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The Atom

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34 views

The Atom

Uploaded by

j.louielotino4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE ATOM

Atom
•Is the smallest part
of an element that
has all the properties
of the elements.
Centuries of discovery
1. Greek atom
•Atom meaning
“indivisible”
• A= not
• Temon= cut
Centuries of discovery
1. Greek atom
•Matter
• 4 substances
•earth, water, air and fire
•4 basic essences
•wet, dry, hot, and cold
Centuries of discovery
2. Dalton atom
•1808- John Dalton
•“Eye and hook affair”
Centuries of discovery
Dmetri Mendeleev  arranged the periodic
table in order of increasing atomic mass.
Group 1 alkali metal- soft metals that
combine readily with oxygen and react
violently with water.
Group VII halogen- easily vaporized and
combines with metals to form water- soluble
salts.
Group VIIInoble gases- are highly
resistant to reaction with other elements.
Centuries of discovery
Centuries of discovery
3. Thompson atom
1890- J.J. Thompson
“Plum Pudding”
Plum-represented negative electric
charges (electron)
Pudding- shapeless mass of uniform
positive electrification.
Centuries of discovery
“Plum Pudding”
Centuries of discovery
4. Rutherford atom
•1911- Ernest Rutherford
•“Nuclear model”
•Described the atom as continuing a
small dense, positively charged centre
surrounded by a negative cloud of
electron.
•He called the center of the atom
“nucleus”
Centuries of discovery
•Nuclear model
Centuries of discovery
5. Bohr atom
•1913- Niels Bohr
•“Miniature solar system”
•Bohr atom contains a small, dense,
positively charged nucleus by
negatively charged electrons that
revolve in fixed, well defined orbits
about the nucleus.
Centuries of discovery
•“Miniature solar system”
Centuries of discovery

5. Quantum mechanics
Newer model
Fundamental Particles

Electron (-)
Proton (+)
Neutron (o)
Fundamental Particles

•1.Proton
•Protons are positively charged
particles found in the atomic
nucleus.
•Discovered by Eugene Goldstein
Fundamental Particles
Fundamental Particles

•Experiments done in the late


1960's and early 1970's showed
that protons are made from
other particles called quarks.
Protons are made from two 'up'
quarks and one 'down' quark.
Fundamental Particles

2. Neutron
•Neutrons are uncharged
particles found in the atomic
nucleus.
•Neutrons were discovered by
James Chadwick in 1932.
Fundamental Particles

•Experiments done in the late


1960's and early 1970's showed
that neutrons are made from
other particles called quarks.
Neutrons are made from one
'up' quark and two 'down'
quarks.
Fundamental Particles
3. Electron
•Electrons are negatively charged
particles that surround the atom's
nucleus. Electrons were discovered by
J. J. Thomson in 1897.
•Electrons determine properties of the
atom. Chemical reactions involve sharing
or exchanging electrons.
Fundamental Particles
•Nucleus
•The nucleus is the central part of
an atom. It is composed of protons
and neutrons.
•The nucleus contains most of an
atom's mass.
•It was discovered by Ernest
Rutherford in 1911.
Fundamental Particles
Proton and neutron
 Called nucleons.
 Inside the nucleus
 Composed of Quarks that are held
together by Gluons
 The primary difference between
proton and neutron is “ electric
charge”
When an atom or molecule gain
or loses an electron it becomes
an ion.
A cation has lost an electron
and therefore has a positive
charge
An anion has gained an
electron and therefore has a
negative charge.
Atomic Structure
•The atom is essentially empty
space
•The atom is neutral
•The number of protons determines
the “chemical elements”
•The closer an electron is to the
nucleus, the higher its binding
energy.
Atomic Structure
•In their normal state, atoms are
electrically neutral; the electric charge
on the atom is zero
•The total number of electron in the
orbital shells is exactly equal to the
number of proton in the nucleus.
•If an atom has an extra electron or
had an electron removed, it is said “
ionized”
Atomic Structure
•An ionized atom is not electrically
neutral but carries a charge equal in
magnitude to the difference between
the number of electron and protons.
•Atoms cannot be ionized by the
addition or subtraction of protons
because they are bound very strongly
together and that would changed the
type of atom
Atomic Structure
•An alteration in the number of neutrons
does not ionize an atom because the
neutron is electrically neutral.
•Ionization is the removal of an orbital
electron from an atom
•The number of neutrons is always
greater than the number of protons. The
larger the atom, the greater the
abundance of neutrons over protons.
Electron Arrangement

