Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi

Solutions Assignment-IV: Applied Mathematics-II (MA 124), B.Tech. 1st Year, 2024

Course Instructor: Dr. Manoj K. Rajpoot

ab
Solution 1(i). Given f (x) = 3x3 + 2x + 3.
To find the Legendre series of f (x), we need to express it as an infinite series of Legendre polynomials. The

ot) g L
Legendre polynomials Pn (x) form a complete orthogonal set on the interval [−1, 1].
The Legendre series expansion of a function f (x) is given by
∞

jpo tin
X
f (x) = an Pn (x)
n=0

where the coefficients an are given by

Ra mpu
 Z 1
2n + 1
an = f (x)Pn (x)dx
2 −1

o 1 dn 2
Using Rodrigues’ formula, which states Pn (x) = n (x − 1).
2 n! dxn
dC
1 1
It gives P0 (x) = 1, P1 (x) = x, P2 (x) = (3x2 − 1), P3 (x) = (5x3 − 3x).
2 2
Now, we’ll find the coefficients an :
an an

Z 1 Z 1
1 3 19
a0 = (3x3 + 2x + 3)dx = 3, a1 = (3x3 + 2x + 3)xdx = ,
K.

2 −1 2 −1 5
Z1 Z 1
5 1 7 1 6
(3x3 + 2x + 3) (3x2 − 1)dx = 0, a3 = (3x3 + 2x + 3) (5x3 − 3x)dx = ,
(M cs

a2 =
2 −1 2 2 −1 2 5
oj

an = 0, n≥0
ati

Now, Legendre series for f (x):

IP em

f (x) = a0 P0 (x) + a1 P1 (x) + a2 P2 (x) + a3 P3 (x) + · · ·

19 6
f (x) = 3 + x + (5x3 − 3x)
5 10
RG ath
T

(
cM

0, −1 ≤ x < 0
(ii). Given f (x) =
x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
The Legendre series expansion of f (x) is given by
∞
X
f (x) = an Pn (x)
n=0

Now, find the coefficients an given by

Z 1
2n + 1
an = f (x)Pn (x)dx
2 −1
Now, for first three terms of the Legendre series expansion we need coefficients a0 , a1 and a2 only. Evaluating
1 R 0 R1  1 1 5
a0 = −1
0P 0 (x)dx + 0
xP 0 (x)dx = (∵ P0 (x) = 1). Similarly, a1 = , a2 =
2 4 2 16
Thus, Legendre series for given f (x) is
1 1 5
f (x) = + x + (3x2 − 1) + · · ·
4 2 32

ab
ot) g L
(iii). f (x) = ex
Legendre series of a function f (x) is given by
∞

jpo tin
X
f (x) = an Pn (x)
n=0

Ra mpu
where the coefficients an are given by
Z 1
2n + 1
an = f (x)Pn (x)dx
2 −1

Here, a0 =
1 o 5
(e − e−1 ), a1 = 3e−1 , a2 = (e − 7e−1 ), · · ·
2 2
dC
Thus, Legendre series for f (x) = ex is given as

f (x) = a0 P0 (x) + a1 P1 (x) + a2 P2 (x) + a3 P3 (x) + · · ·

1 5
= (e − e−1 ) + 3e−1 x + (e − 7e−1 )(3x2 − 1) + · · · .
an an

2 4
K.
(M cs
oj

Solution 2(i).
ati

x3 (x − 1)y 00 − 2(x − 1)y 0 + 3xy = 0

2(x − 1) 0 3x
Given ODE can be rewritten as y 00 − 3
y + 3 y=0
IP em

x (x − 1) x (x − 1)
2(x − 1) 3x
Let P (x) = − 3 , Q(x) = 3 . Here at x = 0, P (x) is not analytic and at x = 0, 1, Q(x) is not
x (x − 1) x (x − 1)
analytic. So the singular points are x = 0 and x = 1.
RG ath

2(x − 1)
At x = 0, (x − 0)P (x) = 2 is not analytic. So x = 0 is irregular singular point.
x (x − 1)
T

2(x − 1) 3(x − 1)
At x = 1, (x − 1)P (x) = − , analytic at x = 1 and (x − 1)2 Q(x) = is also analytic at
cM

x3 x2
x = 1. ∴ x = 1 is regular singular point.

