CE 1206

Concrete Sessional
(Lab Manual)

Department of Civil Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)
 INDEX
Test Test Name Page
no. no.
1 Determination of Normal Consistency of Cement with Vicat’s
Apparatus.
2 Determination of Initial Setting Time of Cement with Vicat’s
Apparatus.
3 Determination of Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier method.

4 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate.

5 Specific Gravity (Relative Density) and Absorption Capacity of Fine

Aggregate.
6 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate.

7 Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate.

8 Sampling and Testing of Brick for Efflorescence, Compressive Strength

and Absorption.
9 Test for Direct Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar.

10 Determination of Slump and Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimens.

Appendix:
Lab Instruction
Reference Standard
 Experiment 1
Determination of Normal Consistency of Cement with Vicat’s Apparatus
1.1 Objective:
This test method covers the determination of the normal consistency of hydraulic cement paste
with Vicat’s Apparatus.
1.2 Introduction:
The amount of water content that brings the cement paste to a standard condition of wetness is
called “normal consistency”. It has a marked effect upon the time of set as well as upon other
properties of cement. The paste at normal consistency is fairly stiff and is used only for the
determination of time of set and soundness of cement. It is necessary to fix the quantity of
water to be mixed in cement while experimenting on it.
The normal consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency (% of water) which
will permit the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 10 mm from the top of the vicat mould. The
usual range of values being between 22 to 30 percent by weight of dry cement. Normal
consistency is also called standard consistency.
1.3 Reference Standard:
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C187.
1.4 Scope:
This test method is intended to be used to determine the amount of water (by % weight of dry
cement) required to prepare hydraulic cement pastes for testing.
Necessity and Use of Normal Consistency:
a. Cement produced by different factories may not have same properties and so it is necessary
to standardize the consistency using standard equipment.
b. The knowledge of normal consistency is required while performing other important tests
such as setting time, soundness etc. as these tests are performed on cement paste using a certain
percentage of water required for standard consistency.
1.5 Related Terms:
Consistency: A certain minimum quantity of water is required to be mixed with cement so as
to complete chemical reaction between water and cement. Less water than this quantity would
not complete chemical reaction thus resulting in reduction of strength and more water would
increase water cement ratio and so would reduce its strength. Thus correct proportion of water
to cement is required to be known to achieve proper strength while using cement in structure.
Gauging Time: The period observed from the time water is added to cement for making cement
paste till commencing the filling of mould of Vicat Apparatus in this test.
1.6 Apparatus:
Balance: (sensitive to 0.1 mg) Set of metric weights. The permissible variations on weights in
use in weighing the cement shall be as prescribed in Table-1. The permissible variations on
new weights shall be one half of the values in Table-1.
 Table 1.1: Permissible Variations on Weights
Weight, g Permissible Variation on Weights in
Use, plus or minus, g
500 0.18
300 0.15
250 0.13
200 0.10
100 0.07
50 0.04
20 0.02
10 0.02
5 0.01
2 0.01
1 0.01

Glass Graduate: Three glass graduates of 200 or 250 ml capacity.

Vicat Apparatus: The Vicat apparatus shall consist of a frame (A) bearing a movable rod (B),
weighing 300 g; one end is the plunger end (C), being 10 mm in diameter for a distance of at
least 50 mm, and the other end having a removable needle (D), 1mm in diameter and 50 mm
in length. The rod is reversible, and can be held in any desired position by a set screw (E), and
has an adjustable indicator (F) which moves over a scale (graduated in millimeter) attached to
the frame. The paste is held in a rigid conical ring (G), resting on a glass plate (H) about 100
mm square. The rod shall be made of stainless steel having a hardness of not less than 35 HRC
(Rockwell Hardness number), and shall be straight with the plunger end, which is perpendicular
to the rod axis. The ring shall be made of a non-corroding, non-absorbent material, and shall
have an inside diameter of 70 mm at the base and 60mm at the top, and a height of 40 mm. In
addition to the above, the Vicat apparatus shall conform to the following requirements:

Weight of movable rod: 300 ± 0.5 g (0.661 lb± 8 grains)

Diameter of plunger end of rod: 10 ± 0.05 mm (0.394 ± 0.002in.)
Diameter of needle: 1±0.05 mm (0.039±0.002 in)
Height of ring: 40±1 mm (1.57±0.0 4in)
Inside diameter of ring at bottom: 70±3 mm (2.75±0.12 in)
Inside diameter of ring at top: 60±3 mm (2.36±0.12 in)
Graduated scale: The graduated scale, when compared with a
standard scale accurate to within 0.1 mm at
all points, shall not show a deviation at any
point greater than 0.25 mm.
 Figure 1.1: Vicat apparatus

Others: Mixing plate, small trowel, three 4-in. square glass plates.
1.7 Test Conditions:
Temperature and Humidity:
1. The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry cement, molds, and base
plates shall be maintained between 20 and 27.5°C (68 and 81.5°F).
2. The temperature of the mixing water shall not vary from 23°C (73.4°F) by more than ±1.7°C
(±3°F).
3. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50%.
1.8 Procedure:
Preparation of Cement Paste:
Weigh out 650gm of cement and place on the mixing plate. Form crater in the center and add
a measured quantity of water. (The water required for normal consistency for ordinary cement
ranges from 22 to 30% by weight).
1. Turn the material at the outer edge into the crater within 30sec with a trowel.
2. After an additional interval of 30sec for the absorption of the water, complete the operation
by continuous, vigorous mixing, squeezing and kneading with the hands for 1.5min.
3. If mechanical mixing machine is used, start the mixer at low speed for 30 s. Stop for (15 s)
and make sure no materials have collected on the sides of the bowel. Start mixing at medium
speed for (1 min).
Molding Test Specimen:
1. Quickly form the cement past into the approximate shape of a ball with gloved hands. Then
toss six times through a free path of about 6in. (150mm) from one hand to another so as to
produce a nearly spherical mass that may be easily inserted into the Vicat ring with a minimum
amount of additional manipulation.
2. Press the ball, resting in the palm of one hand, into the larger end of the conical ring, held in
the other hand, completely filling the ring with paste. Remove the excess at the larger end by a
single movement of the palm of the hand.
3. Place the ring on its larger end on a plane, nonabsorptive plate, and slice off the excess paste
at the smaller end at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of a sharp-edged trowel held
at a slight angle with the top of the ring and smooth the top, if necessary, with a few light
touches of the pointed end of the trowel. During these operations of curing and smoothing take
care not to compress the paste.
Consistency Determination:
Center the paste confined in the ring, resting on the plate, under the rod, the plunger end, of
which shall be brought in contact with the surface of the paste, and tighten the set-screw. Then
set the movable indicator (10 mm dia) to the upper zero mark of the scale, or take an initial
reading, and release the rod immediately. This must not exceed 30 sec after completion of
mixing. The apparatus shall be free of all vibrations during the test. The paste shall be of normal
consistency when the rod settles to a point 10 ± 1 mm below the original surface in 30 sec after
being released.
Calculation:
1. Calculate the amount of water required for normal consistency to the nearest 0.1% and report
it to the nearest 0.5% of the weight of the dry cement.
2. Plot the amount of mixing water used as abscissa and observed penetration as ordinate in a
plain graph paper. Then using this plot, determine the amount of water required for 10 mm
penetration.
1.9 Warning:
Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is
recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for
a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the liquid phase
of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.

Assignment Questions:
1. Does this cement satisfy ASTM standard requirements for normal consistency?
2. Describe the factors affecting the normal consistency of cement.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Cement: …………. gm.

% of water Amount of Initial Final Penetration Comments
Water(ml) Reading Reading (mm)
(mm) (mm)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Percentage of water required for cement paste of Normal Consistency =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 2
Determination of Initial Setting Time of Cement with Vicat’s Apparatus
2.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the initial setting time of cement.
2.2 Introduction:
Cement, when mixed with water, forms slurry, which gradually becomes less plastic with the
passage of time and finally a hard mass is obtained. In this process, a stage is reached when the
cement paste is sufficiently rigid to withstand a definite amount of pressure. Cement, at this
stage to have set and the time required to reach this stage is termed “Setting time”.
The term ‘‘Setting” is used to describe the stiffening of the cement paste. Setting of cement
refers to changes of cement paste from a semi-liquid to rigid state. Setting differs from
Hardening of cement which refers to the gain of strength of a set cement paste; although during
setting the cement paste acquires some strength.
2.3 Reference Standard:
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C191. As per
ASTM C150, Ordinary Portland Cement should have the initial setting time not less than 45
minutes & final setting time not more 375 minutes.
2.4 Scope:
The purpose of this test is to ascertain the time to be allowed to pass, between mixing of
concrete and placing in position in structures. In actual construction dealing with cement,
mortar or concrete, certain times required for mixing, transporting and placing. During this
time cement paste, mortar, or concrete should be in plastic condition. The constituents and
fineness of cement is maintained in such a way that the concrete remains in plastic condition
for certain minimum time. Once the concrete is placed in the final position, compacted and
finished it should lose its plasticity in the earliest possible time so that it is least vulnerable to
damages from external destructive agencies.
Cement paste setting time is affected by a number of items including: cement fineness, water-
cement ratio, chemical content (especially gypsum content) and admixtures. Setting tests are
used to characterize how a particular cement paste sets. For construction purposes, the initial
set must not be too soon and the final set must not be too late.
2.5 Related Terms:
Initial Setting Time: The time elapsed between the moments that the water is added to the
cement to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity, stiffening to a certain degree. It
marks roughly the end of the period when the wet mix can be molded into shape.
Final Setting Time: The time elapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement,
and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient
firmness to resist certain pressure.
2.6 Apparatus:
Same as for the determination of normal consistency of cement (see Experiment 01).
2.7 Test Conditions:
Temperature and Humidity:
1. Maintain the temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry cement, molds,
and base plates at 23.0 ± 3.0°C.
2. Maintain the temperature of the mixing water at 23.0 ± 3.0°C.
3. The relative humidity of the mixing room shall not be less than 50 percent.
2.8 Procedure:
Preparation of Cement Paste:
Mix 650 gm. of cement with the percentage of mixing water required for normal consistency
following the procedure described in Experiment 01.
Molding Test Specimen:
Same procedure as in the preceding test (Experiment 01). Immediately after molding, place the
test specimen in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when
determinations of time of setting are being made.
Time of setting determination:
1. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the moist cabinet for 30 min after molding
without being disturbed. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time and every
15-min thereafter for Ordinary Portland Cement (Type I & every 10 min for Rapid Hardening
Cement, Type III) until a penetration of 25 mm or less is obtained.
2. For the penetration test, lower the needle of the rod until it rests on the surface of the cement
paste. Tighten the set screw and set the indicator at the upper end of the scale, or take an initial
reading. Release the rod quickly by releasing the set screw, and allow the needle to settle for
30 sec; then take the reading to determine the penetration.
3. No penetration test shall be made closer than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) for any previous penetration
and no penetration test shall be made closer than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) from the inside of the mold.
Record the results of all the penetration tests and, by plotting penetration tests and, by
interpolation or by plotting penetration vs. setting time curve, determine the time when a
penetration of 25 mm is obtained. This is initial setting time.
4. The final setting time is when the needle does not sink visibly into the paste or the first
penetration measure that does not mark the specimen surface with a complete circular
impression. Verify final set by performing two additional penetration measurements on
different areas of the specimen surface. Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle
with an annular attachment. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying
the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on,
while the attachment fails to do so.
Calculation:
Calculate the time required for 25 mm penetration from a Plot of penetration (in mm) against
time (in min.) in plan graph paper. This time is arbitrarily defined as the initial setting time.
2.9 Precautions:
1. All the apparatus shall be free from vibration during the penetration test.
2. Take care to keep the 1-mm needle straight, and the needle must be kept clean as the
collection of cement on the sides of the needle may retard the penetration, while cement on the
point (tip) may increase the penetration.
3. The time of setting is affected not only by the percentage and the temperature of the water
used and the amount of kneading the paste received, but also by the temperature and humidity
of the air, and its determination is therefore only approximate.

