RTR (A) PART I

WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Basic)

Address - Office no. 126 second floor, pencil square building near Mahindra showroom,
Opp of VP college, Baramati (Pune) 413133

Contact: + 91 9158469696 / 7058765610 ,

CNJAA Inquiry No. 9665376282
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ICAO RECOMMENDED PRACTICES DOCUMENTS

01. Doc 4444 - Air Traffic Management.

02. Doc 7030 - Supplementary Procedures.
03. Doc 9432 - Manual of Radiotelephony.
04. Doc 8400 - ICAO abbreviations and codes.
05. Doc 7910/29 – ICAO publication location indicators.

➢ IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF TERMS

AIRCRAFT – means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from The
reaction of the air other than reaction of air against the earth Surface.

AERODROME – any area of land or water designed, equipped, set apart or Commonly used
for affording facilities for the landing and departure Of aircraft.

AERODROME CONTROLL SERVICE- air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic.

AERODROME TRAFFIC- all traffic on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome and all Aircraft
operating in the vicinity of aerodrome.

AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONE- airspace of defined dimension establish around an

aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.

ADVISORY AREA- a designated area where air traffic advisory service is available.

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE- a radio communication service between aircraft station

and aeronautical stations, or between aircraft stations.

AERONAUTICAL STATION- a land station in the aeronautical mobile service.

AIRCRAFT STATION – a mobile station in the aeronautical mobile service on board an

aircraft.

AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS- two way communication between aircraft and stations

or locations on the surface of the earth.

AIR TRAFFIC- all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.

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AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE (ATS)- a generic term meaning variously, flight information Service,
alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control Service, area control service,
approach control service, or aerodrome Control service.

Objectives of Air Traffic Service:

I. To prevent collision between aircraft.
II. To prevent collision between aircraft and obstructions (like vehicle, building etc.)
III. To provide safe, orderly and expeditious flow of traffic.
IV. To provide information and advise to the traffic.
V. To provide appropriate authority in case of search and rescue.

PARTS OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE (ATS)

1. ATC – AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER.
2. FIS -- FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE.
3. ALERTING SERVICE.

PARTS OF ATC – (AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER)

i. SMC - (surface movement control)
ii. TWR - (aerodrome control tower)
iii. APP - (approach control service)
iv. ACC – (area control service)

AREA CONTROL CENTER- a term used to described a unit providing en-route air Traffic
control service.

ALTITUDE- the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a Point,

measured from mean sea level.

ELEVATION- the vertical distance of a point or level on, or affixed to, the surface of the
earth measured from mean sea level.

HEIGHT- the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point

measured from specified datum.

FLIGHT LEVEL (FL)- a surface of constant atmospheric pressure, which is related to specific
pressure datum, 1013.2 h Pa, and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure
intervals.

BLIND TRANSMISSION- a transmission from one station to another station in circumstances

where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the
called station is able to receive the transmission.

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 BROADCAST – a transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed
to a specific station or stations.

CLEARENCE LIMIT- the point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance.

CONTROL AREA- a controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the
surface of the earth.

CRUISING LEVEL – a level maintained during a significant portion of flight.

CONTROLLER-PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICATIONS (CPDLC)- a means of communication

between controller and pilot; using data link for ATC communication.

DATA LINK AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE (DATIS)- is being provided by

the Airport Authority of India (AAI) on VHF frequencies.

ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL- the time at which the pilot estimates that the aircraft will
be over a specific location.

FLIGHT PLAN- specified information provided to air traffic service units ,relative to an
intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.

HEADING – the direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually
expressed in degrees from NORTH (magnetic).

HOLDING POINT- a speech abbreviation used in radiotelephony phraseology having the

same meaning as taxiway holding position.

IFR FLIGHT- a flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules.

INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (IMC)- meteorological condition expressed

in terms of visibility, horizontal and vertical distance from clouds, less than the minima
specified for visual meteorological cond.

VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION (VMC)- meteorological condition Expressed in

terms of visibility, horizontal and vertical distance from Cloud, equal to or better than
specified minima.

MISSED APPROCH PROCEDURE- the procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be

continued.