(ii).
x2 (x2 − 1)2 y 00 − x(1 − x)y 0 + 3y = 0
x(1 − x) 0 2
Here, y 00 − y + 2 2 y=0
x2 (x2 − 1)2 x (x − 1)2
x(1 − x) 2
Now, P (x) = − 2 2 , Q(x) = 2 2 . At x = 0, 1, −1, P (x) and Q(x) not analytic. So the
x (x − 1)2 x (x − 1)2
singular points are x = 0, −1 and x = 1.

Page 2
 (1 − x) 2
At x = 0, (x − 0)P (x) = − 2 2
is analytic and (x − 0)2 Q(x) = 2 is analytic. So x = 0 is a
(x − 1) (x − 1)2
regular singular point.
x(x − 1)2 x 2
At x = 1, (x − 1)P (x) = 2 2 2
= 2 2
is analytic and (x − 1)2 Q(x) = 2 is also
x (x − 1) x (x + 1) x (x + 1)2
analytic at x = 1. ∴ x = 1 is a regular singular point.
x(x − 1)(x + 1) 1
At x = −1, (x + 1)P (x) = = not analytic at x = −1.

ab
x2 (x2 − 1)2 x(x2 − 1)
Hence x = −1 is irregular singular point.

ot) g L
(iii).
x2 y 00 + (2 − x)y 0 = 0

jpo tin
(2 − x) 0
Here, given ODE can be rewritten as y 00 + y =0
x2
(2 − x)
Now, P (x) = . At x = 0, P (x) is not analytic. So the singular point is x = 0.

Ra mpu
x2
(2 − x)
At x = 0, (x − 0)P (x) = is not analytic. So x = 0 is irregular singular point.
x

Solution 3(i).
o
dC
4xy 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0 (1)
1 0 1
which can be rewritten as y 00 + y + y = 0.
2x 4x
1 1
an an

Here, P (x) = , Q(x) = , both are not analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.

2x 4x
K.

1 x
xP (x) = and x2 Q(x) = both are analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is regular singular point.
2 4
For the solution of (1) near regular singular point x = 0, we consider the solution of the form
(M cs

∞
oj

X
m
an xn
ati

y=x (2)
n=0

using Eq. (2) in Eq. (1),

IP em

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
4 (m + n)(m + n − 1)an xm+n−1 + 2 (m + n)an xm+n−1 + an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0
RG ath

By equating sum of the smallest powers (i.e. xm−1 ) coefficients to zero, we have
T

4m(m − 1)a0 + 2ma0 = 0,

cM

1
∵ a0 6= 0 =⇒ 4x2 − 4m + 1 = 0, =⇒ m = 0,
2

The coefficient corresponding to the power xm is 4m(m + 1)a1 + 2(m + 1)a1 + a0 = 0

−a0
=⇒ a1 = .
2(m + 1)(2m + 1)
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm+1 is 4(m + 2)(m + 1)a2 + 2(m + 2)a2 + a1 = 0
−a1 (−1)2 a0
=⇒ a2 = , =⇒ a2 = 2 .
2(m + 2)(2m + 3) 2 (m + 1)(m + 2)(2m + 1)(2m + 3)
−a0 a0 −a0
Put m = 0, we obtain a1 = , a2 = , a3 = ,···
2 24 720

Page 3
 1 −a0 a0 −a0
Put m = , we obtain a1 = , a2 = , a3 = ,···
2 6 120 5040
Therefore, we have the following two Frobenius series solutions:
 
1 1 2
y1 (x) = a0 1 − x + x − · · ·
2 24
 
1 1 2

ab
1/2
y2 (x) = a0 x 1− x+ x − ···
6 120
We can choose a0 = 1. These solutions are clearly independent for x > 0. So the general solution is

ot) g L
   
1 1 1 1 2
y(x) = c1 1 − x + x2 − · · · + c2 x1/2 1 − x + x − ···
2 24 6 120

jpo tin
(ii).

