintaining their populations, while other species can thrive and reproduce rapidly.
Temperature plays an important role in metabolism, metamorphosis, mobility, and host
availability, which determines the possibility of changes in pest population and dynamics
(Subedi et al., 2023).

From the distribution and behavior of contemporary insects, it can be hypothesized that rising
temperatures should be accompanied by increased herbivore. Given the distribution and behavior
of insect pests,it can be hypothesized that an increase in temperature should be associated with
increased herbivorySkendžić et al. (2021), as well as changes in the growth rate of insect
populations.

Thus, insect populations in tropical zones are predicted to experience a decrease in growth rate as
a result of climate warming due to the current temperature level, which is already close to the
optimum for pest development and growth, while insects in temperate zones are expected to
experience an increase in growth rate. The same authors confirmed this theory by estimating
changes in the growth of pest populations in the production of the world’s three major grain
crops (wheat, rice and maize) under different climate change scenarios(Skendžić et al., 2021).

According to the study, for wheat, which is normally grown in temperate climates, warming will
accelerate the growth of pest populations. For rice grown in tropical zones, they predict a
decrease in the growth of pest populations, and for maize grown in both temperate and tropical
regions, mixed responses to the growth of pest populations could be expected.Insects 2021, 12, x
FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 32 to range expansion and rapid reproduction of insect vectors(Tobin
and Robinet, 2022).

2.4. What Is Climate Change?

A major challenge for agricultural communities across the world is climate change. The
agricultural process is controlled by three primary aspects: pathogen, host, and environmental
and temporal circumstances, with the relationship between them serving as the key to
determining whether an infection will occur or not. Climate change has a significant impact on
all of these factors. Climate changes have a significant impact on agricultural output, pest

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susceptibility, and insect pest lifetime. Crop health is impacted by climate change, which also
impacts the susceptibility of crop pests and diseases(Subedi et al., 2023).

The increasing global warming highlights the need for a comprehensive under standing of its
results. Variations due to anthropogenic activities, in precipitation, increasing rate of severe
meteorological events, the melting of ice-caps, and expanding ocean levels are very significant.
Alongside the damaging impacts of climate change, the increasing temperature and carbon
dioxide (CO2) cons. May raise the rate of photosynthesis in medium to higher latitude areas thus
improving agricultural production (Meng et al., 2014).

While higher CO 2 conc. may bring a more significant increase in photosynthetic rate, it might
decrease the quality of foliage as the concentration of defensive compounds in plants is
increased. The increase in C-N proportion may influence C3 plants more as compared to C4
plants. Variations in vegetation characteristics influence the insects associated with them as well
as affect the competitiveness between plants, the rate of plant infections, and higher order
interactions of predation and parasitism. Accordingly, the impacts of climate change will
proliferate all through food webs (David et al., 2017).

2.5. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture

Climate change has a significant impact on agriculture, affecting crop production, livestock
management, water availability, and overall food security. Here are some key impacts of climate
change on agriculture:

1. Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Patterns: Rising temperatures and altered

precipitation patterns can disrupt crop growth cycles, leading to decreased yields. Extreme
weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, can also cause crop loss and soil
degradation.

2. Shifts in Growing Seasons: Climate change can alter the timing of planting and harvesting
seasons, affecting the suitability of certain crops in specific regions. Farmers may need to adapt
by adjusting their cropping calendars and selecting more resilient crop varieties.

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3. Increased Pests and Diseases: Warming temperatures and changes in humidity levels can
create favorable conditions for the proliferation of pests and diseases. This can result in higher
pest infestations, lower crop quality, and increased dependence on pesticides.

4. Water Scarcity: Changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation rates can lead to
water scarcity in agricultural regions. Reduced water availability impacts irrigation systems, crop
growth, and livestock hydration, posing challenges to agricultural sustainability.

5. Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change can disrupt ecosystems, leading to shifts in plant and
animal habitats. Loss of biodiversity can affect pollination, natural pest control, and soil health,
reducing overall agricultural productivity.

6. Food Insecurity: The combined impacts of climate change on agriculture can ultimately result
in food insecurity, especially in vulnerable regions with limited resources and adaptive
capacities. Fluctuating crop yields, reduced livestock productivity, and increased food prices can
exacerbate hunger and malnutrition.

Addressing the impact of climate change on agriculture requires implementing adaptive

strategies, promoting sustainable practices, and investing in resilience-building measures to
ensure food security for current and future generations.