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 REPORTING POINT- a specified geographical location in relation to which the position of
aircraft can be reported.
RUNWAY- a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the Landing and
take-off of aircraft.

RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR)- the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the Centre
line of a runway can expect to see the runway surface markings, Or the lights delineating
the runway or identifying its Centre line.

THRESHOLD- the beginning of that portion of the runway useable for landing.

VFR Flight- a flight conducted accordance with visual flight rules.

WIRELESS PLANNING AND COORDINATION (WPC)- set up in 1952 under the Ministry of
communication. The body implements policies framed By the I.T.U. in India and regulates
communications in India.

PROHIBITED AREA- an airspace of defined dimension above the land area or Territorial
waters of India within which the flights are not permitted At any time under any
circumstances.

RESTRICTED AREA- an airspace of define dimension above the land area or Territorial
waters of India within which the flight of aircraft is restricted.

DANGER AREA- an airspace of define dimensions within which activities dangerous To the
flight of aircraft exist at the specified times.

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 ➢ IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
ABM- Abeam BFR- Before
ABT - About BKN- Broken
ABV- Above BLDG- Building
ACFT- Aircraft BLW- Below
ACC- Area Control Centre or Area Control BRG- Bearing
A/C- Aircraft BRK- Brake
ACK- Acknowledge BTN- Between
ACPT- Accept or Accepted
AD- Aerodrome CAPT- Captain
ADJ- Adjacent CB- Cumulonimbus
ADY- Advise/advisory CFM- Confirm
ADZ- Advice CLD- Cloud
AFT- After CLR- Clear or Cleared
AGN- Again CLSD- Close or Closed
ATTN- Attention CMB- Climb To or Climbing To
ALT- Altitude CMPL- Completion or Completed
ALTN- Alternate CNL- Cancel
AP- Airport COM- Communication
A/P- Auto Pilot COND- Condition
APCH- Approach CONS- Continuous
APP- Approach Control Service CO-ORD - Coordinate or Coordination
APN- Apron CRS- Course
APRX- Approximate or Approximately CTN- Caution
APV- Approve or Approved DA- Decision altitude
ARNG- Arrange DCT- Direct
ASC- Ascend To Ascending To DEV- Deviation
ATA- Actual Time Of Arrival DIV- Divert or Diverting
ATC- Air Traffic Control DEP- Departure
ATD- Actual Time of Departure DTRT- Deteriorate
AUTH- Authorized or Authorization DES- Descend To or Descending To
AVBL- Available DESMST- Destination
AWY- Airway DH- Decision Height
AZM- Azimuth DIST- Distance
DLA- Delay
DNG- Dander
BA- Braking Action DOC- Document
BAT- Battery DUR- Duration
BEST- Broadcast
BDRY- Boundary
BECMG- Becoming

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EB- Eastbound IDENT- Identification
ELECT- Electric, Electricity IMPR- Improve Or Improving
ELEV- Elevation IMT- Immediate or Immediately
EMERG-Emergency INBD- Inbound
ENG- Engine INFO- Information
ENGG- Engineering INOP- Inoperative
EQPT- Equipment INSTR- Instrument
EST- Estimate or Estimated INT- Intersection
EXER- Exercises INTST- Intensity
EXT- External ISOL- Isolated
EXTD- Extend or Extending
KT- Knots
FCST- Forecast
FL- Flight level LAT- Latitude
FLR- Flares LDG- Landing
FLG- Flashing LEN- Length
FLT- Flight LGT- Light Or Lighting
FLW- Follow LGTD- Lighted
FM- From LH- Left Hand
FSL- Full Stop Landing LLZ- Localizer
FWD- Forward LONG- Longitude
LSQ- Line squall
GA- Go Ahead or Going around LVL- Level
GLD- Glider LW- Landing weight
GND- Ground
GP- Glide path M…- Mach Number
GR- Group MM- meter
GS- Ground speed MAG- Magnetic
G/S- Glide Slope MAINT- Maintenance
MAX- Maximum
HDG- Heading MET- Meteorology
HGT- Height MM- Middle marker
HLDG- Holding MNM- Minimum
HR- Hours MNT- Monitor or Monitoring
HYD- Hydraulic MNTN- Maintain
MOD- Moderate
MSG- Message

