STS Midterm

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STS MIDTERM

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LESSON 1: HUMAN FLOURISHING

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Eudaimonia, literally “good spirited,” is a term coined by renowned Greek
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philosopher Aristotle (385-323BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is

attainable by humans.

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! Human flourishing (in literature) likening humans to flowers achieving their full
bloom.
! Human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as phronesis,

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friendship, wealth, and power.
! As time changes, elements that comprise human flourishing change, which is
subject to the dynamic social history as written by humans.
! Our concept of human flourishing today proves to be different from what Aristotle
originally perceived then―humans of today are expected to become a “man of
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the world.” Twitter
! Competition as means of survival has become passé; coordination is the new
trend.

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! Interestingly, there exists a discrepancy between eastern and western
conceptions regarding society and human flourishing.
a. Chinese Confucian system or the Japanese Bushido, both of which
view the whole as greater than their components. The Chinese and the Japanese
encourage studies of literature, sciences, and art, not entirely for oneself but in
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service of a greater cause.
b. Greek Aristotelian view, on the other hand, aims for eudaimonia as the
ultimate good; there is no indication whatsoever that Aristotle entailed it
instrumental to achieve some other goals.

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Flourishing borders allowed people full access to cultures that as a result, very
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few are able to maintain their original philosophies

Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing

! Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human
knowledge
! One of the most prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate
themselves in the world by finding proof to trace evolution.

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Science as Method and Results
It presents a general idea of how to do science:
1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.
2. Determine the problem and identify the factors involved.

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ASC Ref No. G0147P011824M

3. Formulate a hypothesis that could explain the said phenomenon. The goal is to
reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis for the study
4. Conduct the experiment by setting up the dependent and independent variables
5. Gather and analyze results
6. Formulate conclusions and provide recommendations

Verification Theory
The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is verification
theory or also known as verificationism, verification principle, or verification criterion of
meaning. The idea proposes that a discipline is a science if it can be confirmed or
interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis is accepted. The verification theory
of meaning claims that the meaning of a sentence is the method of its verification. It is
the philosophical doctrine that only statements that are empirically verifiable through
senses are cognitively meaningful, or else they are truths of logic. This was espoused
by a movement in the early twentieth century or1920s called the “Vienna Circle”, a
group of scholars who believed that only those which can be observed should be
regarded as meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as
meaningless. It was a central thesis of logical positivism by the efforts of a group of
philosophers who sought to unify philosophy and science. Its shortcomings, however,
proved to be somewhat too risky – several budding theories that lack empirical results
might be shot down prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity of
newer, novel thoughts. Aside from discoveries in physics, Einstein’s theory, and
quantum mechanics critique, this theory completely fails to weed out bogus arguments
that explain things coincidentally. A classic example is an astrology, whose followers
are able to employ the verification method in ascertaining its reliability. The idea is that
since one already has some sort of expectation on what to find, they will interpret events
in line with said expectations. American philosopher Thomas Kuhn warned us against
bridging the gap between evidence and theory by attempting to interpret the former
according to our own biases, that is, whether or not, we subscribe to the theory.

According to verification theory, only statements that can be verified by sight,

sound, touch, taste, and smell can have true meaning. The only exceptions are
"tautologies" of logic, for example, "God is God," "Beauty is Beauty," and "Morals are
Morals." In other words, we may speak of metaphysical objects if we make useless
tautologies of them. Verification theory rejects cognitively "meaningless" statements
specific to entire fields such as metaphysics, theology, ethics, and aesthetics. Such
statements may be meaningful in influencing emotions or behavior, but not in terms of
conveying truth value, information, or factual content.