Assignment Questions:
1. What is the significance of setting time?
2. Distinguish between “hardening” and setting.
3. Does this cement satisfy ASTM standard requirements for initial setting time?
4. What is quick setting cement?
5. How does the fineness affect the time of setting?
6. What is the function of a retarder?
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Cement: …………. gm. % of Water Added: …………. Added Water: …..…… ml

Time (min) Penetration Comments Time (min) Penetration Comments
(mm) (mm)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Initial setting time for the given sample of cement (from graph) =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 3
Determination of Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier method
3.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the soundness of a given sample of cement by
Le-Chatelier method.
3.2 Introduction:
It is very important that the cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change of
volume. Certain cements have been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing
disruption of the set and hardened mass. This will cause serious difficulties for the durability
of structures when such cement is used. The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of
excess of lime than that could be combined with acidic oxide at the kiln. It is also likely that
too high a proportion of magnesium content or calcium sulphate content may cause
unsoundness in cement. Soundness of cement may be determined by two methods, namely Le-
Chatelier method and autoclave method.
3.3 Reference Standard:
IS 4031(Part 3):1988 Methods of Physical Test for Hydraulic Cement: Determination of
Soundness. Reaffirmed- May 2014.
3.4 Related Terms:
Soundness of cement: One of the most important properties of cement is its soundness.
Soundness of cement is the ability to retain its volume after it gets hardened (or after setting).
The test performed to find out the excess amount of lime percentage in cement is known as
soundness test of cement.
3.5 Apparatus:
Le-Chateliers Apparatus:
Le- Chatelier apparatus conforming to IS: 5514-1969.
Consist of a small split cylinder of spring brass to other non-corrodible metal of 0.5mm
thickness forming a mould of 30mm internal diameter and 30mm high. On either side of the
split, two indicators are brazed suitably with pointed ends made of 2mm diameter brass wire
in such a way that the distance of these ends to the centre of the cylinder is 165mm. The split
cylinder will be kept between two glass plates. The temperature of the moulding room, dry
materials and water shall be maintained at 27±2°C The relative humidity of the laboratory shall
be 65 ± 5 percent. The moist closet or moist room shall be maintained at 27 ± 2°C and at a
relative humidity of not less than 90 percent.

Water bath:
Water bath capable of containing immersed Le-Chatelier moulds with specimens and of raising
their temperature from 27±2 °C to boiling in 27±3 minutes.

Vernier Calliper:
Vernier Calliper should be able to measure upto 30 mm with least count of 0.1 mm.
Balance:
On balance in use, the permissible variation at a load of 1000 gm. shall be ± 1.0 g. The
permissible variation on new balance shall be one-half of this value. The sensibility reciprocal
shall be not greater than twice the permissible variation.

Table 3.1: Permissible Variations on Weights

Weight Permissible Variation on Weights

(g) in use Plus or Minus (gm.)
500 0.35
300 0.30
250 0.25
200 0.20
100 0.15
50 0.10
20 0.05
10 0.04
5 0.03
2 0.02
1 0.01

3.6 Procedure:
1. Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed
by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency
[see IS : 4031 (Part 4)-1988 or experiment No. 1(a) ].
2. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in experiment
No.1, taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together while this operation is being
performed.
3. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this
covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature
of 27 ± 2°C and keep there for 24 hours.
4. Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm. Submerge the
mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above.
5. Bring the water to boiling, with the mould kept submerged, in 25 to 30 minutes, and keep it
boiling for three hours. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the
distance between the indicator points.
6. The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement. This
must not exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening and low heat Portland cements. If in case
the expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound.

3.7 Observation and Recording

Soundness/expansion of cement = L1-L2

L1=Measurement taken after 24 hours of immersion in water at a temp. of 27 ± 20 oC
L2=Measurement taken after 3 hours of immersion in water at boiling temperature.
Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm.
Assignment Questions:
1. What is the Soundness of Cement by Le-Chatelier’s Method?
2. What are the Causes of Unsoundness in Cement?
3. Why We Measure the Soundness of Cement?
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Cement: …………. gm. Added Water: …..…… ml

Type of Cement Tested

L1=Measurement taken after 24 hours of immersion in water at
a temp. of 27 ± 20 oC
L2=Measurement taken after 3 hours of immersion in water at
boiling temperature.
Expansion of The Specimen (L₁- L₂ )

Result:
Soundness of cement =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 4
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
4.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse
aggregate by sieving.

4.2 Introduction:
The term sieve analysis is given to the sample operation of dividing a sample of aggregates in
to fraction each consisting of particles between specific limits. The analysis is conducted to
determine the grading of material proposed for use as aggregates. Gradation is determined by
passing the material through a series of sieves stacked with progressively smaller openings
from top to bottom and weighing the material retained on each sieve.

The term fineness modulus (F.M) is a ready index of coarseness or fineness of material. It is
an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregates retained on
each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum arbitrarily by 100. No.100, No.50, No.30,
No.16, No.8, No.4, 3/8 in., ¾ in., 1.5 in., 3 in. and 6 in. are the ASTM standards sieves.

4.3 Reference Standard:

This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C136.

4.4 Scope:
This method is used primarily to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as
aggregates or being used as aggregates. Aggregates having a smooth grading curve and neither
a deficiency nor excess of any one particle size generally produce mixtures with fewer voids
between particles. Because cement costs more than aggregate and the cement paste requirement
for concrete increases with increasing void content of the combined aggregates, it is desirable
to keep the void content as low as possible. If there is not enough fine aggregate to fill the voids
between coarse aggregate particles, the space must be filled with cement paste. Such under-
sanded mixtures also tend to be harsh and difficult to finish. On the other hand, aggregate
combinations with excessive amounts of fine aggregate or excessively fine sands may produce
uneconomical concretes because of the larger surface area of finer particles, which requires
additional cement.

Fineness Modulus (FM) is used in determining the degree of uniformity of the aggregate
gradation. It is an empirical number relating to the fineness of the aggregate. The higher the
FM is, the coarser the aggregate is. Determination of fineness modulus is considered as a
method of standardization of grading of aggregates i.e. the main object of finding fineness
modulus is to grade the given aggregate for the most economical mix and workability with
minimum quantity of cement.

4.5 Related Terms:

Aggregate: Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or iron blast-furnace slag,
used with a cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement concrete or mortar. Aggregate
predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve or that portion of an aggregate retained
on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve is termed as coarse aggregate. The portion passes through the
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve is called fine aggregate.
Maximum size and nominal maximum size: In specifications for aggregates, the smallest sieve
opening through which the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass is called the
maximum size. The smallest sieve opening through which the entire amount of aggregate is
permitted to pass is called the nominal maximum size.

Sieve Number: A number used to designate the size of a sieve, usually the approximate number
of openings per inch. The number is applied to sieves with openings smaller than 1/4" (6.3mm).
But the actual opening size is hard to estimate since the thickness of the wire varies (finer
screens are made from finer wire). Modern practice is to refer to the screen by the size of the
opening in microns or in millimeters.

Gradation curve or Grading charts: Used to show the results of a sieve analysis graphically.
The percent passing is usually plotted on the vertical axis, while the sieve sizes are plotted on
the horizontal axis.

Fineness Modulus: Using the sieve analysis results, a numerical index called the fineness
modulus (FM) is often computed. The FM is the sum of the total percentages coarser than each
of a specified series of sieves, divided by100. The specified sieves are the standard sieves. The
coarser the aggregate, the higher the FM. For fine aggregate used in concrete, the FM generally
ranges from 2.3 to 3.1. But in some cases, fine sands are used with an FM less than 2.0and in
other cases, a coarser fine aggregate with an FM higher than 3.1.

4.6 Apparatus:

Balance (sensitive to within 0.1% of the weight of the sample), Sieves (conform to ASTM
E11), Mechanical sieve shaker, Oven (capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 ±5
°C (230 ±9 °F).

4.7 Materials:

Sampling:
Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amount, so that the sample for test shall be
approximately of the weight desired when dry.

Fine Aggregate –
The test sample of the aggregate (F.M) shall weight, after drying, approximately the following
requirement:

Aggregate with at least 85 % passing a No. 4 sieve and more than 5% 500 gm
retained on a No. 8 sieve.
Aggregates unites at least 95% passing No. 8 sieve. 100 gm
Coarse aggregate-
The weight of the test sample of coarse aggregate (C.A) shall conform to the following
requirements:

Aggregate with nominal maximum size of ¾ in. 10 lbs.

Coarse and Fine Aggregate mixtures-

The weight of the test sample of CA and FA mixtures shall conform to the following:

Table 4.1: Weight of the test sample of CA and FA mixtures

Nominal Maximum Size, Minimum Weight of Test Sample,

Square Opening, mm (in) kg (lb)
9.5 (3/8) 1 (2)
12.5 (1/2) 2 (4)
19.0 (3/4) 5 (11)
25.0 (1) 10 (22)
37.5(1.5) 15 (33)
50(2) 20 (44)
63 (2.5) 35 (77)
75(3) 60 (130)
90 (3.5) 100 (220)
100 (4) 150 (330)
112 (4.5) 200 (440)
125 (5) 300 (660)
150 (6) 500 (1100)

4.8 Procedure:

Procedure for FA and CA:

1. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5o C.

2. Nest the sieve in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and place the sample
on the top sieve.
3. Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period, say 15 minutes.
The manual method should be performed in a proper sequence (forward and backward motion,
left and right motion, clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) motion and frequent
jolting).
4. Limit the Quantity of material on a given sieve so that all particles have the opportunity to
reach sieve openings a number of times during the sieving operation. For sieves with openings
smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4), the weight retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving
operation shall not exceed 6 kg/m2 (4 g/in2) of sieving surface. For sieves with openings
4.75mm (No. 4) and larger, the weight in kg/m of sieving surface shall not exceed the product
of 2.5 *(sieve opening in mm). In no case shall the weight be so great as to cause permanent
deformation of the sieve cloth.
5. Continue sieving for a sufficient period and in such manner that; after completion, not more
than 1 weight % of the residue on any individual sieve will pass that sieve during 1 minute of
continuous hand sieving.
6. In case of using mechanical sieve shaker, place the fine aggregate sample in the top sieve,
place lid on top of sieve stack, and agitate for 10 to 15 minutes.
7. Carefully remove the sieves one at a time and weigh each sieve with its retained aggregate.
Calculate the mass of material retained on each sieve deducting the weight of corresponding
sieve. Determine the weight of each size increment by weighing on a scale or balance to the
nearest 0.1% of the total original dry sample weight. The total weight of the material after
sieving should check closely with original weight of sample placed on the sieves. If the amount
differs by more than 0.3% based on the original dry sample weight, the results should not be
used for acceptance purposes.

Calculation:

Calculate percentages passing, total percentage retained, or percentages in various size

fractions to the nearest 0.1% on the basis of the total weight of the initial dry sample.