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N/A- Not available or Not applicable REC- Receive or Receiver
NAV- Navigation REDL- Runway Edge Light
NC- No change REF- Reference to or Refer to
NGT- Night REG- Registration RENL- Runway End Light
NM- Nautical mile REP- Report or Reporting
NML- Normal REQ- Request
NR- Number RERTE- Re-route
NXT- Next RG- Range
RH- Rescue Helicopter
OBS- Observe or Observation RLCE- Request Level Change en-route
OBSTR- Obstruction RNN- Resume Normal Navigation
OM- Outer marker ROC- Rate Of Climb
OPN- Open or Opening or Opened ROD- Rate Of Descend
RON- Receiving only
P…- Prohibited area RPL- Repetitive Flight Plan
PARL- Parallel RPLC- Replace or Replaced
PAX- Passenger RPT- Repeat
PER- Performance RR- Report Reaching
PERM- Permanent RTE- Route
POB- Person On Board RWY- Runway
POSS- Possible
PRI- Primary SAP- As soon as possible
PRKG- Parking SAR- Search and Rescue
PS- Plus SEC- Seconds
PSN- Position SECT- Sector
PT- Point SFC- Surface
PTN- Procedure turn SGL- Signal
PVT- Private SPD- Speed
PWR- Power QUAD- Quadrant SPI- Special Position Indicator
SPOT- Spot Wind
R.. – Restricted area SQ- Squall SRY- Secondary
RAD- Radius STA- Straight in approach
RASH- Rain Showers STD- Standard
RCF- Radio Communication Failure STN- Station
RCL- Runway Centre Line STNR- Stationary
RDL Radial SVCBL- Serviceable
RDO- Radio SYS- System
RH- Right hand

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T – Temperature
TA- Transition altitude
TAIL- Tail wind
TAS- True Air Speed
TAX- Taxi
TFC- Traffic
TGL- Touch and Go Landing
THRU- Trough
TIL- Until
T/O – Take-off
TRNG- Training
TURB- Turbulence
TWR- Tower
TYP- Type of Aircraft
UFN- Until Further Notice
UNA- Unable
U/S- Unserviceable
UTC- Coordinated Universal Time
VCY- Vicinity
VIS- Visibility
VRB- Variable
VSP- Vertical Speed
WDI- Wind direction indicator
WIP- Work in progress
WPT- Way-point
WRNG- Warning
WS- Wind shear
WT- Weight
WX- Weather
WXR- Weather Radar
X – Cross
XNG- Crossing
XCVER- Trans receiver
XFR- Transfer
XMTR- Transmitter

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PHONETIC ALPHABET AND NUMBER

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 ➢ METROROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Voice Weather Broadcast (VOLMET)- The content of a VOLMET broadcast is as
follows:

➢ Aerodrome identification (e.g. Mumbai)

➢ Surface wind
➢ Visibility
➢ RVR
➢ Weather
➢ Cloud
➢ Temperature
➢ QNH
➢ Trend

Current weather message –

➢ METAR – Aviation Routine Weather Report

➢ SPECI – Aviation selected special whether report
➢ TREND- expected changes in next two hours
➢ TAF- Aerodrome forecast
➢ ROFOR – Route forecast

