DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

PAPER ONE & TWO REVISION

QUETIONS

MODULE 4: INDUSTRIALISATION AND URBANISATION

 MATER SPEI COLLEGE 2 (a) Define industrial production.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Industrial production is the making of goods and provision of services on large
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation scale using mechanical energy

PAPER 1 - Industrial production is the making of goods and services in factories on a large
scale using mechanical energy
1 (a) Define industrialisation.

- Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy and technology to produce goods (b) State three characteristics of modern industries.
and services.
- Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example,
- Industrialisation is the setting up of companies for the production of goods and fruit and vegetable canning.
services. - Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and
- Industrialisation is the setting up of factories for the production of goods and various types of equipment.
services. - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to
make products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different
tasks.
(b) Describe three benefits of industrialisation to developing countries. (What are - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
the advantages of industrialisation?) computers. In such industries goods are not handled by people at all during the
whole production process.
- The benefits of industrialisation to developing countries is income - Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their
- The industrialisation helps with employment creation in developing countries. numbers are constantly increasing. This is because increased mechanisation has
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of economic linkage done away with much heavy labour.
- The industrialisation process in developing countries lead to infrastructure - Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to
development, for example, construction of tarred roads replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of import reduction. synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from petroleum.
- The industrialisation in developing countries helps to improve balance of trade. - Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some companies
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of technology use find it increasingly hard to complete some tasks alone. They hire some companies
leading to acquisition of skill to do part of the job.
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of participation in - Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly carried out at
international trade / gain global recognition the home of the worker. Here a big industry could supply raw materials to the
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of encouraging cottage industry operator, to turn them into finished goods for a fee and then
foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies return it to the big industry for selling. This is done to minimise costs.
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of Mass production - Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are made up of
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of earning foreign large numbers of independent specialists, for example, in a mining industry, there
exchange are people specialising in engineering, research, sales, accounting, advertising,
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of availability of high etc.

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quality goods.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
3 (a) Define import substitution industrialisation. (b) Give three disadvantages of using export oriented industrialisation.

- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and - The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that local people’s
services for itself instead of buying them from other countries needs may not be met because a country is only concentrating in goods for
export.
- Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country produce
goods and services for itself to replace those that it buys from other countries - The export oriented industrialisation lead to local raw materials may get depleted.

- The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that if products are

(b) Describe three advantages of import substitution industrialization. not of good quality they may not compete well in the world market.

- The advantage of import substitution industrialisation is that of creation of - The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that if the countries
employment. which buy the goods find an alternative goods or substitute the market may
decline.
- The import substitution industrialisation lead to improved infrastructure, for
example, tarred roads and telecommunication networks
5(a) What is meant by feminisation of the labour force?
- The import substitution industrialisation helps a country earns foreign exchange - Feminisation of the labour force is increasing/employing more women/ females
if it produced surplus goods which could be exported. in the industrial sector.
- The import substitution industrialisation workers acquire skills and knowledge. - Feminisation of the labour force is using more females to do the jobs which were
previously reserved for men.
- The advantage of import substitution industrialisation is that local raw materials
can be used so the goods may be cheap. - Feminisation of the labour force is increasing the number of women in the work
force.
- The import substitution industrialisation helps a country saves money which
could be used for other economic activities.
(b) State three benefits to a country of feminisation of the labour force.
4(a) What are export oriented industries? - The benefit of feminisation of the labour force is full use/utilisation of available
skilled people in a country.
- The feminisation of the labour force will help a country to increase production of
- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce goods goods and services.
and services mainly to sell to the outside market - The feminisation of labour force increases number of women the workplace.
- The feminisation of labour force promotes gender equality in workplace.
- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods and services with the - Feminisation of labour force helps women to be independent from men
aim of selling to other countries/outside - Feminisation of labour force helps women to be breadwinners of their families.
- The benefit of feminisation of the labour force helps women to acquire different
skills needed to perform tasks.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (c) Describe two factors to consider in setting up an industry.

- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the
availability of raw materials or natural resources used to produce goods.
- The availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital
- The availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-
skilled labour and unskilled labour.
- The availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.
- The availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production
process
- The availability of transport and telecommunication networks
- The availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient
- A stable political environment
- The availability of land for setting up factory buildings
- The availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery

(d)(i) State two negative effects of industrialisation on the environment.

- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of pollution

[Accept examples] destroys ozone layer/global warming
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of
deforestation/desertification/land degradation
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of Soil erosion
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of loss of scenic
(a)(i) What is the percentage of people employed in industry for Zambia? value/scaring
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of
- 15% depletion/overuse of natural resources
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of destruction of
animal habitat/loss of species
(ii) What is the percentage difference between services and agriculture in the (ii) Suggest possible solutions to each problem states in (d)(i) above.
United Kingdom?
71-2=69 - The possible solution to pollution is to use environmentally friendly production
- 69% methods
- Pollution can be solved by introduction of pollutant tax/ carbon tax/polluter pays’
(b) State two examples of services. principle/elongated chimney
- The desertification/deforestation can be solved through afforestation/tree
- Trading planting/alternative source of energy
- Teaching - The problem of soil erosion can be solved by rehabilitation of the land/proper
- Nursing drainage system
- Insurance - The problem of and degradation is solved through land reclamation
- The depletion/overuse of natural resources is solved by use of synthetic raw

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- Transportation
materials/products/alternative source of energy

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE 2(a) What is meant by synthetic products?

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Synthetic products is replacing goods made from natural resources with artificial ones,
for example, synthetic fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation petroleum

PAPER 1 (b) Give three problems of import substitution strategy in developing countries.
(Give three disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation)

1 (a) What is meant by small-scale enterprises? - The problem of import substitution strategy is that home market is too small and
expansion is limited.
- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where government can
organize and fund people to produce goods at home (cottage industry) or craft - The problem of import substitution strategy is that a country still needs to import
industry, for example, weaving and pottery. expensive machinery to produce goods.

- Small scale enterprises is when the government fund people to produce few - The problem of import substitution strategy is that a country does not earn
goods. foreign exchange.

- The import substitution strategy causes depletion of local raw materials in

(b) Describe three advantages of export-oriented industrialization. developing countries.

- The advantage of export-oriented industrialisation is to create employment for locals - The problem of import substitution strategy is that there could be limited variety
of goods.
- The export-oriented industrialisation improves infrastructure, for example,
telecommunication networks and tarred roads
3(a) What are multi-national companies?
- The a export-oriented industrialisation encourages local inventions / innovations
- Multi-National Companies are businesses from developed countries with
- The advantage of export-oriented industrialisation is that locally produced goods are subsidiaries in developing countries.
cheaper and therefore affordable to the local poor
- Multi-National Companies are large businesses from developed countries with
- The a export-oriented industrialisation is a source of foreign exchange branches in other countries

- The export-oriented industrialisation improves technology / focus on science and - Multi-National Companies are enterprises/businesses that operate in several
technology countries

- The export-oriented industrialisation encourages specialization of labour that in turn - Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the world
increases efficiency and output / productivity

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(b) Give three disadvantages of multi-national companies. 5(a) What is meant by automation and robotics?

- The disadvantage of multi-national companies is that at times they dominate - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
economies by monopolistic practices. computers. .
- Multi-national companies sometimes bring in their own expert instead of training
locals for managerial positions within the host country.
- Multi-national companies attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the
expense of local industries.
(b) State three advantages of the use of automation and robotics in modern
- The multi-national companies encourages dependency and neo-colonialism industries.
through dependence on foreign technology.
- The disadvantage of multi-national companies is that at times they may take all - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is that
the profits back to the country of their origin. goods are not handled by people at all during the whole production process.
- The multi-national companies sometimes interfere with the policies of the host - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is of mass
country. production of goods due to use of machines.
- Some of multi-national companies are too powerful for the host country to - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries save on
control. labour costs as few skilled people are employed to operate machines.
- The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is that
4(a) What is meant by state enterprises? quality goods are produced due to use of machines.

- State enterprises are businesses owned by the government of the country in

which they operate.
- State enterprises are businesses owned and funded by the government and the
profits they make are taken by the state to be used for developmental purposes.

(b) Give three importance of having state enterprises in Botswana.