2.6. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Pest Management in a

Changing Climate
Climate change adaptation can be viewed as an ongoing process of implementing existing risk
management strategies and reducing the potential risk from climate change impacts. Climate
change is widely expected to make pest infestations more unpredictable and increase their
geographic range. Coupled with the uncertainty of how climate change will directly affect crop
yields, the interactions between insects and plants in ecosystems remain unclear (Skendžić et al.,
2021). The adaptive capacity of agricultural production systems will depend on several
biological, economic, and sociological factors. The ability of local communities to adapt their
pest management practices will depend on their physical,social and financial resources. With
climate change and the acceleration of global trade, uncertainties and frequency of occurrence of
existing and new pests will increase.Increasing the ability to adapt rapidly to disturbances and
climatic changes will therefore become all the more important (Kijowska-Oberc et al., 2020).

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Potential adaptation strategies have been identified to reduce the risks of spreading new pests and
diseases, and to mitigate the negative impacts of existing pests. The most commonly mentioned
strategies are modified integrated pest management (IPM) practices, monitoring climate and
insect pest populations and the use of modeling predictions tools (Demirel and Kumral, 2021).

2.7. Evolutionary responses to climate warming

Insect pests may evolve rapidly in response to current climate warming, and seemingly sound
projections of insect pest responses to increasing temperatures may be unreliable if evolutionary
responses are not considered. Indeed, rapid evolutionary effects have influenced – or could
further influence – projections for several of the 31 species we considered (Lehmann et al.,
2020). In parts of Europe, for example, disruption of phenological synchrony between O brumata
and oak (Quercusspp) due to increasing temperatures appears to have been restored by a
hereditary change in egg hatching dates. In addition, range expansions among several forest pests
that were induced by climate warming have been followed by rapid adaptation to new climate
conditions (Lehmann et al., 2020). In the case of some pest species (eg D ponderosae),
colonization of new areas has resulted in shifts to novel host tree species with negligible levels of
innate resistance to the insects. In contrast, the similarity of crops grown across large areas might
promote co-evolution between agricultural pests and their host plants (Abdullaeva et al., 2021).

2.8. Mixed responses to climate warming among insect pests

Of the 31 insect pest species selected for assessment, 29 (94%) were reported to be responding to
contemporary climate warming, with 28 (90%) exhibiting multiple responses. Of the 29 species
showing some response, 26 (90%), 18 (62%), 16 (55%), and four (14%) exhibited changes in
geographic range, population dynamics, life history (traits related to phenology and voltinism),
and trophic interactions, respectively. While increased pest severity is likely to be a common
result among almost all of these species (eg via range expansion, increased abundances), 59%
(17/29) of these species also exhibited responses that were likely to reduce pest damage (eg
range contraction, reduced physiological performance). Reductions in pest impacts were often
found to occur in conjunction with other responses likely to increase their effects. The most
common severity-reducing responses were decreased pest population densities (13/29) and range
contractions (Dale and Barrett, 2023).

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Fifty-nine percent (17/29) of the pest species with reported sensitivity to warming temperatures
were found to vary in their responses in different parts of their ranges. For example, the Colorado
potato beetle (Leptinotarsadecemlineata) has expanded northward in Europe in recent decades,
while its population density has increased in core European areas(Alyokhin et al., 2022). The
winter moth (Operophterabrumata) has also moved to higher latitudes and toward higher altitude
inland continental areas at the northern European edge of its range, while its trophic interactions
have changed in the boreal–tundra ecotone, where outbreaks have spread from its main host
(mountain birch [Betulapubescensczerepanovii]) to alternative hosts (dwarf birch [Betula nana]
and willow [Salix spp]) beyond the Arctic–alpine tree-line. Several insect pest species also
exhibited contrasting responses in different parts of their ranges(Maebe et al., 2021). For
instance, thermal tracking has been observed in several temperature sensitive species, with
responses varying across their range (4/17). In the US, for example, the eastern spruce budworm
(Choristoneurafumiferana; has shifted north ward, while its range has retracted or abundance
declined at lower latitudes; also in the US, a northward range expansion has been observed for
the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelgestsugae), while the economic damage it causes is decreasing
in the southern part of its range due to poor heat tolerance among young nymphs in the summer.