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMES TO BE TRANSMITTED AS A SPOKEN WORDS
WHEN USED IN RADIOTELEPHONY

ACARS- Aircraft communication addressing and reporting system

ACAS – Airborne collision avoidance system
AIREP – Air report
AIRMET- Information concerning en-route whether phenomena which may affect The
safety of low level aircraft operation.
ALERFA – Alert phase
ATIS – Automatic terminal information service
AVGAS- aviation gasoline
CAVOK- visibility, cloud, and present whether better than the prescribed value or Condition.
D-ATIS – Data link automatic terminal information service
DETRESFA – Distress phase
EFIS – Electronic flight instrument system
GAGAN – GPS and geostationary earth orbit augmented navigation.
INCERFA – uncertainty phase
LORAN- Long rang air navigation system
MET – meteorological
METAR – aerodrome routine meteorological report
MOPS – minimum operational performance standard
NOSING – No significant change (used in trend type landing forecasts)
OPS – operation
PAPI- precision approach path indicator
PROB – probability
RNAV – area navigation
SATCOM – satellite communication
SID – standard instrument departure
SIGMET – Information concerning en-route phenomena which may affect the Safety of
aircraft operation.
SPECIAL- special meteorological report
SPOT – spot wind
STAR – standard instrument arrival
TACAN – UHF tactical air navigation system
TAF – Aerodrome forecast
TAIL - tail wind
TCAS – traffic collision avoidance system
TIL - until
VASIS – visual approach slop indicator system
VOLMET – meteorological information for aircraft in flight

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS TO BE TRANSMITTED USING THE INDIVIDUAL
LETTERS IN NON-PHONETIC FORM WHEN USED IN RADIOTELEPHONY

ACC- area control centre

ADF- Automatic direction finding equipment
AFTN- aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
ATA – actual time of arrival
ATD – actual time of departure
ATC – air traffic control
CB – cumulonimbus
CPDLC- controller pilot Data link communication
DME- distance measuring equipment
ETA- estimated time of arrival
ETD – estimated time of departure
FMS- flight management system
GNSS- global navigation satellite system
GPWS – ground proximity warning system
ILS- instrument landing system
MLS – microwave landing system
NDB- non-directional radio beacon
PSR- primary surveillance radar
QDM- magnetic heading
QNH – Altimeter sub scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground
RNP- required navigation performance
RVSM – reduce vertical separation minima
SSR – secondary surveillance radar
TMA- terminal control area
VOR – VHF omnidirectional radio range

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 STANDARD WORDS AND PHRASES
PHRASE MEANING

ACKNOWLEDGE “let me know that you have received and

understood this message.”

AFFERM “YES.”

APPROVED “Permission for proposed action granted.”

BREAK “I hereby indicate the separation between

portion of the message.”

BREAK BREAK “I hereby indicate the separation between

messages transmitted to different aircraft
in a very busy environment.

CANCLE “annual the previously transmitted

clearance”

CHANGING TO : “when transferring to a pilot-to-controller

channel;

CHECK “examine a system or procedure.”

CLEARED “authorized to proceed under the condition

specified.”

CLIMB “climb to a FL…”

CONFIRM “I request verification of: clearance,

instruction, action, information.”

CONTACT “Establish communication with…”

CORRECT “true” or “Accurate”

CORRECTION “an error has been made in this

transmission.”

DESCEND “descend to FL..”

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DISREGARD “ignore.”

GO AHEAD “proceed with your message.”

HOLD SHORT: “stop before reaching the specific location.”

HOW DO YOU READ: “what is the readability of my

transmission?”

I SAY AGAIN “I repeat for clarity or emphasis.”

LANDED “Aircraft LANDED..”

MAINTAIN “continue in accordance with condition

specified”

MONITOR: “listen out on.. (frequency).”

NEGATIVE “NO” or “permission not granted.”

OPERATION NORMAL When “operational normal” reports are

Transmitted by aircraft, they should consist
of the prescribed call followed by the words
“OPERATIONAL NORMAL.”

OVER “my transmission is ended, and I expect a

response from you.”

OUT “this exchange of transmission is ended and

no response is expected.”

READ BACK “repeat all, or the specified part, of this

message back to me exactly as received.

REPORT “pass me the following information..”

REQUEST “ I should like to know..”

ROGER “I have received all of your last

transmission.”

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SAY AGAIN: “Repeat all, or the following part, of your
last transmission.”

SPEAK SLOWER: “Reduce your rate of speech.”

STANDBY: “wait and I will call you.”

UNABLE/IMPOSSIBLE: “I cannot comply with your request,

instruction or clearance.”

VERIFY “confirm from originator.”

WILCO “I understood your message and will

comply with it.”

WORDSTWICE “as a request: communication is difficult.

Please send every word, or group of words,
twice.”

