Division of labour was family based.

The men looked after

MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT Land tenure(ownership) is communal since animals while women gathered plants, made clothes and
members of the tribe had traditional rights to shelter. Women made clothing and shelter from animal
use the environment. skins.
What is meant by rural development?

Rural development is the improvement in the living standards of people living in the
countryside or village.
Nomadic pastoralists
Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of people
in villages or remote areas or the countryside.

TRADITIONAL RURAL SOCIETIES Technology used was simple. Cultural Activities involved initiation ceremonies held,
natural objects and ancestors worshipped, marriage
Traditional rural societies were mainly shaped by the natural environment and changing festivities held.
seasons. They made a living using the natural resources which surrounded them, and they
used their simple skills to survive and earn a living. Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and rearing
livestock.
Agricultural communities are groups of people or societies that depend on arable and
pastoral farming.
Land tenure(ownership) is communal Division of labour was gender based. They lived
in small family groups. The men hunted wild Division of labour was family based. The men
since everyone had a right to use the
environment, but none owned it. animals while women gathered wild fruits, nuts, looked after livestock, smelted iron and women
Land tenure(ownership) is Communal. weaved. Men cleared the land and cultivated, built
roots, and other foodstuff from the natural
There is traditional tribal rights to land huts for shelter, collected water and food from the
vegetation.
bush or veld.

Hunter-gatherers
Agriculturalists

Technology used was very simple, made Cultural Activities involved collective decision
from stones, bones and wood. making, natural objects and ancestors worshipped Technology used was iron tools and
storytelling. fire to clear the fields. Cultural Activities involved storytelling,
ancestors and idols worshipped, initiation
ceremonies held.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

1
 Agricultural communities live in permanent
agricultural communities get food from domestic settlement while hunter-gatherers are nomadic
animals and plants while hunter-gatherers get food or built temporary structures as shelter. cheap
from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables.
helps poor farmers sustain themselves and their families.

State any three ways in which

agricultural communities differ The benefits / importance /advantages of subsistence
from hunter-gatherer societies. farming

Agricultural communities use sophisticated technology, for example, iron

tools while hunter-gatherers use simple technology. causes less destruction to the environment. requires semi-skill, hence can be done by
almost anyone.

Types of farming

Subsistence agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock for family
consumption.
easily affected by natural disasters such
as drought and floods. production is seasonal, and people may
simple technology is used. starve during the dry season.
practised on small scale. labour is provided by the
family members.

The problems / challenges /disadvantages of

subsistence farming
The features/characteristics of subsistence farming

poor quality products are produced due to the use of poor methods.
production of low yields.
sometimes it uses primitive methods for production.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2
 labour may receive low
expensive to run. wages as farmers are after
Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale. maximising profit.

labour is provided by paid

practised on large scale. workers. The problem/ challenges
/disadvantages of commercial
farming

owners are companies Characteristics / features finance often comes

or rich individual commercial farming. from foreign companies.
farmers who run the
keeping large numbers of too much damage to the machinery replaces human
farm for profit. livestock in one area may lead environment, for example, labour leading to the increase
to easy spread of parasites and in unemployment.
the use of chemicals and
diseases.
fertilisers may pollute the
uses capital intensive mode of division of labour is environment.
production. practised.

poor storage facilities with

most of the harvest being shortage of labour due to rural- Pests and diseases that
high quality goods are enhances self- lost to pests. urban migration. destroy crops.
creates employment as produced. sufficiency in food
labour is provided by paid production.
workers.
communal ownership of
poor and infertile The problems / challenges land hinder farmers from
The benefit /importance / soils. faced by arable farmers. effecting meaningful
advantages of commercial developments.
farming

drought and low and unreliable

young and more educated rainfall.
nation that shuns hard
productivity tends to be high agricultural work. Soil erosion.
source of foreign exchange as allows for production to
products are usually for export. take place throughout the due to use of machinery and
year with the help of better division of labour.
methods of farming like
irrigation.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

3
 To generate adequate
resistance to change, with reliable employment. To eradicate poverty. To ensure food and nutritional
some refusing to sell even security for all.
shortage of water. during drought. overstocking and overgrazing.