- The importance of having state enterprises in Botswana is creating employment

in countries with a few private companies such as Botswana.
- State enterprises have an advantage of expansion because they are funded by the
government.
- The state has a chance to control the provision of essential services and goods.
For example, water and electricity.
- State enterprises enjoys economies of scale hence offer cheaper price.
- State enterprises are mostly not profit oriented.
- State enterprises provide secure employment to a large number of local people.
- State enterprises reduces duplication of equipment and unnecessary wastage of
resources.
- State enterprises helps to implement government policies.
- State enterprises are a source of income of the government.

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- The effort is made to train and employ local workers of all levels of production.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Which village has the least total number of employed females? (d) Suggest three ways by which the government may reduce rural-urban
migration.
- CKGR
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through
(ii) What is the difference in the number of employed males and male job-seekers rural-electrification.
in Ncojane?
- The government can reduce rural-urban migration by improving communication
586-73=513 networks in rural areas, for example, internet connectivity.

- 513 people
- The rural-urban migration can be reduced by extending credit schemes to rural
(b) Suggest two reasons why Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed areas, for example, provision of loans at low interests from National
Development Bank (NDB).
people and job-seekers.
- The government can promote rural industries to help create employment in rural
- Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed people and job-seekers caused areas as a way of reducing rural-urban migration.
by having many industries.
- There are more government departments in Ghanzi employing more people.
- There are many job opportunities in Ghanzi. - The government can reduce rural-urban migration by provision of clean water in
- Ghanzi has a larger population than other areas. villages.
- Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed people and job-seekers is
caused by rural-urban migration. - The government can reduce rural-urban migration by providing health services in
villages.
(c) Describe three economic factors that force people to move from rural to urban - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through
areas. improvement of agriculture in rural areas.

- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack - The government can reduce rural-urban migration is through provision of sewage
of markets for goods produced in rural areas. ponds or sanitation in rural areas.
- The people move from rural to urban areas due to lack of alternative source of - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through
income in rural areas. provision of education and training facilities in rural areas.
- The people move from rural to urban areas because there are few job
opportunities in the countryside. - The government may reduce rural-urban migration is through improving
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack transport networks in villages or roads.
of variety of goods to choose from in rural areas. - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is by promoting
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack rural-urban trade.
of credit facilities in villages. - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is less promoting self-help projects in rural areas which can help create job
chance of industrial training in villages. opportunities.
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration by providing a
platform for training and skill acquisition in the countryside
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration by

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decentralisation of some government structures or departments.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE - Export orientation is the strategy the government can encourage investors to set
up factories to produce goods for sale outside the country.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Import substitution is the strategy that the government can encourage the setting
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation up of factories to produce goods to replace those bought outside the country.

PAPER 2 - State enterprises are the strategy whereby the government can establish
parastatals to produce goods and provide services in the country.
1. Study Fig.1, which shows some of the strategies for industrialisation.
(ii) Describe factors that a country should consider in order to set up
industries.

- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the
availability of raw materials or natural resources used to produce goods.
- The availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital
- The availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-
skilled labour and unskilled labour.
- The availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.
- The availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production
process
- The availability of transport and telecommunication networks
- The availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient
- A stable political environment
Fig.1 - The availability of land for setting up factory buildings
- The availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery
(a)(i) Describe the industrialisation strategies shown in Fig. 1.
(b)(i) Describe the negative effects of industries on the environment.
- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where government can
organize and fund people to produce goods at home (cottage industry) or craft - The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air pollution, land
industry, for example, weaving and pottery. pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is deforestation or cutting
The government fund people to produce few goods. down of trees/ soil erosion
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is depletion of natural
- Multi-National Companies are companies that the government can invite to resources or natural resources getting finished
establish industries that produce goods and services in the country. - The negative effect of industries on the environment is poor sanitation due to
growth of overcrowded cities
- Joint venturing is the industrialisation strategy whereby the government works - The negative effect of industries on the environment is acid rain
with other businesses to produce goods and services. - The negative effect of industries on the environment is disturbance of the
ecosystem/ loss of habitat
The government encourages businesses to work together to produce goods and - The negative effect of industries on the environment is creation of heat island/
services. raised temperatures in towns

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- The negative effect of industries on the environment is Climate change

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (ii) Suggest the benefits of having many industries in a developing country MATER SPEI COLLEGE
such as Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The benefits of industrialisation to developing countries is income
generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation

PAPER 2
- The industrialisation helps with employment creation in developing countries.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of economic linkage. 1 Study Fig. 1, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and
answer questions (a)(i) and (ii).
- The industrialisation process in developing countries lead to infrastructure
development, for example, construction of tarred roads.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of import reduction.