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 ➢ FIRs AND LOCATION INDICATORS FIR (Flight Information Region)
India is divided into five FIRs.
1. Chennai FIR
2. Delhi FIR
3. Kolkata FIR
4. Mumbai FIR
5. Guwahati FIR

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 LOCATION INDICATORS
• ICAO publication location indicators. (Doc 7910/29 and AIP, India)
• India has been divided into five regions
Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Delhi & Chennai region.

• Location Indicator are 4 letter code beginning with letter V,

second letter indicate FIR ( eg. A for Mumbai ) last two letters are
the real location code.

1. Mumbai FIR = A
2. Delhi FIR = I
3. Chennai FIR = O
4. Kolkata FIR = E
5. Guwahati FIR = E

eg. VIDP… Delhi

eg. VECC.. Calcutta
eg. VOBG… Bengaluru
eg. VISR.. Srinagar
eg. VABB.. Bombay
eg. VOMM… Madras
eg. VANP.. Nagpur

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 LOCATION INDICATORS
List of Location Indicators is given in four parts viz. Chennai FIR, Delhi FIR,
Kolkata FIR and Mumbai FIR. The location indicators marked with an asterisk
(*) cannot be used in the address component of AFS message.

1. CHENNAI FIR

BANGALORE VOBG* MANGLORE VOML

BANGALORE INTL VOBL MYSORE VOMY*
BIDAR VOBR* PONDICHERRY VOPC
CALICUT VOLC PORTBLAIR VOPB
CHENNAI VOMM RAICHUR VORR*
CHENNAI(FIC) VOMF RAMAGUNDAM VORG
COCHIN INTL VOCI TANJORE VOTA*
COIMBATORE VOCB TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI VOTR
GULBARGA VOGB TIRUPATI VOTP
HYDERABAD VOHY THRUVANANTHAPURA VOTV
HYDERABAD INTL VOHL VIJAYAWADA VOBZ*
KANCHEEPURAM VOKP* VIKARABAD VOVB*
MADURAI VOMD MAHAD VOMH

2. DELHI FIR

AGRA VIAG JAMMU (IAF) VIJU*

ALIGARH VIAH* JHANSI VIJN*
AMRITSAR VIAR JODHPUR (IAF) VIJO
JAIPUR VIJP KANPUR VIKA*
BHATINDA VIBT BIKANER VIBK*
CHANDIGARH VICG VARANASI VIBN
DADRI VIDR* LEH VILH*
DEHRADUN VIDN* LUCKNOW VILK
DELHI VIDD LUDHIANA VILD*
DELHI (FIC) VIDP NUH VINH*
FIROZPUR VIFZ* PATHANKOT (IAF) VIPK
GUNA VIGN* PATIALA VIPL*
GWALIOR (IAF) VIGR RAIBARELLY VIRB*
SRINAGAR (IAF) VISR SAFDARJUNG VIDD
SHIMLA VISM* SIKANDRABAD VISB*

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 3. MUMBAI FIR

AHMEDABAD VAAH KHAJURAHO VAKJ

AKOLA VAAK KHANDWA VAKD*
AURANGABAD VAAU NAGPUR VANP
BELGAUM VABM NANDED VAND
BHOPAL VABP PORBANDAR VAPR
BILASPUR VABI* PRATAPGARH VAPG
DAMAN VADN* PUNE (IAF) VAPO
GOA (NAVY) VAGO RAIPUR VARP*
GUNA VAGN RAJKOT VARK
HUBALI VAHB SONGADH VASG*
INDORE VAID SURAT VASU*
JABALPUR VAJB* UDAIPUR VAUD
JAMNAGAR (IAF) VAJM VADODRA VABO
MUMBAI VABB MUMBAI (FIC) VABF
MUMBAI (JUHU) VAJJ

4. KOLKATA FIR

AGARTALA VEAT GORAKHPUR (IAF) VEGK

AIZWAL VEAZ* GUWAHATI VEGT
BAGDOGRA (IAF) VEBD IMPHAL VEIM
KEONJHAR VEKJ* JAMSHEDPUR VEJS
KHOWAI VEKW* JORHAT (IAF) VEJT
KOLKATA VECC KAMALPUR VEKM*
KOLKATA (BEHALA) VEBA* TUSRA VETS*
KOLKATA (FIC) VECF VISHAKHPATNAM VEVZ
KONARK VEKN* PADAMPUR VEPP
BHUBNESHWAR VEBS PANAGARH VEPH
BOKARO VEBK PATNA VEPT
CHAKULLA VECK RANCHI VERC
DHANBAD VEDB* RAYAGUDA VERG*
GAYA VEGY SILCHAR VEKU