2.9. Climate Forecasting and Model Development

It is impossible to design a priori climate change adaptation strategies for specific national or
global climate change scenarios because of the heterogeneity of changes in average temperature
and other climate parameters around the world. Adaptation strategies to climate change must be
one of the components of an integrated strategy that takes into account all aspects of agricultural
production(Raza et al., 2019). Pest management strategies must tolerate regional climate change
and its uncertainties. Some of the available options include sensitivity analyses and combined
results obtained by using projected climate change scenarios with sensitivity analyses for a given
area over a wide range of variable values. This strategy could become a useful tool in informing
pest management personnel when designing adaptation measures for pest management under
new environmental conditions (Deguine et al., 2021).

Climate models combined with the environmental requirements of a particular pest species
(envelope) can be an effective tool for projecting the possible range of changes on a global scale.
Modeling the pest risk together with the responses of its plant hosts to climate change can

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therefore increase the ability to predict the outcome of an insect infestation. The potential
distribution of insect pest species is primarily estimated by ecological niche models (ENMs).
They can be divided into two groups: correlative models and mechanistic models. Correlative
models use correlated values of environmental variables and records of occurrence to make
predictions about potentially adequate areas for the particular species. The most commonly used
correlative models are MaxEnt, Bioclim, Random Forest, etc. (Purohit and Rawat, 2022). As
cited byBosch-Belmar et al. (2021)correlative species distribution modelling is the most
commonly used approach for predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and has
become a cornerstone of climate change policy.

Correlative modelling is a widely used tool for projecting future changes in the geographic
distribution of species, assessing extinction rates, and setting priorities for biodiversity
conservation. These models identify statistical relationships between the current geographic
distributions of a given species and climate variables, which are then implemented to projections
of climate change to suggest climatically suitable habitats for that species in the future. The final
output of correlative models is often presented in the form of maps showing future climatically
adequate regions for a given species, the total area of which can then be compared with current
geographic ranges to estimate the future risk of their introduction and establishment (Bellard et
al., 2018).

Mechanistic models are predictive tools that use the values of environmental variables of a given
area in combination with knowledge about the environmental tolerances of a given
species.Mechanistic species distribution models differ from correlative models in that they
examine how the environment constrains physiological performance in a given region. Future
species distributions are then predicted through a process of elimination, whereby regions that
constrain physiological performance to the extent that they affect the ability to survive, grow, or
reproduce are excluded from the final distribution (Skendžic et al., 2021).

The use of natural enemies in pest management is concerned mainly with redressing the
imbalance that has occurred through this dissociation, whether by reintroducing natural enemies
into the system or by trying to recreate conditions where an association can occur.

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 2.10. Principles of IPM

Prevention – IPM focuses on preventing pest problems before they occur. Implementing
practices like crop rotation and selection of pest-resistant varieties ensures proper plant nutrition
and health. An environment less conducive to pests reduces theneed for chemical interventions.

Monitoring – Regular monitoring of pest populations and crop health is important in IPM. This
helps farmers to identify pests and its severity and enable timely actions. Monitoring techniques
like trap crops, pheromone traps and visual inspection help farmers to take informed decisions
about pest control. Pest identification is an important process and should be done as accurately
as possible. An IPM is far more successful when the pest is correctly identified, so knowledge
from the past pest’s life cycle and behavior can be used(Deguine et al., 2021). Monitoring of the
pest can help detect changes in a pest species. When the correct pest is identified then you can
choose your course of action, monitor, prevent, and control the pest’s growth(Dent and Binks,
2020).

Biological Control – IPM promotes use of natural enemies like beneficial insects, parasites and
predators to control pests. The presence of these natural enemies help farmers to effectively
manage pest populations without relying on synthetic pesticides. Promote non-harmful insects
that feed off pests(Trotta et al., 2024). Use pesticides that are less harmful to the environment.
Augmentation involves the release of natural enemies (parasitic or predatory insects or mites)
into an area when the target pest crops up. Exclusion is the use of barriers, fences, and cloth
mesh to prevent pests from getting into an area. Traps with a sticky surface can be used to catch
certain pests like gophers(Baldwin, 2014).

Cultural Practices – IPM encourages use of cultural practices that enhance crop health and
reduce pest pressure. Practices like proper irrigation management, weed control and sanitation
eliminate pest breeding sites. The unfavorable environment for pests reduces their impact on
crop growth. Soil cultivation can be used to destroy the pest’s environment(Tudi et al., 2021).

Strong, healthy plants with proper watering and fertilization are important to prevent pest
damage. Sanitation is used to destroy the pest’s food source by removing or mowing weeds
before seeds are produced(Falade et al., 2019).