Ra mpu
2xy 00 + (3 − x)y 0 − y = 0 (3)
(3 − x) 0 1
which can be rewritten as y 00 + y − y = 0.
2x 2x
(3 − x) 1
Here, P (x) = , Q(x) = − not analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.
2x 2xo
(3 − x) x
xP (x) = and x2 Q(x) = − both are analytic at x = 0. =⇒ x = 0 is regular singular point.
dC
2 2
Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0
∞
X
y = xm an xn (4)
an an

n=0
K.

using Eq. (3),

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(M cs

X X X X
m+n−1 m+n−1 m+n
2 (m + n)(m + n − 1)an x +3 (m + n)an x − (m + n)an x − an xm+n = 0
oj

n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0

ati

∞
X ∞
X
=⇒ (m + n)(2m + 2n + 1)an xm+n−1 − (m + n + 1)an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0
IP em

Comparing the smallest power of x (i.e. xm−1 ), we have m(2m + 3)a0 = 0, which is indicial equation.
1
∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ m = 0, − .
2
RG ath

a0
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm is (m + 1)(2m + 3)a1 − (m + 1)a0 = 0, =⇒ a1 = .
(2m + 3)
a
T

1
Comparing coefficient of xm+1 gives, (m + 2)(2m + 5)a2 − (m + 2)a1 = 0, =⇒ a2 =
(2m + 5)
a0
cM

=⇒ a2 = .
(2m + 3)(2m + 5)
a0 a0
For m = 0, we obtain a1 = , a2 = ,···
3 15
1 a0 a0
For m = − , we obtain a1 = , a2 = , · · · .
2 2 8
Thus,the two Frobenius series solutions are:
 
1 1 2
y1 (x) = a0 x 1 + x + x + · · ·
3 15
 
−3/2 1 1 2
y2 (x) = a0 x 1 + x + x + ···
2 8

Page 4
Choose a0 = 1. These solutions y1 and y2 are independent for x > 0. So the general solution is
   
1 1 2 −1/2 1 1 2
y(x) = c1 x 1 + x + x + · · · + c2 x 1 + x + x + ···
3 15 2 8

ab
(iii).
2xy 00 + (x + 1)y 0 + 3y = 0 (5)

ot) g L
(x + 1) 0 3
can be rewritten as y 00 + y + y = 0.
2x 2x
(x + 1) 3
Here, P (x) = , Q(x) = not analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.

jpo tin
2x 2x
(x + 1) 3x
xP (x) = and x2 Q(x) = − both are analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is regular singular point.
2 2

Ra mpu
Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0
∞
X
m
y=x an xn (6)
n=0

using Eq. (5),

o
dC
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2 (m + n)(m + n − 1)an xm+n−1 + (m + n)an xm+n + (m + n)an xm+n−1 + 3 an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
=⇒ (m + n)(2m + 2n − 1)an xm+n−1 + (m + n + 3)an xm+n = 0
an an

n=0 n=0
K.

Comparing the smallest power of x (i.e. xm−1 ), we have m(2m − 1)a0 = 0, which is indicial equation.
1
(M cs

∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ m = 0, . Roots are distinct and not differing by integer.

2
oj

The coefficient corresponding to the power xm is (m + 1)(2m + 1)a1 + (m + 3)a0 = 0

ati

−(m + 3)a0
=⇒ a1 = .
(m + 1)(2m + 1)
IP em

Comparing coefficient of xm+1 we get, (m + 2)(2m + 3)a2 + (m + 4)a1 = 0

(−1)(m + 4)a1 (−1)2 (m + 3)(m + 4)a0
=⇒ a2 = =⇒ a2 = .
(m + 2)(2m + 3) (m + 1)(m + 2)(2m + 1)(2m + 3)
12a0
RG ath

For m = 0, we obtain a1 = −3a0 , a2 = ,···

6
1 7a0 21a0
T

For m = , we obtain a1 = − , a2 = ,···

2 6 40
cM

Thus, two Frobenius series solutions:

= a0 1 − 3x + 2x2 + · · ·


y1 (x)
 
7 77 2
y2 (x) = a0 x1/2 1 − x + x − ···
6 120
Choose a0 = 1. These solutions y1 and y2 are independent for x > 0. So the general solution is
   