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 ➢ when transmitting messages containing aircraft call signs,
transponder codes and frequencies, runway designators,
pressure altimeter settings, headings, flight level, wind speed/
direction, airspeed each digit shall be transmitted separately the
numbers will be pre-fixed with words as shown in example
below.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE TRANSMITTED AS

Aircraft call-sign AI 235 Air India 235

6E 146 IFLY 146

Flight levels FL 180 Flight level WUN AIT ZERO

FL 200 Flight level TOO ZE-RO ZE-RO

Headings HDG 150 Heading one five zero

Wind direction and 020 degree 70 KT Wind ZE-RO TOO ZE-RO Degrees
speed SEVEN ZERO knots

Runway designator 19 Runway WUN NINER

23L Runway TOO TREE left

Mach number 0.84 Mach DAY SEE MAL AIT FOWer

Altimeter setting 1027 hPa QNH WUN ZE-RO TOO SEVEN

Frequencies 128.3 MHz WUN TOO AIT DAY SEE MAL TREE

Altitude 300 ft TREE HUN dred feet

1500 ft WUN TOU SAND FIFE HUN dred

feet
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 WUN ZE-RO TOU SAND FIFE HUN
10,500 ft dred feet

Visibility 200 m TOO HUN dred meters

1500 m WUN TOU SAND FIFE HUN dred

meters

3000 m TREE TOU SAND meters

Cloud height 800 ft AIT HUN dred feet

2200 ft TOO TOU SAND TOO HUN dred

feet

Runway visual range 700 m RVR SEVen HUNdred meters

1600 m RVR WUN TOU SAND SIX HUN

dred meters

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 CODE- DESIGNATORS (AIRLINES):
AIRLINE ICAO code IATA code CALL SIGN

Air India AIC AI Air India

Jet Airways JAI 9W Jet Airways

Spice jet SEJ SG Spice jet

Go Air GOW G8 Go Air

Air India Express AXB - Express India

Blue Dart Aviation BDA BZ Blue Dart

Indian Airlines IAC IC Indair

Indigo Airlines IGO 6E I FLY

Vistara VTI UK Vistara

➢ PRIORITY OF MESSAGES IN AERO MOBILE SERVICE

1. Distress call messages & traffic. MAYDAY

2. Urgency message including messages preceded by medical transport signal

PANPAN/or PANPAN Medical. And Security (SECURITY, SECURITY,
SECURITY)

3. Communication relating to direction finding.

4. Flight safety message.

5. Meteorological messages.

6. Flight regularity message.

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 TEST TRANSMISSION
All radio transmissions for test purpose shall be of the minimum duration necessary for the
test and shall not continue for more than 10 seconds. The recurrence of such transmission
shall be kept to the minimum necessary for the test. When the test are made, the following
readability scale should be used:

Scale Readability

1 Unreadable
2 Readable now and then
3 Readable but with difficulty
4 Readable
5 Perfectly readable

TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE

The following transmitting techniques will assist in ensuring that transmitted

speech is clearly and satisfactorily received.

a) Before transmission is check that the receiver volume is set at the optimum
level and listen out on frequency to be used to ensure that there will be no
interference with a transmission from another station.
b) Be familiar with microphone operating techniques and do not turn your head
away from it whilst talking or vary the distance between it and your mouth.
Severe distortion of speech may arise from:
✓ Talking too close to the microphone
✓ Touching the microphone with the lips.
✓ Holding the microphone or boom.
c) Use a normal conversation tone, speak clearly and distinctly.
d) Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute.
e) Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level.
f) A slight pause before and after numbers will assist in making them easier to
understand.

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REMEMBER FOUR “Ws” BEFORE TRANSMITTING

W - Whom are you calling ?

W - Who are you ?
W - Where Are you ?
W - What do you want ?

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