The aims and To empower women and

To contain the growth objectives of rural socially disadvantaged groups.
The problems /challenges rate of the population. development
faced by pastoral farmers.

To increase agricultural To promote self-reliance. To provide minimum services

poor management strategies. Outbreak of parasites and diseases, productivity. of safe drinking water, health
for example, foot and mouth. care facilities, and universal
education.

reduces rural-urban migration. reduces the gap between the rich and
lot of small uneconomic land and the poor, especially in rural areas.
livestock holding.
excessive dependence on agriculture.

creates employment The importance of rural increases production of raw

in rural areas. development materials for industries.
The characteristics lack of basic
/features of a rural area. infrastructure Describe three positive effects
low capital-labour ratio.
. of rural development.
reduces the inequalities
increases agricultural between the rural and urban
production, thus helping areas.
high incidence of poverty, large number of illiterates, semi-skilled
and unskilled workforce. the country to be more access to educational
underemployment, and unemployment. facilities which increased
self-sufficient in food.
literacy rate.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

4
 THE ASPECTS OF RURAL LIFE

shortage of land in rural areas. poverty life is cheap as people depend on less pollution in rural
natural disasters. agricultural products that they areas as there are few
produced for themselves. industries.

The problems/ challenges/ most of the people in Describe the positive

lack of markets in rural
obstacles of rural development rural areas are credit extended family
areas. effects of rural
unworthiness. development life. structure which brings
social security

shortage of labour in rural areas. poor managerial and market skills.

There is still the spirit of communal co-
operation in rural areas, for example, cultural bondage / familiarity
people help each other during events with other people from the same
such as weddings and funerals. village / kinship ties

loss of culture, for example,

changes in diet deforestation due to infrastructural poverty is common. less job opportunities.
development/ industrialisation process shortage of market.

Describe three negative poor roads

Describe challenges which lack of recreational aspects of rural life.
poor sanitation
increased crime rate result from development in facilities
/unhygienic conditions
rural areas.

fear of witchcraft
high cost of goods. deforestation because people
increased population due to
use trees for firewood.
commercialisation of life/ migration
increased cost of living

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

5
 COLONIALISM
introduction of cash crop
Colonialism is a system which a powerful country controls a less powerful country. introduction of modern education. production. introduction of the modern health
care system led to the eradication
Colonialism is when a country is ruled or controlled or dominated by another or a foreign
of some killer diseases.
country.

to give land to European settlers. Describe positive effects

get minerals and other natural resources, introduction of new and better
for example, copper, gold and diamonds. of colonialism on rural
infrastructural development. technology.
development.

The reasons why expand political Christianity was introduced,

to get /exploit cheap labour. European nations influence. introduction of new and better ending cruel traditional practices
colonised Africa. money as was introduced methods of farming. such as the killing of twins in the
as trading item. forests.

to set up plantations for industries in

to expand their markets.
Europe.
having organized modern health introduced
income generation markets women to family planning and
because some women immunisation.
produced cash crops.

loss of culture family breakdown due to labour

migration or migrant labour. land dispossession or Africans job opportunities outside
lost their land. The positive effects of home, for example,
introduction of colonialism on women cashiers, cleaners and
literacy for women nurses.
or modern
Describe the negative Dikgosi lost their education.
loss of property such as cattle. effects of colonialism on authority or their
people in rural areas in powers. new religion such as Christianity
African countries. created a platform for
property ownership, for which removed some bad
women to prove practices relating to culture, for
example, land.
themselves that they were example, polygamy and killing of
introduction of hut tax resulting introduction of unhealthy able to fend for themselves. twins in the forest.
in migration of labour. diets, for example,
abolition of initiation alcoholic beverages.
schools.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

6
 Labour migration is when people move from one place to another to look for employment.
having large scale farming or plantation
having organized markets. agriculture or ranching. sexually transmitted disruption of division of
breakdown of marriages. diseases brought by labour as young able-bodied
migrants. people went away to look for
jobs.
having technological
The ways in which a advancement or skills
country may benefit development.
having paid employment. economically from sex imbalance in Give three problems caused by Increased women’s work.
being colonised. rural areas in labour migration on rural areas
Botswana. development in Botswana.

having resource development,

having commerce or trade or cash economy or use of money for example, mining
or cash cropping.

Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on the earth
surface from people.

permanent settlement of
to establish markets.
Europeans population/
for infrastructural development,
white settlers
for example, construction of
tarred roads and railway lines

Give three reasons for land for expansion of

agricultural production, for dispossession in Africa colonial influence/
example, plantations and during the colonial period. political power
ranching

for strategic reasons, for example, road to the

carryout mining activities
north/ protection of trade routes.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

7
 RURAL POVERTY
soil degradation and erosion. deforestation as people in villages cut
trees for firewood.
Rural poverty is a situation whereby people in villages have insufficient of their basic
needs.
Describe problems
dependence on poor farming methods, water pollution and associated with increase in women fertility
population pressure leading to resource
for example, broadcasting method scarcity leading to high population
not been enough for everyone. rural poverty.
instead of raw planting method. growth putting pressure on
natural resources

lack of money for investment because The causes of rural poverty.

rural-urban migration
most of the people are credit
as breadwinners leaves loss of animal species. poor pastures / poor food
unworthiness.
countryside to look for production
jobs.

unequal access to land.

lack of skills and technology. providing loans at low interest rates. drilling more boreholes and construction of
unemployment because of
few industries. dams for better supply of water.

practising family The solutions to advising farmers on better

high illiteracy rate. planning methods to problems of rural methods of farming, for example,
having large
reduce population poverty
families/population through radio programmes in
pressure.
pressure. order to increase yields.

diseases/ill-health/death
Describe three social causes of breadwinners, for encouraging private investors to invest in rural
government policies that of rural poverty in Botswana. conserving plants and animals to prevent
encourage laziness. example, HIV/AIDS and areas so as to create employment for rural and
deforestation and extinction.
Covid-19. dwellers.

traditional beliefs such as migration to towns and

fear of witchcraft. cities of able-bodied
people/breadwinners

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

8
 Top-Down Approach is a strategy in which
Bottom –Up Approach is a strategy development decisions are made and implemented by Storage and markets helps with providing selling
in which local people participate fully high-ranking government officials who are mostly based points for farm produce and buildings for keeping
in development decision making. in rural areas. Land reforms deals with farm produce, for example, grain silos and Botswana
redistribution of land to help Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).
landless people own land.

The solutions to problems The provision of social

of rural poverty can be Describe each element services deals with building of
implemented through Rural industries is of integrated rural schools and clinics to improve
different strategies: the setting up development. the education and health of
factories in the people in rural areas.
countryside to create
employment or jobs.

Rural credit scheme are programmes in Modernising farming deals with teaching people
Integrated Rural Development is a strategy that which the government providing financial new methods of growing crops and raising
Water resource management deals with
aims to improve all aspects of the lives of people assistance to the people in village. livestock or introducing credit schemes to help
helping rural people to construct small
living in villages. farmers improve their activities or to improve
dams or providing safe water to the
people. agricultural production.

expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam construction

To providing basic social services. or piping is expensive. having few big rivers .
To improve farming.

The aims of integrated rural

development Explain the challenges that
the government of
rural people/ people Botswana faces when unreliable rainfall
vandalising pipe work trying to provide safe
or livestock. water in rural areas.