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Falsification Theory
The Falsification Theory, proposed by Karl Popper, is a way of demarcating
science from non-science. It suggests that for a theory to be considered scientific it
must be able to be tested and proven false. In a series of famous works starting in the
late 1950s, Popper criticized some (supposedly) scientific fields of study as insufficiently
rigorous. It seemed to him that some researchers were focused only on finding positive
evidence that could be used to confirm their favorite theories rather than really
challenging their theories by trying to find evidence against those theories. Falsifiability
is the capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proven
wrong. That capacity is an essential component of the scientific method and hypothesis
testing. The requirement of falsifiability means that conclusions cannot be drawn from
simple observation of a particular phenomenon. For example, the statement “all swans
are white” would be falsified by observing a black swan (or admitting the possibility of a
black swan somewhere in existence). If the statements are proven false, then it
becomes unreasonable to support the theory any longer.

Science as Social Endeavor

! Science as a social endeavor means the application of science to figuring out
how the world works/exists/originated etc. Another dimension of Science as a
social endeavor is to solve various problems, satisfy various needs, and
sustainable development of society with the help of scientific knowledge. The
study of science as a social endeavor has a prominent place in any curriculum
that has science literacy’ as one of its aims. The development of Scientific
literacy is considered to be the major aim of studying science as a social
endeavor.

Science and Results

! A scientific experiment has a beginning and an end. The results are simply the
end of the scientific experiment: What you found in your study. It does with a
series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions
about the natural world. It involves making observations, formulating a
hypothesis, and conducting scientific experiments

Science as Education
Science, along with mathematics, were perceived as the most in-demand track
as people thought that these will land them high-paying jobs and lucrative careers after
graduation. In the Philippines, schools mostly use science and mathematics in entrance
exams at the secondary and tertiary levels to ensure the adeptness of students in the

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aforementioned fields. This can be reflected in the number of students enrolled in STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)-offering schools.
However, when one student who came from a science high school was asked
to report Paul Feyerabend’s work How to Defend Society Against Science, he strongly
refused the idea of the author and critiqued him instead. This only proves that the
former kind of academic environment made students unwelcoming objections against
science. The idea of Paul Feyerabend aims to hone and preserve students’ capacity to
entertain other options and will allow students some level of unorthodoxy. It means that
his idea encourages students to accept facts other than what’s usual or accepted by
society. Innovations are brought by visionaries and not the prude legalists, which means
the creative ones are those who have wider perspectives and higher scale of
imagination and not those who just stick to norms. Similar to Aristotle’s concept of
Eudaimonic where a person is required to be knowledgeable not only on science but
also on other things of equal importance. He should not focus on one aspect alone but
rather as a whole. The reason why it is called science is because of the variety of
procedures it offers in an experiment to come up with the result.

LESSON 2: TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

The curiosity of people towards science and technology led to numerous inven8ons that enhanced
everything around us not limited to culture, language, or rights. The way of living today contrary to
those of the past gives us an insight as to how the existence of science and technology in<uenced a
much-pronounced means. However, it cannot be denied that a certain genera8on gap hinders everyone
from enjoying the perks it broughtconsidering there are varie8es of technologies within reach that are
too complicated for older genera8ons due to the fact that they were accustomed to a more simplis8c
form of lifestyle in the past. Worry not, this does not create boundaries between genera8ons if taken as
a challenge to work on for the beCerment of all. Younger genera8ons could work on making these
technological advancements user-friendly with the inten8on of makingthem accessible and less addling
to their superiors as the world changes itself everyone needs to adapt to certain changes to enable
<ourishment to take place.

It proves that there is liCle capacity for our ancestors to contemplate and perceive things outside
themselves in a more re<ec8ve maCer, with liCle to no access to wriCen accounts except several cave
drawings and unearthed ar8facts, It is hard to pinpoint where exactly this all started but the early
ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the inven8ons using their wits to u8lize abundant
materials for their ease and comfort. For an instance:

Homo Erectus -used Kre to cook without realizing the law of fric8on and heat by tools from stone and
<ints that marked the Stone Age Era.

Home Sapiens-sharpening of stones such as a simple machine called a wedge.