Calculate fineness modulus (FM) by adding the total percentage of material in the sample that
is coarser than each of the flowing standard sieves (Cumulative percentage retained), and
dividing the sum by 100: 150- (No. 100), 300- - -mm
(No. 16), 2.23-mm (No. 8), 4075-mm (3/8-in), 37.5-mm (1.5 in), and larger (3 in or 6 in). If
any non-standard sieve is used, add the cumulative percent retain of this sieve to the next lower
sized standard sieve during FM calculation.

Plot the percent passing values vs. sieve opening on the Gradation Chart (semi-log graph
paper).

Report

The report shall include the following:

1. Total percentage of material passing each sieves, or
2. Total percentage of material retained on each sieves, or
3. Percentage of material retained between consecutive sieves.

4.9 Instructions:

Following points must be kept in mind while calculating the FM:

i. Only sum up the values of standard sieves and do not include the values of the non-standard
sieves.
ii. Only add the sieves of 150μm and above sizes.
iii. If any standard sieve is missing, we may use the value of next higher sieve.
iv. Adding extra sieves does not change the result of FM.

Connect through straight lines between the points in Gradation Chart.

Assignment Questions:
1. In what sizes of particle the aggregate are deficient or oversupplied? How might this be
remedied in a practical way?
2. What is mean by ‘good grading’?
3. What is the practical use of controlling the grading of concrete aggregate?
4. How does the fineness modulus of aggregate affect the strength of concrete?
5. What are the types of gradation? Explain with qualitative sketch.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

For Fine Aggregate:

Sieve Sieve Sieve Weight Material % Cumulative %
Number Opening with of Sieve Retained Material % Retained Finer
(mm) Material (gm)) (gm)) Retained
(gm)
#4 4.75
#8 2.36
#16 1.18
#30 0.60
#50 0.30
#100 0.15
Pan
Total

FMFA =:

Sieve Sieve Sieve Weight Material % Cumulative %

Number Opening with of Sieve Retained Material % Retained Finer
(mm) Material (gm)) (gm)) Retained
(gm)
3 in 75
3/2 in 37.5
3/4 in 19
3/8 in 9.5
#4 4.75
#8 2.36
#16 1.18
#30 0.60
#50 0.30
#100 0.15
Pan
Total

FMCA =
Result:

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 5
Specific Gravity (Relative Density) and Absorption Capacity of Fine
aggregate
5.1 Objective:
This test method covers the determination of the Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of
fine aggregate.
5.2 Introduction:
Aggregates generally contain pore, both permeable and impermeable, for which specific
gravity has to be carefully defined. With this specific gravity of each constituent known, its
weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit
volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the
compacting factor in connection with the workability measurements.
Bulk specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the aggregate (oven-dry or saturated
surface dry) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas free distilled water at the stated
temperature. This is used for i) calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various
mixtures containing aggregate on an absolute volume basis, ii) the computation of voids in
aggregate, and iii) the determination of moisture in aggregate.
Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate dried in an oven at 100 to
110 0C (212 to 230 0F) for 24 hrs. to the weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of
the solid including the impermeable pores. This pertains to the relative density of the solid
material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles
that is accessible to water.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the weight of an aggregate due to water
absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition. For
an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free moisture on the particle
surface, the percentage of free moisture can be determined by deducting the absorption from
the total moisture content.
5.3 Reference Standard:
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirement of specification C128.
5.4 Scope:
Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the
volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including Portland
cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on
an absolute volume basis. Relative density is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate.
Relative density (SSD) is used in the determination of surface moisture on fine aggregate if the
aggregate is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the density or relative
density (specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed
to be dry. Apparent density is not widely used in construction aggregate technology.
Aggregates stockpiled usually carry some free or surface moisture that becomes part of the
mixing water. Freshly washed coarse aggregates contain free water, but because they dry
quickly, they are sometimes in an air-dry state when used, and they absorb some of the mixing
water. To calculate the mixing water content of concrete, the absorption of the aggregates and
their total moisture contents must be known.
5.5 Related Terms:
SSD (Saturated-surface-dry): The condition in which the permeable pores of aggregate
particles are filled with water to the extent achieved by submerging in water for the prescribed
period of time, but without free water on the surface of the particles.
Density (OD): The mass of oven-dry aggregate particles per unit volume of aggregate particles
including the volume of permeable and impermeable pores within particles, but not including
the voids between the particles.
Density (SSD): The mass of saturated-surface-dry aggregate per unit volume of the aggregate
particles, including the volume of impermeable pores and permeable, water-filled pores within
the particles, but not including the voids between the particles.
Apparent density: The mass per unit volume of the impermeable portion of the aggregate
particles.
Absorption: The increase in mass of aggregate due to water penetrating into the pores of the
particles during a prescribed period of time but not including water adhering to the outside
surface of the particles, expressed as percentage of the dry mass.
Bulk specific gravity: Oven-dry mass divided by the mass of a volume of water equal to the
SSD aggregate volume; while SSD bulk specific gravity is the saturated surface-dry mass
divided by the mass of a volume of water equal to the SSD aggregate volume. Most normal
weight aggregates have a bulk specific gravity SSD between 2.4 and 2.9.
Free (Surface) Moisture: Moisture in excess of that required for saturated surface dry (SSD)
condition in aggregate.
5.6 Apparatus:
Balance- Sensitive to 0.1gm. or less.
Pycnometer- A flask or other suitable container of 1000 ml capacity. The volume of the
container filled to mark shall be at least 50% greater than the space required to accommodate
the test sample of fine aggregate.
Mold- A Metal mold in the form of a frustum of a cone with dimensions as follows:
 40 ±3 mm inside diameter at the top
 90 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the bottom
 75 ± 3 mm in height
 0.8 mm minimum thickness of metal
Tamper- A metal tamper weighing 350±15g and having a flat circular tamping face 25 ± 3 mm
in diameter.
5.7 Test Conditions:
Temperature:
1. Maintain the temperature of the room and of the mixing water at 23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F).
2. The drying temperature of aggregate at oven should be 110 ± 5 0C (230 ± 9 0F).
5.8 Procedure:
Preparation of Test Specimen:
a) Obtain approximately 1kg sample of fine aggregate.
b) Dry it in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5° (230 ± 9°F).
Allow it to cool to comfortable handing temperature, cover with water, either by immersion or
by the addition of at least 6% moisture to the fine aggregate, and permit to stand for 24± 4hr.
c) Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines, spreads the sample on a flat
nonabsorbent surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm air, and stir frequently to
secure homogeneous drying. Continue this operation until the test specimen approaches a free-
flowing condition.
d) Cone test for surface moisture- Place a portion of the partially dried fine aggregate loosely
in the mold by filling it to overflowing and heaping additional material above the top of the
mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of the hand holding the mold. Lightly tamp the fine
aggregate into the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. Each drop should start about 5 mm
(0.2 in.) above the top surface of the fine aggregate. Permit the tamper to fall freely under
gravitational attraction on each drop. Adjust the starting height to the new surface elevation
after each drop and distribute the drops over the surface. Remove loose sand from the base and
lift the mold vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the
molded shape. Continue drying with constant stirring and test at frequent intervals until the
cone of the sand slumps upon the removal of mold. When the fine aggregate slumps slightly if
indicates that it has reached a surface dry condition. These various stages are shown
diagrammatically in Figure 5.1.

Bone dry or Oven Air dry Saturated and Moist or Wet

dry (OD) surface dry (SSD)

Figure 5.1: Diagrammatic Representation of Moisture in aggregate

If the first trial of the surface moisture test indicate that moisture is not present on the surface,
it has been dried past he saturated surface-dry condition. In this case thoroughly mix a few
milliliters of water with the fine aggregate and permit the specimen to stand in a covered
container for 30 minutes. Then resume the process of drying and testing at frequent interval for
the onset of the surface-dry condition.

Test on Sample

Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Immediately introduce into the pycnometer 500 ± 10
gm. of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate prepared and fill with additional water to
approximately 90% of capacity. Roll, Invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all air
bubbles. Adjust it the temperature to 23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3°F), if necessary by immersion in
circulating water, and bring the water level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity.
Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and water.

Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to constant weight at a temperature of
110 ± 5°C (230 ±9°F), cool in air at room temperature for 1± ½ hr., and weight.

Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity with water at 23±1.7°C
(73.4±3°F).

Calculation

Bulk specific Gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd: Calculate the bulk specific gravity, 23/23°C
(73.4/73.4°F) as follows-

Bulk sp. gravity (OD) =A/(B+S-C)

Where,
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, gm,
B = weight of pycnometer filled with water, gm,
S = weight of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gm and
C = weight of pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration mark, gm.

Bulk specific Gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Ss: Calculate the bulk specific gravity,
23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F) on the basis of weight of saturated surface-dry aggregate as follows-

Bulk sp. gravity (SSD) =S/(B+S-C)

Apparent specific Gravity,Sa: Calculate the apparent specific gravity, 23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F)
as follows-

Apparent sp. gravity = A/(B+A-C)

Absorption, A: Calculate the percentage of absorption as follows-

Absorption (%) = {(S-A)/A} x100

Or, Absorption (%) = [(Sa – Ss)/{Sa(Sa-1)}] x100

Report

Report specific gravity results to the nearest 0.01 and absorption to the nearest 0.1%.

5.9 Instructions:

The pores in lightweight aggregates are not necessarily filled with water after immersion for
24 h. In fact, the absorption potential for many such aggregates is not satisfied after several
days’ immersion in water. Therefore, this test method is not intended for use with lightweight
aggregate.

Assignment Questions:
1. What is the distinction between apparent and bulk specific gravity?
2. Explain the significance of specific gravity of aggregate.
3. Explain the volume change of fine aggregate with moisture content.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

SL Wt. Wt. of Wt. of Wt. Bulk Avg. Bulk Avg. App. Avg. Abso- Avg.
of Pycnometer Pycnometer of Sp. Bulk Sp. Bulk Sp. App. rption Abso-
OD + Water, + Water + SSD Gr. Sp. Gr. Sp. Gr. Sp. (%) rption
Sand, B (gm) Sand, Sand, (OD) Gr. (SSD) Gr. Gr. (%)
A C (gm) S (OD) (SSD)
(gm) (gm)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Bulk specific Gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd=
Bulk specific Gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Ss=
Apparent specific Gravity, Sa=
Absorption (%) =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 6
Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse aggregate
6.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity
of coarse aggregate.
6.2 Introduction:
This test method covers the determination of specific gravity and absorption of coarse
aggregate. The specific gravity may be expressed as bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity
(saturated-surface-dry (SSD)), or apparent specific gravity. The bulk specific gravity (SSD)
and absorption are based on aggregate after 15 hours soaking in water. All the terminology and
their uses are same as for the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate (see Experiment-
05).
6.3 Reference Standard:
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirement of specification C127.
6.4 Scope:
Same as for the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate (see Experiment-05).
6.5 Related Terms:
Same as for the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate (see Experiment-05).
6.6 Apparatus:
Balance- Sensitive to 0.05% of the sample weight at any point within the range used for the
test, or 0.5g, whichever is greater.
Sample container- A wire basket of 3.35 mm (No.6) or finer mesh, or a bucket of approximately
equal breath and height; with a capacity of 4 to 7 liters for 37.5mm (1.5in.) nominal maximum
size aggregate. The container shall be constructed so as to prevent trapping air when the
container is submerged.
Water tank- A watertight tank into which the sample container may be placed while suspended
below the balance.
Sieves-4.75 mm (No.4) sieve or other sizes as needed.
6.7 Test Conditions:
Temperature:
1. Maintain the temperature of the room and of the mixing water at 23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F).
2. The drying temperature of aggregate at oven should be 110 ± 5°C (230 ± °F).
6.8 Procedure:
Sampling
Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity needed.
Reject all material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve by sieving and thoroughly washing to
remove dust or other coatings from the surface. If the coarse aggregate contains a substantial
quantity of material finer than the 4.75 mm sieve use the 2.36 mm (No.8) sieve in place of the
4.75 mm sieve. The minimum weight of test sample to be used is given below:

Table 6.1: Minimum Weight of Test Sample

Nominal Maximum Size Minimum Weight of Test
mm (inch) Sample, kg (1b)
12.5(1/2)or less 2(4.4)
19.0 (3/4) 3(6.6)
25.0(1) 4(8.8)
37.5(1½) 5(11)
50(2) 8(18)
63(2½) 12(26)
75(3) 18(40)
90 (3½) 25(55)
100(4) 40(88)
112(4½) 50(100)
125(5) 75(165)
150(6) 125(276)

Experimental Procedure
Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F), cool in air at
room temperature for 1 to 3 hr. for test samples of 37.5mm (1.5in.) nominal maximum size, or
longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to
handle (approximately 50°C). Subsequently immerse the aggregate in water at room
temperature for a period of 15 to 19 hrs.
Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible
films of water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually. A moving stream of air may
be used to assist in the drying operation. Take care to avoid evaporation of water from
aggregate pores during the operation surface drying. Weigh the test sample in the saturated
surface–dry condition. Record this and all subsequent weights to the nearest 0.5 g. or 0.05% of
the sample weight, whichever is greater.
After weighing, immediately place the saturated-surface-dry test sample container and
determine its weight in water at 23± 1.7°C (73.4±3°F), having a density of 997 ± 2 kg/m3. Take
care to remove all entrapped air before weighing by shaking the container while immersed.
Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ±5°C (230 ±9°F), cool in air at
room temperature 1 to 3 hr., or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C), and weigh.
Calculation
Bulk specific Gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd: Calculate the bulk specific gravity, 23/23°C
(73.4/73.4°F) as follows-
Bulk sp. gravity (OD) =A/(B-C)
Where,
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, gm,
B = weight of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gm and
C = weight of saturated specimen in water, gm.

Bulk specific Gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Ss: Calculate the bulk specific gravity,
23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F) on the basis of weight of saturated surface-dry aggregate as follows-
Bulk sp. gravity (SSD) =B/(B-C)
Apparent specific Gravity, Sa: Calculate the apparent specific gravity, 23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F)
as follows-
Apparent sp. gravity = A/(A-C)
Absorption, A: Calculate the percentage of absorption as follows-
Absorption (%) = {(B-A)/A} x100
Or, Absorption (%) = [(Sa – Ss)/{Sa(Sa-1)}] x100

Report
Report specific gravity results to the nearest 0.01 and absorption to the nearest 0.1%.

6.9 Instructions:
This test method is not intended to be used with lightweight aggregate.

Assignment Questions:
1. Discuss the influence of the aggregate upon its bulking characteristics when damp.
2. Discuss the effect of damp aggregate upon the mixture proportion.
3. What difficulties arise in the use of aggregates which absorb water? How they overcome (a)
in the laboratory and (b) on the job.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

SL Wt. of Wt. of Wt. of Bulk Avg. Bulk Avg. App. Avg. Abso- Avg.
OD CA, SSD CA in Sp. Gr. Bulk Sp. Gr. Bulk Sp. App. rption Abso-
A (gm) CA, Water, (OD) Sp. Gr. (SSD) Sp. Gr. Gr. Sp. (%) rption
B (gm) C (gm) (OD) (SSD) Gr. (%)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Bulk specific Gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd=
Bulk specific Gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Ss=
Apparent specific Gravity, Sa=
Absorption (%) =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 7
Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
7.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the unit weights of and voids in a sample of
coarse, fine or mixed aggregate.
7.2 Introduction:
This test method covers the determination of unit weight a compacted or loose condition of
fine and coarse aggregates. The procedure yields values based on aggregates in a dry condition.
Unit weight values of aggregates are necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures. They may also be used for determining mass/volume
relationships for conversions and calculating the percentages of voids in aggregates. Voids with
him particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by this
test method.
7.3 Reference Standard:
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C29.
7.4 Scope:
The results of this test are frequently used when materials are proportioned on a volume basis
or where a minimum density is specified by the governing agency. The test is also useful in
determining mass/volume relationships for purchase agreements.
If we know the bulk density of aggregate material than we can easily calculate the mass
required to fill a unit volume container. Bulk Density also indicates the %age of voids present
in the aggregate material. This percentage of voids effects the grading of the aggregate which
is important in higher strength concrete. When measured on any aggregate of a known grading,
uncompacted void content provides an indication of the aggregate’s angularity, spherical shape,
and surface texture.
Bulk Density depends upon how densely the aggregate is packed. It also depends upon the size,
distribution and shape of the particles. If particles are of the same size then it can be packed to
a limited extent but when the smaller particles are added, the voids get filled with them and
thus the bulk density increases. For a coarse aggregate a higher bulk density means that there
are few voids which are to be filled by the fine aggregate and cement.
7.5 Related Terms:
Air void: is a space filled with air. The void contents ranges from about 35 to 40 % for coarse
aggregates. The void contents ranges from about 40 to 50 % for fine aggregates.
Unit weight or bulk density: the mass/weight of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material, in
which the volume includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume of the voids
between the particles. The unit weights of both fine and coarse normal-weight aggregates
falling within the ASTM grading limits are generally in the range 1450 to 1750 kg/m 3 (90 to
110 lb/ft3). The unit weight of the mixture of FA and CA is maximum when the fine aggregate
content is 35 to 40 % of the weight of total aggregate.
Light weight aggregate: The unit weight of aggregate is less than 1120 kg/m3. The
corresponding concrete has a bulk density less than 1800 kg/m3.
Normal weight aggregate: The aggregate has unit weight of 1520-1680 kg/m3. The concrete
made with this type of aggregate has a bulk density of 2300-2400 kg/m3.
Heavy weight aggregate: The unit weight is greater than 2100 kg/m3. The bulk density of the
corresponding concrete is greater than 3200 kg/m3.
Absolute Density: It is the mass per unit volume of individual particles only.
7.6 Apparatus:
Tamping rod- A round, straight steel rod, 5/8 in (16mm) in diameter and approximately 24in
(600) in length, having one end rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod.
Balance- Accurate within 0.1% of the test load and graduated at least 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).
Shovel or Scoop-A shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the measure with aggregate.

Table 7.1: Capacity of Measures

Nominal Maximum size of Aggregate Capacity of Measure
3
inch mm ft liter (m3)
0.5 12.5 1/10 2.8(0.0028)
1 25.0 1/3 9.3(0.0093)
1.5 37.5 1/2 14(0.014)
3 75 1 28(0.028)
4.5 112 2.5 70(0.070)
6 150 3.5 100(0.100

Table 7.2: Requirements for Measures

Capacity of Measure Thickness of Metal(minimum)
Bottom Upper 1.5 in or Remainder of
38mm of wall wall
Less than 0.4 ft3 0.20 in 0.10 in 0.10 in
0.4ft3 to 1.5 ft3,incl. 0.20 in 0.20 in 0.10 in
Over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3,incl. 0.20 in 0.25 in 0.15 in
Over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3,incl. 0.40 in 0.30 in 0.20 in
Less than 11 litre 0.50 in 2.5 mm 2.5 mm
11 to 42 litre, incl. 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mm
Over 42 to 80 litre, incl. 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mm
Over 80 to 133 litre, incl. 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mm

Note- The indicated size of measure shell be used to test aggregates of a nominal maximum
size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of the measure shall be at least 95%
of the normal volume listed.
Note- The added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained by placing a
reinforcing band around the top of the measure.
Measure- A cylindrical metal measures preferably provided with handles. It shall be watertight,
with the top and bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its form under rough
usage. The measure shall have a height approximately equal to the diameter; but in no case
shall the height be less than 80% nor more than 150% of the diameter. The capacity of the
measure shell conforms to the limits in Table-7.1 for the aggregate size to be tested. The
thickness of metal in the measure shall conform to the limits in as described in Table-7.2. The
interior wall of the measure shall be smooth and continuous surface.
Calibration Equipment-A piece of plate glass ,preferably at least ¼ in. (6mm) thick and at least
1in (25mm) larger than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated. A supply of water pump
or chassis grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to prevent leakage.
7.7 Test Conditions:
Temperature:
Drying temperature of the sample of aggregate to essentially constant mass in an oven is
preferably be 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C).
The measure should be calibrated with water at room temperature.
7.8 Procedure:
Sampling
The size of the sample shell be approximately 125 to 200% of the quantity required to fill the
measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate sample to
essentially constant mass in an oven at 230±9°F (110±5°C).
Calibration of Measure
1. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate glass
in such a way as to eliminate bubbles and excess water.
2. Determine the mass of the water in the measure using the balance.
3. Measure the temperature of the water and determine its density from Table-7.3,
interpolating if necessary.
4. Calculate the volume, V, of the measure by the dividing the mass of the water required
to fill the measure by its density. Alternatively, calculate the factor for the measure
F(=1/V) by dividing the density of the water by the mass required to fill the measure.
5. Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year or whenever there is reason to
question the accuracy of the calibration.

Table 7.3: Density of Water

Temperature Density
°F °C lb/ft3 Kg/m3
60 15.6 62.366 999.01
65 18.3 62.366 998.54
70 21.1 62.301 997.97
(73.4) (23.0) (62.274) (997.54)
75 23.9 62.261 997.32
80 26.7 62.216 996.59
85 29.4 62.166 995.85
Selection of Procedure

Their different procedure is generally followed for the determination of unit weight. They are
a) Shoveling procedure, b) Rodding procedure and c) Jigging procedure.

The shoveling procedure for loose unit weight shall be used only when specifically stipulated.
Otherwise, the compact unit weight shall be determined by the rodding procedure for
aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 1.5 in. (37.5mm) or less, or by the jigging
procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 1.5in. (37.5mm) and
not exceeding 6 in. (150mm).

A. Shoveling procedure:

Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging the aggregate from
a height not exceeding 2 in. (50mm) above the top of the measure. Exercise care to prevent, so
far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed. Level the
surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight
projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids
in the surface below the top of the measure.

Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb. (0.05kg).

B. Rodding procedure:

Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate
with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure two-
thirds full and again level and rod as above. Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod
again in the manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers
or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse
aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure.

In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In
rodding the second and the third layers, use vigorous effort, but do not apply such a force as to
cause the temping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.
Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb. (0.05kg).

C. Jigging procedure:

Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers as described previously, compacting each
layer by placing the measure on a firm base such as a cement-concrete floor, raising the
opposite sides alternately about 2 in. (50mm), and allowing the measure to drop in such a
manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this procedure, will
arrange themselves in a densely compacted condition. Compact each layer by dropping the by
measure 50 times in the manner described, 25 times on each side. Level the surface of the
aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the
larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface
below the top of the measure.
Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb. (0.05kg).

Calculation

Unit weight: Calculate the unit weight for the rodding procedure as follows-

M= (G-T)/V or, M= (G-T) x F

Where,
M= Unit weight of the aggregate, lb/ft3 (kg/m3),
G=Mass of the aggregate plus the measure, lb. (kg),
T= Mass of the measure, lb. (kg),
V=Volume of the measure,ft3(m3) and
F=Factor for measure,ft-3(m-3).