- The industrialisation in developing countries helps to improve balance of trade.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of technology use

leading to acquisition of skill.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of participation in

international trade / gain global recognition.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of encouraging

foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of Mass production.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of earning foreign

exchange.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of availability of high

quality goods.

Fig.1

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries. (b)(i) Describe the characteristics of modern industries.

- The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are found in Southern Africa, for - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example,
example, South Africa. fruit and vegetable canning.
- Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- They are located in the Far East countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, - Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and
Philippines, South Korea and China. various types of equipment.
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico. - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to
- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for example, Brazil/ North make products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different
East or East of Latin America, for example, Brazil. tasks.
- They are located in South Asia, for example, India. - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
computers.
- The Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey - Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their
numbers are constantly increasing.
(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised - Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to
replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and
Countries. synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from petroleum.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high inflation
rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/ having weak currencies/ (ii) How can the Botswana government encourage industrialisation in other
having high fuel price
parts of the country?
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign
debts/debt crisis.
- The Botswana government can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor.
country by providing infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is dominance of the
telecommunication networks.
industrial process by Multi-National companies (MNCs) who move their
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
investment out of the country/ capital flight/neo-colonialism
country through provision of loans at low interest rates.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is depletion of the
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
natural resources/damage to the environment
country through provision of tax holiday.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is fast growth of the
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
private sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the government
country through provision of subsidies.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is exploitation of
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
workers by the employers
country through provision of training.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is urban drift/urban
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
poverty
country through provision of serviced land.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is corruption
- The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is declining
country by reducing prices of utilities, for example, water and electricity bills.
exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is declining real income
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is high expenditure on
imports and less on exports

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE
(a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 1, describe the negative effects of having many
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES industries in a country.
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- The negative effect of having many industries is that people have to relocate to
give way to industrial activity
PAPER 2
- The negative effect of having many industries is that people may forget the
importance of agriculture/craft production
1 Study Fig. 1 which is a picture showing a large industry.
- The negative effect of having many industries is loss of culture.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that large cities grow up around
industries often with various problems of poor housing/overcrowding/bad
sanitation/diseases [Allow examples]
- The negative effect of having many industries is environmental pollution
- The negative effect of having many industries is that industries deplete natural
resources
- The negative effect of having many industries is that of land degradation.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that of loss of agricultural land.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that machines dehumanise the
people

(ii) Suggest factors that promote the industrialisation process.

- The factor promoting industrialisation process is availability of funds/capital for

investment.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by availability of labour, for

example, both skilled and unskilled.
- The technological capacity or advancement of a country can help to promote
industrialisation process.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by availability of a market/large

population for market.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by developed infrastructure, for

example, tarred roads.

- The factor promoting industrialisation process is good transport system.

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- The factor promoting industrialisation process is availability of raw materials
Fig. 1

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(b)(i) Describe any three forms of specialisation in production. MATER SPEI COLLEGE

- Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a specific task DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

- Product specialisation is where a company or business concentrates on the Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
production of a specific commodity or service
PAPER 1
- Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the production
of a specific product or service 1(a) What is urbanization?

- Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same area - Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
concentrate on the production of a specific product or service as opposed to those found in rural areas.

(ii) Suggest factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in - Urbanisation is the increase in the number of people living in towns and cities as
Botswana. opposed to those found in countryside

- The factor that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is poor
work ethics/laziness/culture of laziness/absenteeism from work
- The reduced labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is caused by (b) What are the two causes of urbanisation?
alcoholism and drug abuse
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by dirty - The cause of urbanisation is rural – urban migration which is movement of
unattractive working conditions people from villages to towns and cities
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by Low
wages/salaries - The cause of urbanisation is natural increase which is when birth rate is higher
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by poor than death rate in towns and cities
supervision/management
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of training
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of (c) State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers
machines/equipment/tools to use
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by crippling effect
- The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is that of availability of more
of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Covid-19
labour force
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by poor/congested
transportation routes causing late arrivals at work, for example, Gaborone/ poor
- The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is Increase in markets
infrastructure
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of - The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is urban biased developments/
motivation more developments taking place in towns and cities.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by conflict among
workers

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
2(a)What is a primate city? (c)State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas.