15 7 21
y(x) = c1 1 − 3x + x2 − · · · + c2 x1/2 1 − x + x2 + · · ·
6 6 40

Page 5
Solution 4.
x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + (4x + 4)y = 0 (7)
3x 0 (4x + 4)
which can be rewritten as y 00 − y + y = 0.
x2 x2
3x (4x + 4)
Here, P (x) = − 2 , Q(x) = not analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.
x x2
2
3x

ab
xP (x) = − 2 and x2 Q(x) = (4x + 4) both are analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is regular singular point.
x
Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0

ot) g L
∞
X
y = xm an xn (8)
n=0

jpo tin
using Eq. (7),
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X

Ra mpu
x2 (m + n)(m + n − 1)an xm+n−2 − 3x (m + n)an xm+n−1 + (4x + 4) an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
=⇒ [(m + n)(m + n − 1) − 3(m + n) + 4]an xm+n + 4 an xm+n+1 = 0 (9)
n=0 n=0
o
Comparing the smallest power of x (i.e. xm ), we have (m(m − 1) − 3m + 4)a0 = 0, which is indicial equation.
dC
∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ m = 2, 2 (Double root). Since roots are equal, there cannot exist a second Frobenius series
solution.
Put m = 2 in Eq. (9) and equate the sum of coefficients of the power of x, gives
−4an−1
an an

((n + 2)(n + 1) − 3(n + 2) + 4)an + 4an−1 = 0, =⇒ an = , n 6= 0

n2
K.

42 a0 −43 a0
(M cs

=⇒ a1 = −4a0 , a2 = 2
, a3 = 2 2 , · · ·
2 2 3
oj

Therefore,
ati

∞
X
2
y(x) = x an xn
IP em

n=0
42 43
 
= x2 a0 1 − 4x + 2 x2 − 2 2 x3 + · · ·
2 2 3
RG ath

Choose a0 = 1, then
y(x) = x2 1 − 4x + 4x2 + · · ·


T
cM

Solution 5.
4x2 y 00 − 8x2 y 0 + (4x2 + 1)y = 0 (10)
2 2
8x 0 (4x + 1)
which can be rewritten as y 00 − y + y = 0.
4x2 4x2
2 2
8x (4x + 1)
Here, P (x) = − 2 , Q(x) = are not analytic at x = 0 =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.
4x 4x2
2
(4x + 1)
∵ xP (x) = −2x and x2 Q(x) = both are analytic at x = 0. So x = 0 is regular singular point.
4

Page 6
Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0,
∞
X
y = xm an xn (11)
n=0

using Eq. (10), we get

ab
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
m+n m+n+1 m+n+2
4 (m + n)(m + n − 1)an x −8 (m + n)an x +4 an x + an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0

ot) g L
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
{4(m + n)(m + n − 1) + 1} an xm+n − 8 (m + n)an xm+n+1 + 4 an xm+n+2 = 0(12)
n=0 n=0 n=0

jpo tin
Comparing coefficient of smallest power of x i.e. xm we obtain, (4m(m − 1) + 1)a0 = 0.
1 1
∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ 4x2 − 4m + 1 = 0, =⇒ m = , . Since the roots of the indicial equation are equal, there
2 2
can not exist a second Frobenius series solution.

Ra mpu
8ma0
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm+1 is (m(m+1)+1)a1 −8ma0 = 0, =⇒ a1 = .
(m(m + 1) + 1)
1
For m = , a1 = a0 .
2
1 o
Put m = in Eq. (12) and equate the sum of the coefficient of the power of x, we get
2
dC
      
1 1 1
4 +n + n − 1 + 1 an − 8 + n − 1 an−1 + 4aa−2 = 0
2 2 2
an an

4(2n − 1)an−1 − 4an−2 4(2n − 1) 4

an = = an−1 − 2 an−2
K.

(2n + 1)(2n − 1) + 1 4n2 4n

(2n − 1) an−2
(M cs

an = an−1 − 2
n2 n
oj
ati

3 a0 a0 5 a1 a0
For n = 2, a2 = a1 − = and for n = 3, a3 = a2 − =
4  4 2 9 9 6
x2 x3

1/2
=⇒ y1 (x) = x a0 1 + x + + + ···
IP em

2 6
x2 x3

Choose a0 = 1, y1 (x) = x1/2 1 + x + + + · · · =⇒ y1 (x) = x1/2 ex (known solution)
2 6
R 1 − R P (x)dx
RG ath

Let y2 (x) = v(x)y1 (x) where v(x) = e dx = log x

y12
=⇒ y2 (x) = xy1 = x1/2 ex log x
R
T
cM

Therefore, general solution is y(x) = c1 x1/2 ex + c2 x1/2 ex log x.

Solution 6(i).
xy 00 + 2y 0 + xy = 0 (13)
2 x
which can be rewritten as y 00 + y 0 + y = 0.
x x
2
Here, P (x) = , Q(x) = 1 and x = 0 is a singular point.
x
∵ xP (x) = 2 and x2 Q(x) = x2 both are analytic at x = 0. So x = 0 is regular singular point.