To reduce dependence on To raise people’s standard of living in

urban economies. rural areas.
relocation of the people to pave way culture/ traditional beliefs may block
for dams may be unwelcomed by government efforts.
people.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

9
 RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES providing funding, for control of diseases, for
example, Citizen example, foot and
Rural credit scheme are government programmes that help to develop villages by providing providing trading / information
people financial assistance living in villages. Entrepreneurial Development mouth, cattle lung
Agency (CEDA) / research, for example, Sebele,
Farmers co-operatives is when disease
Loan and credit schemes is when government help a group of farmers who come
farmers to borrow loans from banks and other financial together to increase production.
institutions at very low interest rates so that they can use
the money to improve farming.
Explain how government schemes help providing storage facilities
control of pests, / improvement of
for example, solve problems faced by commercial
Rural development crop farmers in Botswana. infrastructure
quelea birds
schemes

providing marketing of products, for

Small rural projects is when trying to help people in villages by giving them a chance to earn money providing Extension service through example, Botswana Agricultural
from something other than farming. For example, such projects are, brickmaking, tree-planting, Agriculture Demonstrators and Veterinary Marketing Board (BAMB), Botswana
weaving etc. Officers Meat Commission (BMC)

.
mostly benefited the rich and literate
farming technology was improved. severe and persistent farmers.
great awareness of modern farming drought.
methods was created among farmers.

Give three reasons why rural development

The achievements of rural
schemes often fail in Botswana.
credit schemes

some farmers were dependency syndrome among

resistant to change. farmers who now expected the
Some farmers ended up most communal farmers had access to most of the grants were government to provide them
producing for the market. capital. used for non-agricultural with everything.
activities.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

10
 cost sharing, for
sharing of a common example, transport is
market to reduced shared so the cost is THE CONDITIONS IN RURAL BOTSWANA AT INDEPENDENCE
skills sharing/ members learn new skills.
competition. shared.

lack of access to safe and clean

lack of infrastructure. water.
Describe the advantages of low agricultural yields.
raise a high amount of being a member of farming employment creation
capital/group investment. co-operative.

high levels of illiteracy. Describe the condition of rural

collective decision making/ good areas in Botswana at poor shelter.
creates opportunity for division of decisions are made. independence.
labour/sharing of tasks.

high levels of unemployment or lack of capital for investment. few social services.e.g
lack of paid employment schools and clinics
borehole drilling to supply markets stall to provide opportunities.
road construction to improve clean water to people and shelter for small scale
transport. livestock. businesses operations.

rural electrification to provide Explain the importance of construction of

power. any three rural development health facilities to
projects in Botswana. treat the ill or injured
people / to improve
people’s health.

construction of community bus shelter erection to construction of houses by

halls to provide venues for protect travellers from Village Development
activities. harsh weather conditions. Committees to provide
accommodation.

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

11
 provision of agricultural
establishment of rural marketing centres, for
industries/shops in rural example Botswana piped water. rural electrification. tarred roads and bridges.
wide tarred roads have areas Agricultural Marketing
been constructed. Board, Botswana Meat
Commission

rural industries Describe three infrastructural construction of

Describe how rural areas in
changes that have taken place in dams such as
more schools have been Botswana have improved
Provision of piped many rural areas in Botswana.
built. since independence. Ntimbale dam
water

recreational or construction of schools.

telecommunications networks.
entertainment
increased livestock and facilities.
more health services have been crop production/
rural electrification,
provided/clinics/health improved agricultural
improved/modern housing has
centres/hospitals built. infrastructure. Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and adoption
taken place.
living together.

females do paid females make decisions,

Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support production. work/jobs, for example, females headed households, for example,
Grandmothers/mothers/ for example, Mothers, Grandmothers, mothers
wives/daughters. grandmothers and wives. and wives.
Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport Power is needed to operate machines /
for lighting / welding, etc
goods from one point to the other.
females look after large Suggest three ways by males grow food crops, for
livestock, for example, which duties of family example, Grandfathers,
Grandmothers, mothers, members in rural areas fathers and husbands.

Explain the importance of wives and daughters. have changed as a result of

the development process.
any three types of
infrastructure to industry. Children attend school.

males babysit/look after Husbands do household chores.

children, for example,
Husbands, sons,
Telecommunications is needed to
Buildings are needed to store goods and operate grandfathers and fathers.
communicate with suppliers etc
business from / offer services from

BGCSE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT

12