The unit weight determined by this test method is for aggregate in an oven-dry condition. If
the unit weight in terms of saturated-surface (S.S.D) condition is desired, use the exact
procedure in this test method, and then calculate the SSD unit weight using the following
formula

MSSD= M [1+ (A/100)]

Where
MSSD=Unit weight in SSD condition, lb/ft3 (kg/m3) and
A=% absorption, determined in accordance with test Method C127 or Test Method
C128 (see Expt.no-5 or 6).

Void content: Calculate the void content in the aggregate using the unit weight determined by
rodding procedure as follows-

% Voids= 100[{(SxW) – M}/ (SxW)]

Where
M= Unit weight of the aggregate, lb/ft3(kg/m3),
S= Bulk specific gravity (dry basic) as determined in accordance with Test Method C
127or Test Method C 128(see Expt. no.-5 or 6)and
W= Density of water, 62.4lb/ft3(998 kg/m3).

Report

Report the results for unit weight to the nearest llb/ft3(10kg/m3) as follows-

a) unit weight by rodding

b) loose unit weight.

Report the results for the void content to the nearest 1% as follows-

a) voids in aggregate compacted by rodding , %

b) voids in loose aggregate, %
7.9 Instructions:

The method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 5 in. [125 mm] in nominal maximum
size.
If the measure may also be used for testing for unit weight of concrete, the measure should be
made of steel or other suitable metal not readily subject to attack by cement paste.

Assignment Questions:
1. What would be the effect upon the unit weight if the fine and coarse aggregates be combined?
2. What would be the effect upon the unit weight if the aggregate be placed in the cylinder
without rodding?
3. What would be the effect upon the unit weight if damp fine aggregate be used?
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Bulk specific gravity (OD basis), (choose A and S from your previous experiments)
SFA= _________________ SCA= _________________
Absorption capacity (%),
AFA=_________________ ACA=_________________
Density of water, W=
Type of Test Wt. of Wt. of Volume of Unit wt., M Avg. Unit SSD Unit % Void
aggrega Method Bucket, Bucket+ Bucket, V (kg/m3) wt., M wt., MSSD
te T (kg) Material, (m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
G (kg)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 8
Sampling and Testing of Brick for Efflorescence, Compressive Strength
and Absorption
Efflorescence test for bricks
A.8.1 Objective:
The objective of this test is to determine the efflorescence of bricks.

A.8.2 Introduction:
The deposition of salts on the surface of clay or ceramic materials is called efflorescence. It is
resulted from the migration and evaporation of aqueous saline solutions. The efflorescence is
basically an aesthetic problem, but due to be a complex phenomenon with economic
consequences it worries manufactures and building constructors. Raw materials, building
materials, subsoil water, can be the source of soluble salts, which generate the efflorescence.

A.8.3 Reference Standard:

This test method conforms to the BDS standard requirements of specification 208:2002.

A.8.4 Test Method:

Efflorescence test is done as following: Number of Specimens: Test specimens shall consist of
5 whole dry bricks which shall be tested for efflorescence as laid down in the following:
Procedure: Each bricks shall be placed on end in a shallow flat bottom non-absorbent dish
keeping minimum clearance of 5 cm (2 inches) between two consecutive bricks. Distilled water
shall then be poured to depth of 2.54 cm (1 inch) so that it surrounds each bricks by one inch
only. The whole arrangement shall be allowed to stand in a well-ventilated room at about 15
degree C to 20 degree C. After a few days when the water has been absorbed and the bricks
appear to be dry, as similar quantity of water shall again be poured in the dish and further
drying period allowed. The bricks shall then be examined for efflorescence.

A.8.5 Result:
The tendency to efflorescence shall be reported as “Nil”, “Slight”, “Moderate”, “Heavy”, or
“Serious” in accordance with the following definitions.
Nil: No perceptible deposit of salt.
Slight: Not more than 10 percent of the area of the bricks covered with a thin deposit of salt.
Moderated: A heavier deposit than under “Slight” and covering up to 50 percent of the area of
the bricks surface but unaccompanied by powdering of flaking of the surface.
Heavy: A heavy deposit of salt covering 50 percent or more of the bricks surface but
unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface. Serious: A heavy deposit of salt
accompanied by powdering and/or flaking of the surfaces.
B.8.1 Objective:
Sampling and testing of brick for compressive strength and absorption.

B.8.2 Introduction:
According to the characteristics of good brick, they should be uniform in colour, size and shape
and also should be sound, compact and free from crack or other flaws such as air bubbles, stone
nodules, etc. The minimum compressive strength of 1st class bricks should not be less than
2500 psi they should not absorb more than 1/6thof their own weight of water when immersed
in water for 24 hours (15 to 20% dry wt.). The strength of a brick decreases by about 25% when
soaked in water. The wt. of each brick should be in the range of 6 to 7 lbs. Some other important
tests of brick includes Modulus of Rupture, Freezing and Thawing, Initial Rate of Absorption
(Suction), Efflorescence, Measurement of Size, Measurement of Warpage, Measurement of
Length Change, Measurement of Void Area, Measurement of Out of Square, Measurement of
Shell and Web Thickness, Breaking Load.

B.8.3 Reference Standard:

This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C 67.

B.8.4 Scope:
Brick made from clay and shale, some of the most abundant, natural materials on earth, and
then fired through a kiln at up to 2000 degrees. The use of brick also has a multitude of benefits,
for example,
 Clay Brick an Environmentally Sustainable Product
 Long Life and Value Retention
 Fire Protection
 Comfort

Some advantages of bricks:

 A pure, natural product
 Strong and durable
 Low maintenance
 Thermal performance
 Acoustic performance
 Fire resistance
 Easily recyclable
 Minimal waste
 Design flexibility
Grades classify brick according to their resistance to damage by freezing when wet. Three
grades are covered and the grade requirements are shown in Table 10.1.

Grade SW (Severe Weathering)-Brick intended for use where high and uniform resistance to
damage caused by cyclic freezing is desired and where the brick may be frozen when saturated
with water.

Grade MW (Moderate Weathering)-Brick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic
freezing damage is permissible or where the brick may be damp but not saturated with water
when freezing occurs.

Grade NW (Negligible Weathering)-Brick with little resistance to cyclic freezing damage but
which are acceptable for applications protected from water absorption and freezing.

Table 11.1: Physical requirements

Designation Minimum Compressive Maximum Water Maximum Saturation
Strength gross area, psi Absorption by 5-h Coefficient*
(MPa) Boiling, %
Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual
of 5 Brick of 5 Brick of 5 Brick
Grade SW 3000 2500 17 20 0.78 0.80
(20.7) (17.2)
Grade MW 2500 2200 22 25 0.88 0.90
(17.2) (15.2)
Grade NW 1500 1250 (8.6) no limit no limit no limit no limit
(10.3)
*Note: The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water
to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.

Bed surface: the bed surface of the brick is the in situ non-vertical surface intended to be joined
by mortar.

Brick face: the face of brick is any surface intended for use to form the exposed surface of the
masonry structure.
Frog: an indentation in one bed surface of a brick manufactured by molding or pressing. The
indentation may be shallow (not exceeding 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)) and is termed a panel. A deeper
indentation is called a deep frog.

Absorption: weight of water picked up by a clay masonry unit during immersion at prescribed
conditions expressed in relation to the dry weight of the unit. Two conditions of immersion are
designated in standards relating to brick: 24 h in room temperature (60-86°F (15.5-30°C)) water
or 5 h in boiling water. The resulting absorptions are termed cold absorption and boiling
absorption

Initial rate of absorption: a distinct property that offers different information from absorption.
It is a measure of the suction of water upward into a dry brick from a bed face during one
minute of exposure. It is expressed as grams of water picked up in one minute by a net area of
30 in2 (194 cm2). Initial rate of absorption is one factor influencing the quality of bond between
brick and mortar.

B.8.6 Apparatus:
 Balance
 Measurement Devices
 Compression Testing Machine
 Capping Equipment

B.8.7 Test Conditions:

Temperature:

Drying temperature of the test specimen in an oven is preferably be 230 ± 239°F (110 to
115°C). Room temperature of 75° ± 15°F (24° ± 8°C) with a relative humidity between 30 and
70% is preferable.

B.8.8 Procedure:
Sampling of Brick:

Selection of test specimen- For the purpose of these tests, full-size bricks shall be selected which
are representative of the whole lot of units from which they are selected and shall include
specimens representative of the complete range of colors, textures and sizes in the shipment
and shall be free of dirt, mud, mortar, or other foreign materials unassociated with the
manufacturing process.
Number of specimens- For the compressive strength and absorption determinations, at least ten
bricks shall be selected from each lot of 1000,000 bricks or fraction thereof. For larger lots,
five individual bricks shall be selected from each 500,000 bricks of fraction thereof contained
in the lot. In no case shall less than ten bricks be taken. Additional specimens may be taken at
the discretion of the purchaser.

Identification- Each specimen shall be marked so that it may be identified at any time. Markings
shall cover not more than 5% of the superficial area of the specimen.
Weight determination-

 Drying- Dry the test specimens in a ventilated oven at 230 to 239°F (110 to 115°C) for
not less than 24 h and until two successive weighing at intervals of 2 h show an
increment of loss not greater than 0.2% of the last previously determined weight of the
specimen.
  Cooling- After drying, cool the specimens in a drying room maintained at a temperature
of 75° ± 15°F (24° ± 8°C) with a relative humidity between 30 and 70%. Store the units
free from drafts, unstacked, with separate placement, for a period of at least 4 h and
until the surface temperature is within 5°F (2.8°C) of the drying room temperature. Do
not use specimens noticeably warm to the touch for any test requiring dry units.
 Weigh dry full size specimens. Calculate the weight per unit area of a specimen by
dividing the total weight in pounds by the average area in square feet of the two faces
of the unit as normally laid in a wall.
 Report results separately for each unit with the average for five units or more to the
nearest 1 g.
Compressive Strength Determination:

Test specimens-The test specimens shall consist of dry half brick (as described above), the full
height and width of the unit, with a length equal to one half of the full length of the unit ±1 in.
(25.4 mm). Test specimens shall be obtained by any method that will produce without
shattering or cracking a specimen with approximately plane and parallel ends. Five specimens
shall be tested.

Capping- All specimens shall be dry and cool (as described above during weight determination)
before any portion of the capping procedure is carried out. If the surface which will become
bearing surfaces during the compression test are recessed or paneled, fill the depressions with
a motor composed of 1 part by weight of quick hardening cement and 2 parts by weight of
sand. Age the specimens at least 48 h before capping them. Where the recess exceeds ½ in.
(12.7 mm), use a brick or tile slab section or metal plate as a core fill. Cap the test specimens
using one of the two procedures described below.