- Primate city is the largest urban centre whose population is at least twice than - The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is that land becomes expensive
that of the second largest urban area in a country. and rent hikes.
- Primate city is the area whose population is at least double that of the second
largest urban area in a country - The urban growth will expose rural areas to fast town life.

- The problem of urban growth on rural areas is of cultural erosion or loss of culture.
(b) State three characteristics of a primate city.
- The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is loss of land for agriculture.
- The characteristic of a primate city is that of an area where government would
normally set up its administration , for example, parliament / cabinet - The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is that of increased crime.

- A primate city is an area where a national university and technical training schools - The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is pollution from the city, for
are located example, dumping sites usually located in nearby villages

- A primate city has the best infrastructure, for example, communications networks
and most of the financial investment (d) Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities

- A primate is an area where many government department and private companies’ - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having large pool of cheap labour
headquarters are found or located - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having an increase in market
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having shortage of resources, for
example, land, housing, water
3(a) What is urban growth? - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having increase in unemployment
leading to crime , for example, prostitution, selling dagga
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having traffic congestion
- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size of a city and town. - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is pressure on social amenities, for
- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical area of a city and town. example, schools, clinics, sewage systems
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having pollution, for example, air,
(b) Describe three causes of urban growth. water and land pollution
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having Squatting which is
- The cause of urban growth is that rich people can commute occupying land illegally.
- The cause of urban growth is cheap land in the periphery - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having loss of culture
- The cause of urban growth is development of infrastructure - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having loss of
- The cause of urban growth is in-availability of paid rent houses in the Central ethnicity/detribalisation
Business District ( CBD) - The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having street kids / juvenile
- The urban growth cause expensive rented accommodation in the city centre delinquency
- The cause of urban growth is corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- The urban growth cause less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
- The cause of urban growth is urban decay

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- The urban growth cause shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- The cause of urban growth is cheap service levies in the periphery, for example,
water, electricity, rates

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (e) What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and (b) Describe three disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas, (What
cities? are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas?)
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is providing
serviced land - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is sex ratio imbalance
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by constructing dual roads, leading to infidelity
flyovers, traffic lights and traffic circles
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is decentralisation of government - The rural-urban migration cause rural depopulation leading to low productivity in
services agriculture due to shortage of workforce in rural areas.
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by creation of jobs especially in
rural areas to reduce rural-urban migration. - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is that of family break-
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by providing extension services ups/family neglect/child indiscipline
in rural areas.
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is destruction of squatter settlements - The rural-urban migration cause increased workload for women (triple workload) in
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is forming crime prevention rural areas, for example, taking care of young, old, sick, weak and orphans
committee such as neighbourhood watch
- The problem caused by urbanisation in town and cities can be solved by encouraging - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is loss of craftsmanship
use of public transport to reduce traffic congestion.
- The problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities can be solved by allow - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is loss of culture
informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is spread of diseases /
of polluter tax (PPP) and proper disposal of litter introduction of STDs
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction
of tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas - The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is introduction of socially
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution
of rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is encouraging 5(a) Define urban-urban migration.
trade between rural areas and urban centres
- Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to
4(a) Define rural-urban migration. another town and city.

- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from villages to towns and (b) Suggest three solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas.
cities.
- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is to improve
- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to technology.
towns and cities. - The problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas by job creation in rural areas.
- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is by providing
financial assistance to people in villages.
- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is setting up
industries.

13
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (iii) Describe three problems which the type of countries you have identified are
likely to face as a result of high natural population increase.

- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population

increase is that of high unemployment.
- The countries identified will face a problem of high doctor-patient ratio as a
result of high natural population.
- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population
increase is shortage of health facilities.
- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population
increase is that high infant mortality rate.
- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population
increase is that of poverty.

(c)(i) Suggest three reasons for the high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique.

- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large
families is a sign of prestige.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large
families is lack of contraceptives.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large
families is due to cultural practices such as early marriages and polygamy.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large
families is that children were born to replace the members of the family who had
died.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large
families is that children were seen as source of labour.
(a)Which country had the lowest death rate?
(ii) Describe the relationship between the birth rate and natural increase.
- United States
- The relationship between the birth rate and natural increase is that the higher the
(b)(i) Calculate the natural population increase in the United Kingdom. birth rate the higher the natural increase.
- The lower the birth rate the lower the natural increase.
13-11=2

- 2 natural increase per 1000 or 0.2%

(ii)Which type of countries have a high natural population increase?

- Developing country

14
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Suggest possible solutions to the problems of urbanisation.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is well planned towns and cities.
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved through use of private
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation vehicles in towns and cities.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is improvement of public
PAPER 2 transport, for example, combis and taxies.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is establishment of a housing
1. Study Fig. 2 which shows an extract on urbanisation corporation to build low cost houses for people.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is demolition of squatter camps
or settlements.
- The problem of urbanisation can be solved by setting up more industries to help
create employment.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is establishment of public work
schemes in rural areas.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is through commercialisation of
agriculture in rural areas.
(a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 2, state the problems caused by urbanisation to - The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is coming up with
cities such as Cairo. environmental laws on pollution, for example, polluter pay policy
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is afforestation.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is of pressure on - The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is decentralisation of
social amenities, for example, school. government services.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities is of increased crime and social ills - The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is funding people to start
such as prostitution. businesses.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of clean
drinking water. (b)(i) State the characteristics of modern industries.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is poor sanitation or
hygiene. - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example,
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of housing fruit and vegetable canning.
which may lead to development of squatter settlements. - Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is pollution, for - Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and
example, water, land and air pollution various types of equipment.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is increased - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to
unemployment leading to poverty. make products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is traffic congestion. tasks.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is easy spread of - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
diseases. computers.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of land for - Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
other developments.
increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is over-crowding.
numbers are constantly increasing.

15
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is deforestation
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to
leading to soil erosion.
replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and
synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from petroleum.

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(ii) Explain how industrialisation can be implemented. MATER SPEI COLLEGE

- The industrialisation can be implemented by promoting local investment. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

- The industrialisation can be implemented by attracting Multi-National
Companies through foreign direct investment policy (FDI) Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- The industrialisation can be implemented through establishment of small-scale
enterprises funded by government. PAPER 1
- The industrialisation can be implemented through establishment of large-scale
enterprises funded by government. 1(a)What is meant by natural increase?
- The industrialisation can be implemented by forming joint venture.
- The industrialisation can be implemented by establishment of state enterprise, for - Natural increase is when birth rate is higher than death rate in towns and cities
example, Botswana Power Corporation.
- The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of export oriented (b) Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas
industrialisation.
- The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of import substitution - The problem caused by urban growth is that land becomes expensive and rent hikes.
industrialisation. - The problem of urban growth is of cultural erosion or loss of culture.
- The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of modern - The problem caused by urban growth is loss of land for agriculture.
technologies. - The problem caused by urban growth on urban areas is that of increased crime.
- The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of education or skills - The problem caused by urban growth on urban areas is pollution, for example, air.
development. Land and water pollution
- The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of credit schemes to
help in funding producers and entrepreneurs. 2(a) Define migration.
- The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of serviced land.
- Migration is the movement of people from one area to another for
specific period of time.

(b) Describe three factors that attract people to urban areas.

- The factor that attract people to urban areas is employment opportunities because
there are many industries that provide goods and services.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better health facilities, for example,
clinics and hospital both private and public owned.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for
example, public schools and private schools.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationships
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better transport facilities
- The people are attracted to urban areas by low prices of goods
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational
facilities

16
- The people are attracted to urban areas by security offered in towns
- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
3(a) Define informal sector of the economy 4.(a) What is meant by urban-urban migration?