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Chemical Control – Chemical pesticides are used as last resort and used judiciously. IPM
focuses on targeted applications of pesticide choosing less toxic options. Pest management
materials should be used and applied in a way that minimizes human risks to health and is
beneficial to the goal of the application. Non-targeted pests and the environment should not be
harmed(Serrão et al., 2022).

By implementing these key elements, growers can develop a successful IPM program that
reduces reliance on pesticides, protects the environment, and maintains a healthy balance
between pests and beneficial organisms.

2.11. Pest Management Components

Host-plant resistance, biological control, cultural control and chemical control are the major
pillars of the IPM. These components are likely to be affected by climatic change and thus would
need appropriate modifications for sustaining their effectiveness.

Host plant resistance: Breakdown of temperature-sensitive resistance under increased

temperature regimes may lead to more rapid evolution of pest biotypes. Sorghum varieties that
were resistant to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosissorghicola (Coq.) in India became susceptible to
the pest under high humidity and moderate temperatures in Africa. With global warming and
increased water stress, tropical countries like India might face the problem of higher yield losses
in sorghum due to breakdown of resistance against the midge and spotted stem borer
ChilopartellusSwinhoe(Yasan and Rehman, 2021).

Biological control: Biodiversity is very important for abundance of insect pests and their natural
enemies. It thus calls for increasing functional diversity in agro-ecosystems that are prone to
climate change so as to improve their resilience and reduced pest induced yield losses. Hosts
might pass through vulnerable life stages faster at higher temperatures, reducing the time
available for parasitism, thereby giving a setback to the survival and multiplication of
parasitoids. There is thus a need to breed temperaturetolerant natural enemies of pests. Increase
in time of herbivore development due to changes in plant nutrition can make herbivore prey
more susceptible to predation because of the ample opportunity available to predators(Kant et al.,
2015).

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Fungi such as Metarhiziumanisopliae,Beauveriabassiana, Baculovirus, nuclear polyhedrosis
virus (NPV), cytoplasmic virus and bacteria like Bt have great potential for development as
microbial control agents. Because of their selectivity and minimal environmental impact,
microbial control agents will be ideal components of integrated pest management programmes
under climate change(Gvozdenac et al., 2022).

Cultural control: Global climate change would cause alteration in sowing dates of crops, which
may alter host-pest synchrony. There is need to explore changes in pest-host interaction under
agronomic management adaptations. Helicoverpaarmigera and Bemisia 10 tabaci are late season
pests of cotton and by sowing till mid-May, crop can escape damage from these pests. Early
sowing can be used to minimize pod borer, H. armigera damage to chickpea in North India, BPH
damage in rice, and mustard aphid damage in Brassica crops(Chander, 2022).

Chemical control: Climate change could affect efficacy of crop protection chemicals through (a)
changes in temperature and rainfall pattern, and (b) morphological and physiological changes in
crop plants. An increase in probability of intense rainfall could result in increased pesticide
wash-off and reduced pest control(Martínez-Megías et al., 2023). In contrast, increased
metabolic rate at higher temperature could result in faster uptake by plants and higher toxicity to
pests. Likewise, increased thickness of epicuticular wax layer under high CO2 could result in
slower or reduced uptake by host, while increased canopy size may hinder proper spray coverage
and lead to a dilution of the active ingredient in the host tissue. The rates of pesticide application
thus have to be modified according to new situations. Granular formulations may prove more
effective as these are less liable to be washed by rainfall(O'Callaghan et al., 2022).

14
 3. CONCLUSION
Diseases, weeds, and pests that affect crops represent a serious threat to agricultural livelihoods,
food security, and efforts to reduce poverty. There are numerous ways to minimize harm with
IPM strategies. IPM is reformulated for contemporary times, where sophisticated agricultural
technologies play a crucial role in food production and consumption. IPM is far more than an
ordinary resource-saving technique. IPM techniques require a lot of knowledge, much as other
sustainable intensification methods do. In this review, we highlight the present status and
development of IPM. Advances in technology have now ushered in a new chapter in IPM.

After all, there are some limitations to this process. We have identified those limitations and set
some future works in this review. Extension officers needed to increase the training on IPM. This
will help farmers to understand pest management as well as they can increase their crop
production. Government assistance is necessary for this. If IoT is used in conjunction with the
current pest management technique, IPM will also achieve a new milestone. IPM advice is
needed to support sustainable farming techniques that combine profits for crop farmers,
affordability for consumers, food security, and environmental conservation for the expanding
global population.

15
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