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Venus Figure (Miniature statues prevalent in the Paleolithic Period)-a rudimentary carving of a
voluptuous woman out of ivory stone that infers a Kxa8on to female anatomy found in excava8ons in
diSerent parts of Europe.

Minerals-metalwork; substances that are more malleable, durable, and luster.Fur clothing and animal
skin -primarily used for comforts from harsh winds.

Early accessories-found in excava8ons that suggest an engagement to the concept of beauty. An ini8al
order of primi8ve God's

-ceremonial Kgures found in excava8ons pertained to prior civiliza8ons honoring dei8es for things out of
their control.

-in windy places like mountains, there are mountain gods to explain wind currents and ask for
provisions.

-in coastal areas, there are water gods when asking for a good catch.

Elephants and Mammoths majes8c creatures that might have been awed by their size and worship as
the owners of the land.

-On the contrary, might’ve hunted them for the en8re community to eat.

Sun-a generic god shared by many prior civiliza8ons

.Religion -remains to be the strongest contender to science.

The earliest case of man-made ex8nc8on occurred 12,000 years ago brought by hun8ng and territorial
disputes.

The Holocene ex8nc8on ( between 100,000 to 200,000 years up to present)

-pertains to the ongoing ex8nc8on of several species both <ora and fauna due to human ac8vity.

Growing popula8on

-necessitated overhun8ng and overKshing which were endemic to the era causing several species to lose
compe8tors in food and territory.

Forma8on of communi8es

-paved the way for civiliza8ons as it caused humans to expand for in every factor.

The constant need for resources taught the early civiliza8ons to engage in less bloody nego8a8ons
through trade leading to cross towns and cross-cultural interac8ons. Wealth became the main goal for
survival, it triggered producing things in the prospect of proKt. As humanity became more complex, the
primary goal was not merely to survive, but to live a good life.

Mar8n Heidegger

-a philosopher in the advent of postmodernism who argued that the essence of purpose and being of
technology are diSerent from each other.

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-Expounding a point that can be perceived; First, a means to achieve man’s ends. Second, paints
technologythat each period reveals a par8cular character regarding man’s being.

In conclusion, the Human condi8on improved but as to ini8al aims things did not much make a
diSerence as it is only a rehashed version of its formal self. Some people s8ll baCle for their daily
survival. The two paradigms; Religion and technology are s8ll being used as an aCempt to understand
circumstances. Aristotle’s concep8on of human <ourishing entertains the idea of holis8c enrichment of
person situated in his society which starters could consider for other concepts enlivened with
technological advancements through the notable dis8nc8on would fall under the considera8on of
virtues and their role in achieving a good life. Regardless, technological advancements although oSering
us a compelling no8on of the truth and the good, it s8ll occurs at a rapid pace that morality cannot seem
to keep up with, with no considera8on given in achieving the good life.

LESSON 3: THE GOOD LIFE

Introduc8on

`In the ancient Greece long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to understand the
world and the reality was bound with the need to understand the self and good life. `For Plato, the task
of understanding the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly gecng into what will make
the soul <ourish.

In an aCempt to understand reality and the external world, man must seek to understand himself, too.

`It was Aristotle who gave the deKni8ve dis8nc8on between the theore8cal and prac8cal science

`Among the Theore8cal disciplines, Aristotle include:

`Logic; `Physics; and

`Biology; `Metaphysics

`Among Prac8cal ones, Aristotle counted:

`Ethics; and

`Poli8cs

`Whereas,“truth” is the aim of theore8cal science.

`The “good” is the end goal of prac8cal ones.

`Every aCempt to know is connected in some way in an aCempt to Knd the “good” or as said in the
previous lesson, aCainment of human <ourishing.

`Rightly so, one must Knd the truth about what the good is before one can even try to locate that which
is good.

`We have seen how a misplaced or an erroneous idea of human<ourishing can turn tables for all of us;

`Make science work against us rather than for us;

`And, draw chasm between the search for truth and for the good.

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