- Informal sector refers to businesses unregistered and carried out everywhere - Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to
another town and city.
- Informal sector refers economic activities that are non-taxable and carried out
everywhere.
(b)Give three positive effects of urbanisation in towns and cities.
(b) Describe three problems of the informal sector.
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is that of having pool of
- The problem faced by informal sector is shortage of market. cheap labour.
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is large market/increase in
- The informal sector faces tough competition from the formal sector. market
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is development of
infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and piped water
- The goods from informal sector are not insured/uninsured. - The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is strengthening of the
informal sector
- The informal sector is usually affected by harsh weather conditions, for example, - The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is cultural exchange
winter and rainfall. - The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is emergence of vocal
groups, for example, Emang Basadi

- The people involved in informal sector lack management and marketing skills. 5(a)What is the formal sector?
- The informal sector lack capital to expand their business. - Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally recognized by
the government and operates in a permanent building

- The informal sector is usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because (b) Describe three characteristics of formal sector of the economy
of non-compliance.
- The characteristic of formal sector of economy is that work takes place in
- The informal sector pollute the environment. building/permanent work-place
- The workers of formal sector have written contracts with their employers
- The formal sector of economy jobs require education/training/technical skills
- The informal sector usually disturb traffic. - The formal sector of economy have regular guaranteed wages.
- The formal sector of economy have fixed hours of work
- The informal sector engages in illegal activities, for example, crime increase.
- The formal sector of economy work is run according to labour laws/controlled by
government
- The problem faced by informal sector is lack of places of operation - The formal sector of economy workers can belong to trade unions
- The formal sector of economy mostly operates on a large scale
- The informal sector is faced with a problem of low and irregular wages. - The formal sector of economy pays tax
- The formal sector of economy use of advanced technology/better

17
technology/capital intensive
- The informal sector is non-unionised - The formal sector of economy businesses are registered/licensed

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 Section B - Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or
documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
- Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by
6 Study Fig. 2, which shows males and females in the formal employment sector the law.
in Botswana in 2009. Use it to answer questions (a) (i) and (ii). - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed
working hours.
- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex
technology
- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large
scale
- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector
has permanent buildings
- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people
are trained for the work
- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the
formal sector tax is paid
- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade
union exist
- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal
sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

(c) Describe three ways by which governments can help the informal sector to
improve their businesses.

- The way in which government can help informal sector is licensing them.
- The government can help informal sector is providing training to entrepreneurs, for
example, Local Enterprise Authority (LEA)
- The government can help informal sector by giving out gazetted market places /
designated places of operation
- The government can help informal sector by providing grants and loans through
credit schemes, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Scheme (CEDA)
(a)(i) State the percentage of males employed in the parastatal sector. - The government can help informal sector through regulation
- The government can help informal sector by promoting grouping
- The government can help informal sector by encouraging them to supply what the
- 62%
big companies do not supply
(ii) Identify the sector which employed a larger percentage of females than
males in 2009. (d) Suggest three way in which the informal sector benefits people in urban areas.

- Local Government - The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by creating employment.
- The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by providing cheap goods.

18
- The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by providing variety of goods.
(b) What is the difference between formal and informal sectors of the
economy?

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (c) State two other social factors that attract people to urban areas.

- The social factor that attract people to urban areas is better health care facilities,
for example, hospital and clinics.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for
example, public schools and private schools.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationship
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational
facilities
- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing

(d) Describe three negative effects of urbanisation on rural areas other than
rural depopulation.

- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas other than rural

depopulation is sex ratio imbalance as most people left in villages are
women.
- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas is change in division of
labour due to migration.
- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas is disruption of family life
due ill-discipline of children especially boys left with their mothers in
villages.

(e) Describe the attempts which have been made by developing

countries to reduce the rate of rural depopulation.
(a) What percentage of the urban population has access to clean water? - The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of
rural depopulation is encouraging investors to set up industries in villages to help
290/360*100=80.6 create employment.

- 81% - The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of
rural depopulation is provision of social amenities, for example, schools and
(b) What percentage of the rural population has no access to health hospitals.
services? - The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of
rural depopulation is improvement in infrastructure, for example, transport and
157/360*100=43.6 telecommunication networks.
- 44%
- The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of

19
rural depopulation is provision of entertainment and recreational facilities

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pressure on social
amenities, for example, schools and clinics
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is shortage of housing
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is poor sanitation
PAPER 2 - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is easy spread of
diseases, for example, some people may decide to practise prostitution due to
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows push and pull factors of rural-urban migration high unemployment rate.
and answer the question (a) - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pollution for
industries that produces goods
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is traffic congestion due
to poor planning of roads.
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is shortage of jobs
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is crime rate increases
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is overcrowding due to
shortage of land