2n2

n= where n is the shell number.


physicists call the shell number
n the principal quantum number
Electron Arrangement

•Oxygen has 8 electrons; 2


occupy the k shell and 6 occupy
the L shell. Oxygen is in the 2 nd
th
period and the 6 group of the
periodic table.
Electron Arrangement
•The number of electrons in the outer
shell of an atom is equal to its group in
the periodic table.
•The number of electrons in the
outermost shell determines the valence
of an atom
•The number of the outermost electron
shell of an atom is equal to its period in
the periodic table.
Electron Arrangement
No outer shell can contain more
than 8 electrons (Octet Rule)

Periodic table:
8 Groups (horizontal) /row
7 Periods (vertical)/column
Centripetal force or
“center seeking”

Force that keeps an


electron in orbit.
Centrifugal force or “flying out
from the center”

Force that keeps the electron


maintains their distance from
the nucleus travelling in a
circular or elliptical path.
Electron binding energy

•The strength of attachment of an


electron to the nucleus.

•The greater the total number of


electron in an atom, the highly each
is bound.
Atomic Nomenclature

z H n
Atomic Nomenclature
•A- atomic mass number
(z + n= A (whole #) )

•Z- atomic number (# of proton -


# of neutron) (A-N=Z)

•n- number of neutron (A-Z=n)


Atomic Nomenclature
•The number of protons(Z) plus the
number of neutron(n) of an atom is
called atomic mass number, symbolized
by A
•The atomic mass number is a whole
number.
•The atomic mass number and the
precise mass of an atom are not equal.
Atomic Nomenclature
•An atom’s atomic mass number is a
whole number that is equal to the
number of nucleons in the atom. The
actual atomic mass of an atom is
determined by measurement and rarely
is a whole number.
•135Ba has A=135 because its nucleus
contains 56 protons and 79 neutrons.
The atomic mass of 135Ba is 134.91amu.
Isotopes (Z)
•Atoms that have the same number but
different atomic mass numbers are
isotopes
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Isobar (A)

Atomic nuclei that have


the same atomic mass
number but different
atomic number
Isomers
•Isomers have the same atomic
number and the same atomic mass
number.
•Isomers are identical atoms except
that they exist at different energy
state because of differences in
nucleon arrangement.
Combinations of Atoms
•Molecules- atoms of various
elements may combine to form
structures.
•Compound a chemical compound is
any quantity of one type of molecule.
•The smallest particle of an element
is an atom; the smallest particle of a
compound is a molecule.
Covalent bonds (sharing)
•Example: H₂O
•Characterized by the sharing of
elements.
•Oxygen and hydrogen combine into water
through covalent bonds.
•Oxygen has six electrons in its outermost
shell. It has room for two more electrons,
so in a water, two hydrogen atoms share
their single electrons with the oxygen.
Ionic bonds (giving)
•Example: NaCl
•Sodium and chloride combine into salt
through ionic bonds.
•Sodium has one electron in its outermost
shell. Chloride has space for one more
electron in its outermost shell. The
sodium will give up its electron to the
chlorine. When it does, it becomes ionized
because it has lost electron and now has
an imbalance of electric charges.
Radioactivity

Is the emission of
particles and energy in
order to become stable.
Radioactive
disintegration/
Radioactive decay
To reach stability the nucleus
spontaneously emits particles
and energy and transforms
itself into another atom.
END

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