 Gypsum Capping- Coat the two opposite bearing surfaces of each specimen with
shellac and allow to dry thoroughly. Bed one of the dry shellacked surfaces of the
specimen in a thin coat of neat paste of calcined gypsum (plaster of paris) that has been
spread on an oiled nonabsorbent plate, such as glass or machined metal. The casting
surface plate shall be plane within 0.003 in. (0.0076 mm) in 16 in. (406.4 mm) and
sufficiently rigid; and so supported that it will not be measurably deflected during the
capping operation. Lightly coat in with oil or other suitable material. Repeat this
procedure with the other shellacked surface. Take care that the opposite bearing
surfaces so formed will be approximately parallel and perpendicular to the vertical axis
of the specimen and the thickness of the gaps will be approximately the same and not
exceeding 1/8 in. (3.18 mm). Age the caps at 24 h before testing the specimens.
 Sulfur-Filler Capping- Use a mixture containing 40 to 60 weight % sulfur the remainder
being ground fire clay or other suitable inert materials passing a No. 100 (150 μm) sieve
with or without plasticizer. The casting surface flat requirements shall be as described
above. Place four 1 in. (25.4 mm) square steel bars on the surface plate to form a
rectangular mold approximately ½ in. (12.7 mm) greater in either inside dimension than
the specimen. Heat the sulfur mixture in a thermostatically controlled heating pot to a
temperature sufficient to maintain fluidity for a reasonable period of time after contact
with the surface being capped. Take care to prevent overheating, and stir liquid in the
 pot just before used. Fill the mold to a depth of ¼ in. (6.35 mm) with molten sulfur
material. Place the surface of the unit to be capped quickly in the liquid and hold the
specimen so that its vertical axis is at right angles to the capping surface. The thickness
of the caps shall be approximately the same. Allow the unit to remain undisturbed until
solidification is complete. Allow the caps to cool for a minimum of 2 h before testing
the specimens.
Procedure-

 Test brick specimens flatwise (that is the load shall be applied in the direction of the
depth of the brick). Center the specimens under the spherical upper bearing within 1/16
in. (1.59 mm).
 The upper bearing shall be a spherically seated hardened metal block firmly attached at
the center of the machine. The center of the sphere shall lie at the center of the surface
of the block in contact with the specimen. The block shall be closely held in its spherical
seat, but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimeter shall have at least ¼ in.
(6.35 mm) clearance from the head to allow for specimens whose bearing surfaces are
not exactly parallel. The diameter of the bearing surface shall be at least 5 in. (127 mm).
Use a hardened metal bearing block surface intended for contact with the specimen,
having hardness not less than HRC 60 (HB 620). These surfaces shall not depart from
plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm). When the bearing area plate with
surfaces machined to true planes within ± 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) and with a thickness
equal to at least one third of the distance from the edge of the spherical bearing to the
most distant corner between the spherical bearing block and the capped specimen.
 Apply the load up to one half of the expected maximum load, at any convenient rate,
after which adjust the controls of the machine so that the remaining load is applied at a
uniform rate in not less than 1 nor more than 2 min.
 Calculation and Report-

Calculation the compressive strength of each specimen as follows:

Compressive strength, C = W/A
Where,
C = compressive strength of the specimen. 1b/in2 (or kg/cm2) (or Pa. 104)
W = maximum load, 1bf. (or kgf.) (or N), indicate by the testing machine and
A = average of the gross areas of the upper and lower bearing surfaces of the
specimen in2 (or cm2).
Report the result to the nearest 10 psi.
Absorption:

The scale or balance used shall have a capacity of not less than 2000 gm and shall be sensitive
to 0.5 gm.

Test specimens- The test specimens shall consist of half brick conforming to the requirements
same as for compressive strength. Five specimens shall be tested.
Procedure-

 Dry and cool the test specimens in accordance with weight determination in sampling
and weigh each one.
 Saturation- Submerge the dry, cooled specimen, without preliminary partial immersion,
in clean water (soft, distilled or rain water at 60 to 860F (15.5 to 300C) for the specified
timer. Remove the specimen, wipe off the surface water with a damp cloth and weight
the specimen. Complete weighing of each specimen within 5 min after removing the
specimen from the bath.
 Calculations and Report- Calculate the absorption of each specimen as follows:
Absorption, % = {(Ws – Wd)/ Wd} X 100%

Where,
Wd = dry weight of the specimen, and
Ws = saturated weight of the specimen after submersion in cold water.
Report the absorption of all the specimens tested as the absorption of the lotto the
nearest 0.1 %.

Assignment Questions:
1. How do you measure the absorption capacity of a brick? What will happen if a brick absorb
more water?
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Table: Field Tests

Description Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Color
Shape
Size
Weight
Soundness
Fractured Surface
Efflorescence
T-test
Surface Hardness

Table: Compressive Strength of Bricks

Sample No. Length (in.) Width (in.) Area (in2) Compressive Avg.
Strength, psi Compressive
(MPa) Strength, psi
(MPa)

Table: Absorption Capacity

Sample No. SSD Weight OD Weight Absorption Avg. Absorption
(gm) (gm) Capacity (%) Capacity (%)

Sample Calculation:
Result:

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 9
Test for Direct Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar
9.1 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the compressive strength of cement mortars,
using 2 in (50 mm) cube specimens.

9.2 Introduction:
The mechanical strength of hardened cement is the most important property for its structural
use. Test for structural strength is not made on a neat cement paste because of difficulties in
molding and testing with consequent large variations in results. This test is carried out to
indirectly find out the compressive strength of cement paste. As shrinkage cracks are formed
in dried cement paste, test cannot be properly carried out on a block of cement paste. The test
is therefore carried out on blocks of mortar made of cement, sand and water, cured for 28 days.

Several tests are performed to determine the tensile, compressive, flexural and shear strength
of cement of mortar of certain portion. The tensile strength test includes materials such as
mortars, brick and tile grouts, machinery grouts, and monolithic surfacing. These materials
shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders. Cement mortar of concrete gives a
compressive strength of about ten times its tensile strength.

9.3 Reference Standard:

The compressive strength test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of
specification C109. The standard requirements of minimum compressive strength as per ASTM
C150 for Ordinary Portland cement (type I) are as follows (Table 3.1):
Table 9.1: Probable Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar

Age (Days) Minimum compressive Strength, psi (Mpa)

3 1800 (12.4)
7 2800 (19.3)
28 4000 (27.6)

9.4 Scope:
This test method provides a means of determining the compressive strength of hydraulic
cement and other mortars and results may be used to determine compliance with specifications
and whether it will be able to develop the required compressive strength of concrete. Mortar is
used extensively in building construction. It is used between bricks, stone, etc. to bond them
together. Mortar is also used in plasterwork and secure ceramic tile to floors. Moreover, mortar
block is placed under reinforcement to maintain cover.
Significance of the test-

 Many other properties of cement concrete or cement mortar such as durability, porosity,
shear or tensile strength is related its compressive strength.
  The compressive strength of cement from different sources may be different. Also
compressive strength of different kinds of cement will be different. This test is thus
indicative of quality of cement.
 It is recognized that chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings are
not usually under tension when in service; however, such data are useful for purposes
of determining the rate of cure and other properties

9.5 Related Terms:

Pressure vs. Stress vs. Strength: Pressure is defined as external force per unit area applied to
an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface. Stress is defined as reaction force per unit
area produced by the molecules of the body to counteract the pressure. The strength of
something is how much stress it can take before it fails.

Compressive Strength: Maximum stress a material can sustain under crush loading.
Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross-
sectional area of a specimen.

9.6 Apparatus:
Balance: (sensitive to 0.1 gm) Set of metric weights.
Graduated measuring jar: 250-ml capacity.

Cube molds for compressive strength: 2 or 3sets of 2-in with base plates. The molds shall have
not more than three cube compartments and shall be separable into not more than two parts.
The parts of the molds when assembled shall be positively held together. The molds shall be
made of hard metal not attacked by the cement mortar. For new molds the Rock well hardness
number of the metal shall be not less than 55 HRB.

Tamper: A non-absorptive, nonabrasive, non-brittle material. Have a cross section of about ½

by 1 in. (13 by 25 mm) and a convenient length of about 5 to 6 in (120 to 150 mm). The tamping
face shall be flat and at right angles to the length of the tamper.
Trowels: Having a steel blade 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) in length, with straight edges.
Testing machine: Either the hydraulic or the screw type.
Moist Cabinet or Room.

9.7 Procedure for Compressive strength test:

Composition of mortars:
The proportion of materials for the slandered mortars shall be 1 part of cement to 2.75 parts of
graded standard sand by weight (Table 9.2). Use a water-cement ratio of 0.485 for all Portland
cement. The quantities of materials should be mixed at one time in the batch of mortar for
making six and nine specimens.
 Table 9.2: Composition of Mortar

Number of specimens
6 9
Cement (gm) 500 740
Sand (gm) 1375 2035
Water (ml) Portland (0.485) 242 359
Air-entraining (0.46) 230 340
Note: For other than Portland and air- entraining Portland cements, do flow table test to
determine the amount of mixing water.
Temperature and Humidity:

1. The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry materials, molds,
base plates, and mixing bowl, shall be maintained between 73.5 ± 5.5 °F (23.0 ± 3.0
°C).
2. The temperature of the mixing water, moist closet or moist room, and water in the
storage tank shall be set at 73.5 ± 3.5 °F (23 ± 2 °C).
3. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 %. The moist closet or
moist room shall be so constructed as to provide storage facilities for test specimens at
a relative humidity of not less than 95%.
Materials:

The sand use for making test specimens of compressive strength test shall be natural
silica sand conforming to the requirements for graded standard sand (natural silica sand
conforming C 778) in the following specifications (Table 9.3).
Table 9.3: Specification for Sand

Sieve Accumulative % Retained

No. 16 None
No. 30 2±2
No. 40 30 ± 5
No. 50 75 ± 5
No. 100 98 ± 2

Preparation of mortar:

1. Place required amount of water in dry mixing bowl and add the cement.
2. Start the mixer immediately at low speed and, after 30 s add the sand steadily during
the next 30 s.
3. Switch the mixer to the higher speed and continue for an additional 30 s.
4. Stop the mixer for 1 min 30 s. During the first 15 s remove by means of a rubber scraper
all the mortar adhering the wall and bottom part of the bowl and place in the middle of
the bowl.
5. Continue the mixing at the high speed for 60 s.
Molding Test Specimens:

1. Apply a thin coating of release agent to the interior faces of the mold and non-absorptive
base plates.
2. Place a layer of mortar about 1 in. (25mm) (approximately one half of the depth of the
mold) in all of the cube compartments. Tamp the mortar in each cube compartment 32
times in about 10 sec in 4 rounds, each round to be at right angles to the other and
consisting of eight adjoining strokes over the surface of the specimens as illustrated in
figure 3.2. The temping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform filling of the
molds. The 4 rounds of temping (32 strokes) of the mortar shall be completed in one
cube before going to the next.

Figure 9.1: Order of Tempering in molding of Test Specimens

3. When the temping of the first layer in all of the cube compartments is completed, fill
the compartments with remaining mortar and then temp as specified for the first layer.
During tamping of the second layer bring in the mortar forced out onto the tops of the
molds after each round of tamping by means of the gloves figures and the temper upon
completion of each round and before starting the next round of tamping.
4. On completion of tamping, the tops of all cubes should extend slightly above the tops
of the molds. Bring in the mortar that has been forced out on to the topes of the molds
with a trowel and smooth off the cubes by drawing the flat side of the trowel (with the
leading edge slightly raised) one across the top of the each cube at right angles to the
length of the mold. Then for the purpose of leveling the mortar that protrudes above top
of the molds of more uniform thickness, draw the fiat side of the trowel (with leading
edge slightly raised) lightly once along the length of the mold. Cut off the mortar to
plane surface flush with the top of the mold by drawing the straight edge of the trowel
(held nearly perpendicular to the mold) with sawing motion over the length of the mold.
5. Label or mark the moulds to identify the specimens.
Storage of Test Specimens:

Immediately upon completion of molding, place the test specimens in the moist closet or moist
room. Keep all the specimens, immediately after molding, in the mold on the base places in the
moist closet or moist room from 20 to 24 h with their upper surfaces exposed to the moist air
but protected from dripping water. If the specimens are removed from the mold before 24 h
old, and then immerse the specimens, except those for the 24-h test, in saturated limewater in
storage tanks constructed of no corroding materials. Keep the storage water clean by changing
as required.
Determining of compressive strength:

1. Test the specimens immediately after their removal from the moist closet in the case of
24-hspecimen, and from storage water in the case of all other specimens. All the test
specimens for a given test age should be broken under compressive force within the
permissible time tolerance prescribed as follows:
Table 9.4: Permissible Time Tolerance

Test Age Permissible Tolerance

24 h ±½h
3 days ±1h
7 days ±3h
28 days ± 12 h

If more than one specimen at a time is removed from the moist closet for the 24-h tests,
keep the specimens covered with a damp cloth until the time of testing. If more than
one specimen at a time is removed from the storage water of testing, keep these
specimens in water at a temperature of 73.4 ±3 °F (23 ±1.7 °C) and have sufficient
depth to completely immerse each specimen until the time of testing.