(b) (i) Suggest reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of
the economy.
Fig.1 - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is due
to lack of education and training or high illiteracy rate.
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
(a)(i) Describe the factors that attract people to urban areas. women are less credit worthy
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of children
- The factor that attract people to urban areas is employment opportunities because
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
there are many industries that provide goods and services.
of women’s low self- esteem or fear
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better health facilities, for example,
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
clinics and hospital both private and public owned.
of women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is the
example, public schools and private schools.
myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women
- The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationships
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better transport facilities
early marriages
- The people are attracted to urban areas by low prices of goods
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational
lack of capital
facilities
- The people are attracted to urban areas by security offered in towns
- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing

20
- The people are attracted to urban areas by less beliefs in witchcraft

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(ii) What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making MATER SPEI COLLEGE
positions?
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that
women issues are ignored. Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that birth PAPER 2
rate will be high.
1. Study Fig.1 which is a picture showing some activities in the informal
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that of sector.
unequal participation in decision making.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that poor
status on human rights.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that

domestic violence/ conflict between men and women.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that lack
of role models for the girl child

21
Fig.2

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Describe the characteristics of the informal sector. (b)(i) Suggest reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana.

- The characteristic of informal sector is that members do not belong to a - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to the Presence of
trade union Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors
- The inform sector operate in small scale - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to financial assistance
- The informal sector work is done in temporary , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
shelter/everywhere/anywhere - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to government taking
- The informal sector does not pay tax initiative to register businesses
- The people involved in informal sector are often self employed - In some cases registration is a requirement for operation
- The informal sector hours of work are flexible - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to tendering process
- The people involved in informal sector use traditional skills/talents to do demands registration so businesses are compelled/forced to register
work, for example, weaving and sewing - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to
- The informal sector businesses are unregistered. business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to start formal
- The informal sector have irregular wages/no fixed wages businesses
- The need to export goods/services/demands registration of business
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to introduction of tax
(ii) Suggest reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector. holiday
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to government setting
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector is lack up parastatal
education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector.
(ii) Describe ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development
- There are many women involved in informal sector because they lack capital to of a country such as Botswana.
establish formal business/women can afford the little capital in informal
activities. - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
is through paying tax to government
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in informal activities - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
right at home, for example, selling fruits on the front of their home. through improvement of infrastructure by building permanent structures
- The formal businesses train their workers/skills
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector because women can development/scholarships/sponsor students
cope with flexible working hours. - The formal businesses increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
- The formal businesses sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal businesses, for responsibility
example, bank account and tax registration. - The formal businesses contribute to development of country such as Botswana by
increasing international trade which helps a country to earn foreign exchange
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector is that most women - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
have responsibility to care for children as single parents so they are forced into is through workers been paid regular wages/their living standards are
formal production. improved/employment creation
- The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector to supplement low is through technological advancement
income - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana

22
is through availability of variety goods and services

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (a)(i) Using Figs 1A and 1B and your own knowledge, state the differences
between the informal and formal sectors of the economy.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
PAPER 2 - Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by
the law.
1. Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show the informal and formal sectors of
the economy, and answer questions (a)(i) and (ii). - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed
working hours.

- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex
technology

- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large
scale

- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector
has permanent buildings

- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people
are trained for the work

- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the
formal sector tax is paid

- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade
union exist

- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal
sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

23
Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (ii)Suggest possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector, - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
such as the person in Fig. 1A. providing a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, wool, reeds for
weaving/ increases market
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is
lack of capital/small gain/profit - They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at home for
supermarkets.
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
entrepreneurship skills - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
training themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh weather - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
forming self- help group
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is little
market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among themselves (ii)Explain why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in
developing countries.
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
security so cases of theft are common. - The informal sector requires little capital to start

- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is goods of - They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills
poor quality due to poor technology.
- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is
harassment by law officers. - There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation of
employment for the unskilled
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
credit worthiness. - The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and crafts.

- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of - Their operations can be done anywhere.
recognition by the government.
- The goods are mostly affordable.
(b)(i) Describe ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the
economic development of Botswana. - They use simple and intermediate technology

- The way by which women in the informal sector contribute to the economic
development of Botswana is .dominating specific important enterprises like
catering, dressmaking, child care/ provide services

- The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by

utilising their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional skills/ use
less business skills

24
- The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
creating jobs for other people/self -employment

Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4