Page 7
Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0,
∞
X
y = xm an xn (14)
n=0

using Eq. (13), we get

∞ ∞ ∞

ab
X X X
(m + n)(m + n − 1)an xm+n−1 + 2 (m + n)an xm+n−1 + an xm+n+1 = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞

ot) g L
X X
(m + n)(m + n + 1)an xm+n−1 + an xm+n+1 = 0 (15)
n=0 n=0

Comparing coefficient of the smallest power of x i.e. xm−1 we obtain, m(m + 1)a0 = 0

jpo tin
∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ m(m + 1) = 0, =⇒ m = 0, −1.
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm is (m + 1)(m + 2)a1 = 0
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm+1 is (m + 2)(m + 3)a2 + a0 = 0

Ra mpu
−a0 −a0
=⇒ a2 = . For m = −1, a2 =
(m + 2)(m + 3) 2
Put m = −1 in Eq. (15) and comparing coefficient of power of x, we get
an−2
an = −
o n(n − 1)
a1 a2 a0
dC
=⇒ a3 = − , a4 = − = ,
6 12 24
a3 a1 a4 a0
=⇒ a5 = − = , a6 = − =− ,
20 120 30 720
Therefore, solution
an an

a0 x2 a1 x3 a 0 x4 a1 x5 a0 x6
 
y(x) = x−1 a0 + a1 x − − + + − − ···
K.

2 6 24 120 720
2 4 6 3
x5
   
x x x x
= a0 x−1 1 − + − − · · · + a1 x−1 x − + − ···
(M cs

2! 4! 6! 3! 5!
oj

Moreover, two independent solutions are

ati

x2 x4 x6
 
−1
y1 (x) = x 1− + − − · · · = x−1 sin(x)
2! 4! 6!
IP em

x3 x5
 
−1
y2 (x) = x x− + − · · · = x−1 cos(x)
3! 5!
RG ath
T

(ii).
cM

x2 y 00 − x2 y 0 + (x2 − 2)y = 0 (16)

2
(x − 2)
which can be rewritten as y 00 − y 0 + y = 0.
x2
(x2 − 2)
Here, P (x) = −1, Q(x) = =⇒ x = 0 is a singular point.
x2
2 2
∵ xP (x) = −x and x Q(x) = (x − 2) both are analytic at x = 0. So x = 0 is regular singular point.

Consider Frobenius series solution around x = 0,

∞
X
y = xm an xn (17)
n=0

Page 8
using Eq. (16), we get
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
(m + n)(m + n − 1)an xm+n − (m + n)an xm+n+1 + an xm+n+2 − 2 an xm+n = 0
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
[(m + n)(m + n − 1) − 2]an xm+n − (m + n)an xm+n+1 + an xm+n+2 = 0 (18)

ab
n=0 n=0 n=0

Comparing coefficient of the smallest power of x i.e. xm we obtain, (m(m − 1) − 2)a0 = 0

∵ a0 6= 0, =⇒ (m(m − 1) − 2) = 0, =⇒ m = 2, −1.

ot) g L
The coefficient corresponding to the power xm+1 is (m(m + 1) − 2)a1 − ma0 = 0,
ma0 a0 a0
=⇒ a1 = . For m = −1, a1 = and for m = 2, a1 =
(m(m + 1) − 2) 2 2

jpo tin
Put m = −1 in Eq. (15) and comparing coefficient of power of x, we get

(n − 2)an−1

Ra mpu
an−2
an = −
n(n − 3) n(n − 3)
a0 a0
=⇒ a2 = − , a3 = 0, a4 = − , · · ·
2 8
Thus, choose a0 = 1 we get one solution as
o
dC
x x2 x4
 
−1
y1 (x) = x 1+ + − + ···
2 2 8

Put m = 2 in Eq. (15) and comparing coefficient of power of x, we get

an an

(n + 1) an−2
K.

an = an−1 −
(n + 2)(n + 1) − 2 (n + 2)(n + 1) − 2
a0 a0
(M cs

=⇒ a2 = , a3 = − , · · ·
20 60
oj
ati

Thus, choose a0 = 1 and we get second independent solution as

x x2 x3
 
y2 (x) = x2 1 + + − + ···
IP em

2 20 60
RG ath
T
cM

Page 9