2. Wipe each specimen to a surface-dry condition, and remove any loose sand grains or
incrustations from the face that will be contact with the bearing blocks of the testing
machine. Check these faces by applying a straightedge. If there is applicable curvature,
grind the face or faces or discard the specimen. A periodic check of the cross-sectional
area of the specimens should be made. Remove the specimens from the water not more
than 15 min before the test is carried out. Cover the specimens with a damp cloth until
tested.
3. Apply the load to specimen faces that were in contact with the true plane surface of the
mold. Carefully place the specimen in the testing machine bellow the center of the upper
bearing block. Prior to the testing of each cube, it shall be ascertained that the
spherically seated block is free to tilt. Use no cushioning or bedding materials. Apply
the load rate at a relative rate of movement between the upper and lower platens
corresponding to a loading on the specimen with the range of 200 to 400 lbs/s (900 to
1800 N/s). Load is applied without interruption, to failure such a rate that the maximum
load will be reached in neither in 20 sec nor in more than 80 sec from the start of
loading. Make no adjustment in the controls of the testing machine while a specimen is
yielding prior to failure.
Calculation:

Record the total maximum loads indicated by the testing machine, and calculate the
compressive strength in pounds per square inch (or in N/mm2 (MPa)). The compressive
strength shall be the average of the strengths of two or three cubes for each period of curing. If
the cross sectional area of a specimen varies more than 1.5 % from the normal, Use the actual
area for the calculation of the compressive strength. The maximum permissible range between
specimens from the same mortar batch, at the same test age is 8.7 % of the average when three
cubes represent a test age and 7.6 % when two cubes represent a test age.

Draw the compressive strength vs. age curve on a plain graph paper. Report the result to the
nearest 10 psi (0.1 MPa).
The cubes are tested at the following periods:

 Ordinary portland cement- 3, 7 and 28 days.

 Rapid hardening portland cement- 1 and 3 days.
 Low heat portland cement- 3 and 7 days.

9.8 Precautions:
The graded standard sand should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, since
variations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency of the mortar.

Results much lower than the true strength will be obtained by loading faces of the cube
specimen that are not truly plane surfaces. Therefore, it is essential that specimen molds be
kept scrupulously clean, as otherwise, large irregularities in the surfaces will occur.

If any tensile strength value differs from the mean by more than 15 %, the farthest value from
the mean shall be rejected and the mean recalculated. Repeat the process until all the tested
values are within 15 % of the mean. If less than two-thirds of the values remain, the test shall
be rerun.
In determining the compressive strength, do not consider specimens that are manifestly faulty.

Assignment Questions:
1. Compare your result with standard strength requirement of ordinary Portland cement as
specified by the ASTM. Discuss on the factors responsible if you observe any deviation from
the standard requirement.

2. Explain curing method you adopted in your test. Explain the importance of curing in strength
development. Explain the variation of strength of time.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Compressive Strength Test

Specimen: 2 in cube. No. of Specimens:
Cement: gm. Sand: gm. Water-cement ratio:
Average
Specimen Crushing Specimen Compressive
Age (days) Compressive
No. Load (lb) Area (in2) Strength (psi)
Strength

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Compressive strength of cement mortar =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher
 Experiment 10
Determination of Slump and Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens
A. Slump Test of Hydraulic Cement Concrete

A.10.1 Objective

The slump test is used to determine workability and it is a measure of the resistance of concrete
to flow under its own weight.

A.10.2 Reference Standard:

The test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C143/ C143M.

A.10.3 Procedure:

Sampling
The sample of concrete from which test specimens are made shall be representative of the entire
batch. It shall be obtained in accordance with Practice C 172.

1. Dampen the mold and place it on a flat, moist, nonabsorbent (rigid) surface. It shall be
held firmly in place during filling and perimeter cleaning by the operator standing on
the two foot pieces or by a clamping arrangement to a base plate. From the sample of
concrete obtained in accordance with Section 6, immediately fill the mold in three
layers, each approximately one third the volume of the mold. One third of the volume
of the slump mold fills it to a depth of 25⁄8 in. [70 mm]; two thirds of the volume fills
it to a depth of 61⁄8 in. [160 mm].

Figure 9.1: Mold for Slump Test

2. Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. Uniformly distribute the strokes
over the cross section of each layer. For the bottom layer, this will necessitate inclining
the rod slightly and making approximately half of the strokes near the perimeter, and
then progressing with vertical strokes spirally toward the center. Rod the bottom layer
throughout its depth. Rod the second layer and the top layer each throughout its depth,
so that the strokes just penetrate into the underlying layer.
 3. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap the concrete above the mold before rodding is
started. If the rodding operation results in subsidence of the concrete below the top edge
of the mold, add additional concrete to keep an excess of concrete above the top of the
mold at all times. After the top layer has been rodded, strike off the surface of the
concrete by means of a screeding and rolling motion of the tamping rod. Continue to
hold the mold down firmly and remove concrete from the area surrounding the base of
the mold to preclude interference with the movement of slumping concrete. Remove
the mold immediately from the concrete by raising it carefully in a vertical direction.
Raise the mold a distance of 12 in. [300 mm] in 5±2 s by a steady upward lift with no
lateral or torsional motion. Complete the entire test from the start of the filling through
removal of the mold without interruption and complete it within an elapsed time of 2½
min.
4. Immediately measure the slump by determining the vertical difference between the top
of the mold and the displaced original center of the top surface of the specimen. If a
decided falling away or shearing off of concrete from one side or portion of the mass
occurs (If two consecutive tests on a sample of concrete show a falling away or shearing
off of a portion of the concrete from the mass of the specimen, the concrete probably
lacks necessary plasticity and cohesiveness for the slump test to be applicable),
disregard the test and make a new test on another portion of the sample.

A.10.4 Report:

Report the slump in terms of inches [millimeters] to the nearest 1⁄4 in. [5 mm] of subsidence
of the specimen during the test.

A.10.5 Precision:

Slump and Type Index Standard Deviation (1s)A Acceptable Range of Two
Results (d2s)A
Single-Operator Precision: in. [mm] in. [mm]
Slump 1.2 in. [30 mm] 0.23 [6] 0.65 [17]
Slump 3.4 in. [85 mm] 0.38 [9] 1.07 [25]
Slump 6.5 in. [160 mm] 0.40 [10] 1.13 [28]
Multilaboratory Precision:
Slump 1.2 in. [30 mm] 0.29 [7] 0.82 [20]
Slump 3.4 in. [85 mm] 0.39 [10] 1.10 [28]
Slump 6.5 in. [160 mm] 0.53 [13] 1.50 [37]
A
These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described in Practice C
670.

B. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

B.10.1 Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to determine the compressive strength of cement concrete
specimens.
B.10.2 Introduction:

The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful properties of
concrete. In most structural applications concrete is employed primarily to resist compressive
stresses. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete
because it is directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste. Values obtained will
depend on the size and shape of the specimen, batching, mixing procedures, the methods of
sampling, molding, and fabrication and the age, temperature, and moisture conditions during
curing.

The test method covers determination of compressive strength of cylindrical specimens such
as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to concrete having a unit weight in excess
of 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3). The test method consists of applying a compressive axial load to
molded cylinders or cores at a rate which is within a prescribed range until failure occurs. The
compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load attained
during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen.

The results of the test method may be used as a basis for quality control of concrete
proportioning, mixing, and placing operations; determination of compliance with
specifications; control for evaluating effectiveness of admixtures and similar uses.

B.10.3 Reference Standard:

The test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C39/ C39M
and C192/ C192M for cylinder.

B.10.4 Scope:

The most common concrete property measured by testing is strength. There are three main
reasons for this. First, the strength of concrete gives a direct indication of its capacity to resist
loads in structural applications, whether they be tensile, compressive, shear, or combinations
of these. Second, strength tests are relatively easy to conduct. Finally, correlation scan be
developed relating concrete strength to other concrete properties that are measured by more
complicated tests.

Strength tests of concrete specimens are used for three main purposes:
 For research.
 For quality control and quality assurance.
 For determining in-place concrete strength.

The compressive strength of concrete is of primary importance in structural applications

because design procedures require this property. Compressive strength of concrete is the most
useful and important property of concrete. Many other properties of concrete such as durability,
resistance to shrinkage, Young's Modulus, imperviousness, etc. are depended on the
compressive strength of the concrete. Thus the compressive strength reflects the overall quality
of concrete.
B.10.5 Related Terms:

Compressive strength: maximum force per unit area, in compression, which a material can
withstand before breaking.

The compressive strength of hardened concrete is affected by various factors such as.

a. Water cement ratio: Smaller the w/c ratio higher the strength and vice versa.
b. Quality and type of cement: Strength of concrete using older cement is less than that
using fresh cement. Different types of cement have different strengths.
c. Grading of aggregate: Well graded aggregate gives a good mix with higher strength.
d. Quality of aggregate: the grains of sand or coarse aggregate should be of a durable
quality, clean without any deleterious materials for higher strength.
e. Method employed in mixing: Machine mixing gives a more homogeneous mass than
hand mixing and so results in higher strength.
f. Compaction: Compaction by vibrations gives more compact and strong concrete than
hand tamping by rods or tampers.
g. Curing: Concrete must not be allowed to dry for a certain period. Good curing keeps
the concrete wet and results in optimum strength.
h. Age of concrete: Strength increases with age. Thus the strength at 7 days is almost 70%
of strength at 28 days.

B.10.6 Apparatus:

Testing Machine- The testing machine shall be of a type having sufficient and capable of
providing the rates of loading as required.

Design: The machine must be power operated and must apply the load continuously rather than
intermittently, and without shock.

Accuracy: The percentage of error for the loads within the proposed range of use of the testing
machine shall not exceed ±1.0% of the indicated load.

The testing machine shall be equipped with two steel bearing blocks with hardened faces (Note
1). One of which is a spherical seated block that will bear on the upper surface of the specimen,
and the other a solid block on which the specimen shall rest. Bearing faces of the blocks shall
have a minimum dimension at least 3% greater that the diameter of the specimen to be tested.
When the diameter of the bearing face of the spherically seated block exceeds the diameter of
the specimen by more than1/2 in. (13 mm), concentric circles not more than1/32 in. (0.8 mm)
deep and not more than3/64 in. (1.2 mm) wide shall be inscribed to facilitate proper centering.

Note 1: It is desirable that the bearing faces of blocks used for compression testing of concrete
have a Rockwell hardness of not less than 55 HRC.

Bottom bearing blocks shall conform to the following requirements:

The bottom bearing block is specified for the purpose of providing a readily machinable surface
for maintenance of the specified surface conditions (Note 2). The top and bottom surfaces shall
be parallel to each other. The block may be fastened to the platen of the testing machine. Its
least horizontal dimension shall be at least 3% greater than the diameter of the specimen to be
tested.

Final centering must be made with reference to the upper spherical block. When the lower
bearing block is used to assist in centering the specimen, the center of the concentric rings,
when provided, or the center of the block itself must be directly below the center of the
spherical head. Provision shall be made on the platen of the machine to assure such a position.

The bottom bearing block shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) thick when new and at least 0.9 in.
(22.5 mm) thick after any resurfacing operations.

Note 2: If the testing machine is so designed that the platen itself can be readily maintained in
the specified surface condition, a bottom block is not required.

The spherically seated bearing block shall conform to the following requirements:

The maximum diameter of the bearing face of the suspended spherically seated block shall not
exceed the values given below:

Table 10.1: Details of requirements of bearing block.

Diameter of Test Specimens, Maximum Diameter of bearing Face,
in. (mm) in. (mm)
2 (51) 4 (102)
3 (76) 5 (127)
4 (102) 6.5 (165)
6 (152) 10 (254)
8 (203) 11 (279)
Note: Square bearing faces are permissible, provided the diameter of the largest possible
inscribed circle does not exceed the above diameter.

The center of the sphere shall coincide with the surface of the bearing face within a tolerance
of ± 5% of the radius of the sphere. The diameter of the sphere shall be at least 75% of the
diameter of the specimen to be tested.

The ball and the socket must be so designed by the manufacturer that the steel in the contact
area does not permanently deform under repeated use, with loads up to 12000 psi (82.7M pa)
on the test specimen.
 Figure 10.2: Schematic Sketch of a Typical Spherical Bearing Block.

Note: The preferred contact area is in the form of a ring (described as preferred ‘bearing”
area) as shown on Fig. 10.1.

The curved surfaces of the socket and of the spherical portion shall be kept clean and shall be
lubricated with a petroleum type oil such as conventional motor oil, not with a pressure type
grease. After contacting the specimen and application of small initial load, further tilting of the
spherically seated block is not intended and is undesirable.

If the radius if the sphere is smaller than the radius of the largest specimen to be tested, the
portion of the bearing face extending beyond the sphere shall have a thickness not less than the
difference between the radius of the sphere and radius of the specimen. The least dimension of
the bearing face shall be at least as great as the diameter of the sphere (see Fig. 9.1).

The movable portion of the bearing block shall be held closely in the spherical seat, but the
design shall be such that the bearing face can be rotated freely and tilted at least 40 in any
direction.

Load Indication: If the load of a compression machine used in concrete is registered on a dial,
the dial shall be provided with a graduated scale that can be read to at least the nearest 0.1% of
the full scale load. The dial shall be readable within 1% of the indicated load at any given load
level within the loading range. In no case shall the loading range of a dial be considered to
include loads below the value that is 100 times the smallest change of load that can be read on
the scale. The scale shall be provided with a graduation line equal to zero and so numbered.
The dial pointer shall be of sufficient length to reach the graduation marks; the width of the
end of the pointer shall not exceed the clear distance between the smallest graduations. Each
dial shall be equipped with a zero adjustment that is easily accessible from the outside of the
dial case, and with a suitable device that at all times until reset, will indicate to within 1%
accuracy the maximum load applied to the specimen.

Capping Equipment-

Sulfur cap: Capping Plates-Sulfur mortar caps shall be formed against similar metal except that
the recessed area that receives molten sulfur shall not be deeper than ½ in. In all cases, plates
shall be at least 1 in. greater in diameter than the test specimen and the working surfaces shall
not depart from a plane by more than 0.002 in. in 6 in. Metal plates that have been in use shall
be free of gouges, grooves and indentations greater than 0.010 in. deep or greater than 0.05 in2.

Alignment Devices-Suitable alignment devices, such as guide bars or bull's eye levels, shall be
used in conjunction with capping plates to ensure that no single cap will depart from
perpendicularity to the axis of cylindrical specimen by more than 0.5° (approximately
equivalent to 1/8 in. in 12 in.). The same requirement is applicable to the relationship between
the axis of the alignment device and the surface of a capping plate when guide bars are used.
In addition, the location of each bar with respect to its plate must be such that no cap will be
off-centered on a test specimen by more than 1/16 in.

Melting Pots for Sulfur Mortars-Pots used for melting sulfur mortars shall be equipped with
automatic temperature controls and shall be made of metal or lined with a material that is non-
reactive with molten sulfur.

Neoprene caps: Two steel extrusion controllers shall be used. (See Table 9.1.) An acceptable
configuration for extrusion controllers is shown in Figure 9.2. Other modes of manufacture
may be used such as steel casting or machining in one piece from round stock provided the
inside diameter, minimum wall thickness, and minimum bearing surface thickness comply with
the dimensions shown in Figure 9.2.All bearing surfaces of the controller, both inside and
outside, shall be machine planned to within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.). During use, the outside
bearing surface shall be maintained free of gouges, or dents larger than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) in
depth or 32 mm2 (0.05 in.2) in surface area. Protrusions of any kind will not be allowed.

Figure 10.3: Sample of an Acceptable Configuration for Extrusion Controllers

Table 10.2: Tolerances

Controller ID 0 mm (0 in.) +0.8 mm (+1/32 in.)
Controller wall –1.6 mm (–1/16 in.) +0 mm (+0 in.)
Any tolerance not specified –0.4 mm (–1/64 in.) +0.4 mm (+1/64 in.)

The dimensions of the caps shall be 155 mm (6.12 in.) in diameter and12.7 mm (.5 in.) thick.

B.10.7 Test Conditions:

Temperature and Humidity:

The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry materials, molds, base
plates, and mixing bowl, shall be maintained between 73.5 ± 5.5 °F (23.0 ±3.0 °C).
The temperature of the mixing water, moist closet or moist room, and water in the storage tank
shall be set at 73.5 ± 3.5 °F (23 ± 2 °C).
The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 %. The moist closet or moist
room shall be so constructed as to provide storage facilities for test specimens at a relative
humidity of not less than 95%.

B.10.8 Procedure:

Specimens: Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a cylinder differs from
any other diameter of the same cylinder by more than 2%.

Neither end of compressive test specimens when tested shall depart from perpendicularity to
the axis by more than 0.50 (approximately equivalent to 1/8 in. in 12 in. (3 mm in 300 mm).
The ends of compression test specimens that are not plane within 0.002 in. (0.050 mm) shall
be capped to meet that tolerance. The diameter used for calculating the cross sectional area of
the test specimen shall be determined to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) by averaging two
diameters measured at right angles to each other at about mid-height of the specimen.

The number of individual cylinders measured for determination of average diameter may be
reduced to one for each ten or three specimens per day, whichever is greater, if all cylinders
are known to have been made from a single lot of reusable or single-use molds which
consistently produce specimens with average diameters within a range of 0.02 in. (0.51 mm)
when the average diameters do not fall within the range of 0.02 in. or when the cylinder tested
must be measured and the value used in calculation to the unit compressive strength of that
specimen. When the diameters are measured at the reduced frequency, the cross-sectional areas
of all cylinders tested on that day shall be computed from the average of the diameters of the
three or more cylinders representing the group tested that day.

The length shall be measured to the nearest 0.05 D (D being the diameter for the cylinder and
the diagonal for cube) when the length to diameter ratio is less than 1.8, or more than 2.2, or
when the volume of the cylinder is determined from measured dimensions.

Materials
For a mix ratio 1:2:4, the materials required for 6 cylinders at different water-cement are:
Cement: 3/8 cft.
Fine-Aggregate: 3/4 cft.
Coarse-Aggregate: 1½cft.

For the same mix ratio the specimen sizes are:

Cylinder: 6 in. ×12 in. cylindrical specimen.

Mix the materials in machine for 3 minutes followed by 3 minutes rest, and then followed by
2 minutes final mixing.
Cylindrical specimens

 Fill each mold with concrete in three layers, tamping each layer 25 times with 5/8 in.
steel tamping rod. If vibrator is used, its frequency should not be greater than 7000/
minutes if it is an internal electric vibrator. In case of an external vibrator, the frequency
will be 3600/ mm.
 While filling the molds, occasionally stir and scrape together the concrete remaining in
the mixing pan to keep the materials from separating. Fill the molds completely, smooth
off the tops evenly.
 Cover the cylinders immediately and place in the moist storage for 24 ± 8 hours at a
temperature of 23 ± 1.7 °C, then remove the specimens from molds and immerse in
saturated lime water until testing.

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Reasonably well-formed Well-formed cone on one Columnar vertical cracking
cones on both ends, less than end, vertical cracks running through both ends, no well-
1 in. (25 mm) of cracking through caps, no well- formed cones
through caps defined cone on other end

Type 4 Type 5 Type 6

Diagonal fracture with no Side fractures at top or Similar to Type 5 but end of
cracking through ends; tap bottoms (occur commonly cylinder is pointed
with hammer to distinguish with unbounded caps)
from Type 1

Figure 10.4: Sketches of Type of Fracture in Concrete Cylinder

Report
The report shall include the following:
i. Identification number
ii. Diameter, cross-sectional area
iii. Maximum load in pounds-force or Newton
iv. Compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi or 0.1 Mpa
v. Type of failure and fracture
vi. Age of specimen
C.10.9 Instructions:

The ages shall be calculated from the time of the addition of water to the dry ingredients.

The bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose sand or other
material removed from the surfaces of the specimens which are to be in contact with the
compression platens. In the case of the cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the machine in
such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite sides of the cubes as cast, that is, not
to the top and bottom.

Records the maximum loads carried by the specimen during the test, and note the type of
fracture pattern according to Figure 9.3 and 9.4. If the fracture pattern is not one of the typical
patterns shown in Figure 9.3 and 9.4, sketch and describe briefly the fracture pattern. If the
measured strength is lower than expected, examine the fractured concrete and note the presence
of large air voids, evidence of segregation, whether fractures pass predominantly around or
through the coarse aggregate particles.

Concrete cylinders tested with neoprene caps rupture more intensely than comparable cylinders
tested with sulphur-mortar caps. As a safety precaution, the cylinder testing machine should be
equipped with a protective cage.

No loose particles shall be trapped between the concrete cylinder and the neoprene caps or
between the bearing surfaces of the extrusion controllers and the bearing blocks of the test
machine.

The same surface of the neoprene cap shall bear on the concrete cylinder for all tests performed
with that cap. Each neoprene cap shall not be used to test more than 100 cylinders.

Use sulfur melting pots in a hood to exhaust the fumes to outdoors. Heating over an open flame
is dangerous because the flash point of sulfur is approximately 440°F and the mixture can ignite
due to overheating. Should the mixture start to bum, covering will snuff out the flame. The pot
should be recharged with fresh material after the flame has been extinguished.

Assignment Questions:
1. What is the effect of age of concrete and the water-cement ratio upon strength curve?
2. Discuss the effect of rate of loading upon the compressive strength.
3. Cube strength is greater than cylinder strength-justify your answer.
 DATA SHEET
Experiment Name :
Experiment Date :

Student’s Name :
Student’s ID :
Year/ Semester :
Section/ Group :

Date of casting= Type of coarse aggregate=

Slump value= Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate=
Age Specimen W/C Specimen Crushing Compressive Average Type of Type of
in Designation Area(in2 Load (lb Strength (psi Compressive fracture failure
Days or mm2) or N) or MPa) Strength (psi
or MPa)

Sample Calculation:

Result:
Compressive strength of cement mortar =

Comments:

Course Teacher:

_______________________
Signature of the Teacher