cH. 5 ‘Section 1 Introduction to Drafting Chapter Summary Freehand hod of making | a gnawing without the use of drafting ing ments, Most drafters and design: rechand Thetching to “think through’ solutions ‘before | Starting an instrument drawing. A pencil, soft 4 Sraser, and some paper are all that is needed to make a sketch. technique is important and will i sketches. Hold the pencil firmly, but not {00 tight Your arm and | Rand should have a free and °a5y ‘movement. parse the pencil slightly between strokes Rover che point. Initial lines should be fem and fight, but not fuzzy. Good snd. sketches ‘have character all their own. ae aketching horizontal, vestical, and inclined lines before sketching circles, arc and ellipses. Several methods are ‘used to sketch erates, arcs, and ellipses. Irregular curves may # be sketched using a series of poin’s Use good prop: portion is the relation o Po the whole object. Use either # to the Netitod to accomplish proper Proportion eater one or more styles of lettering, Single™ stroke Gothic lettering has been used in ‘drafting, foc many years Use guidelines tomaintai PPE har height. Visualize proper spacing Debwer® | letters and words. The ‘appearance of lettering ona drawing is ‘when the style, height, slope, spacing, and line weight oFe uniform. |) ORE ee rewings to be used for photographic | reproductions in, technical publications are TeRod. Lettering devices are available, but free- hand lettering in ink is an ability that should be } developed. * oPrering, on a CAD drawing is called te | che ability to create text is one of ine most important advantages provided PY CAD. Text impomands are used to create text styles place text. Text canbe easily revised with editing Fommands if changes are necessary- | Additional Resources 1 Product Suppliers Alvin & Co, Inc. ‘wwsw.alvinco.com Chartpak, Inc. wwnw.charipak.com Staedtler, Inc. www.staedtier-usa.com ‘Vemnco Corporation ‘www.verncocorp.com Resource Providers ‘American National Standards Institute (ANSI) wwuw.ansi.org “American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) www.asme.org International Organization for Standardization vwwnw.i80.07g Review Questions 4, Most drafters and engineers use ——— Sketching to “think through’solutions 9 Shafting problems before starting an insin ment drawing. Graph paper is available in varying sizes. 1 When sketching, the pointof the pencil Should extend approximately __—inche ‘beyond your fingertips. | When sketching straight lines, your eV" Hae be on the point where the line wil . Horizontal lines are sketched with a Peat that keeps the forearm approxinily tothe line being sketched. All straight lines vertical are drawn as Ii ‘Name four methods of sketching ci and arcs. 1. When sketching an ellipse, involves using only your hand-e nnation and judgment?chreree 8 244 Section 2 Drafting Techniques ane Skills the projection is called the top view or plan vievw, On the profile plane, the projection is called the side view or end view, or the side elevation or end elevation. The three projection planes are at right angles to each other when in their natural post- tion (with the glass box closed), Figure 8-5. The frontal plane is considered to be lying in the. plane of the drawing paper. The horizontal and profile planes are revolved into position on the drawing so that they are in the same plane as the | drawing paper. The three projection planes are referred to as principal planes because they are Frontal Protle ‘the views shown on most drawings. These three planes are also called coordinate Figure 8-4. The three principal planes of projection planes because of their right-angle relationship used in orthographic projection are the frontal plane, in the folded box. When they are unfolded, horizontal plane, and profile plane. —Line of sight Top viow on the hortzortal plane _ |, Priation nos NI a | iy \ Right side view on th Profle plane Front view on the frontal plane of eight ie of sight Figure 8-5. The three principal projection planes are at right angles to each other when the “glass box’ is closed. ‘These planes are used to project the features of an object onto a two-dimensional surface.chneree 8 | 262 Section 2 Drafting Techniques and Skills Chapter Summary The multiview drawing is the major type of drawing used in industry. The various views ‘of an object are carefully selected to show every detail of size and shape. Usually three views are drawn. This system of drawing is known as orthographic projection. Anorthographic projection drawing isa rep- resentation of the separate views of an object on a two-dimensional surface. It shows the width, depth, and height of the object. The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point assumed to be at infinity with lines of sight Z parallel to each other and perpendicular to the f| plane of projection. {The projection shown in the frontal plane is the front view. The projection shown on the {| horizontal plane is the top view. The projection shown on the profile plane is the side view. The frontal, horizontal, and profile planes are called the principal planes and are at right angles to each other in t natural position. To draw the views of an object, measure- sments of points, lines, and surfaces are made in one view and projected to the other views. A point is defined as something having position, but not extension—no length, depth, or height. A straight line is defined as the shortest distance ‘between two points. Surfaces may be planar or curved, ‘The first considerations in making multi- view drawings are the selection and arrange- ment of views to be drawn. Select the views that best describe the details of the part or object. ‘The front view should best describe the shape of the object. The number of views to be drawn depends on the complexity of the part. Also, consider the natural or functioning position of i) the object, place the principal surface parallel or perpendicular to one ot more planes, and orient ‘the object to produce the least hidden lines. Precedence of lines often is a concern of the f drafter. The order of precedence is as follows: Visible lines, hidden lines, cutting-plane lines, centerlines, break lines, dimension and exten- sion lines, and section lines. A number of conventional drafting practices are used to reduce costs, speed the drafting process, and clarify drawings. Conventional practices are used for drawing fillets and rounds, runouts, right and lefthand parts, cylinder intersections,.revolving radial features, parts in alternate positions, and repeated details. Drawings made in orthographic projec- tion are referred to as first-angle or third-angle projections. Third-angle projection is used in the United States'and Canada. Most European countries use first-angle projection. The main difference is the arrangement of the views. Study and learn to visualize objects from multiview drawings. This will take some practice. Review Questions 1. What is a multiview drawing? 2. In multiview drawing, the top view always appears above which view? , Another name for the multiview drawing process is . Whet are the three principal projection planes? . The ___plane is considered to be lying in the plane of the drawing paper. A____is defined as something having position, but not extension. 7. A __is defined as the shortest distance between two points. 8 Name the four basic types of straight lines. found on objects in drawings. 9. ___lines are parallel to both the frontal and profile planes. 10. ____lines are parallel to one plane of projection and inclined in the other two planes. |. ___ lines are neither parallel nor perpen- dicular to any of the planes of projection. .. Horizontal surfaces are parallel to the hori- zontal projection plane 3 and appear in their true size and shape in the __ view.Chapter 8 Multiview Drawings — Oblique surfaces are neither parallel nor 43 Problems and Activities to any of the planes of projection. ea See Multiview le ‘given i A regular cylinder will appear as a circle in Wf sections to prota you wie oxpriene ane View and as a____in the other views. "View projection techniques. These problema ce When making a multiview drawing, which ag completed manually or using a CAD system, view should best describe the shape of the “* 4 tye Drawings with Miset Soject? tiview Drawings with Missing Lin Flat objects made from relatively thin shetty | Study the multiview drawings in Figure. stock may be adequately represented with CS acc te ed Eeery and add aly oie ying what omer gins Ure pronnat dnenne ou eearen iene as shown. If you are drawing the probl f Name four factors that serve as guidelines 1] manually, make a sketch of each protlen in the selection of views when making Use the Layout Il sheet format ‘given in multiview drawings. Reference Section. Have your problem sket Surfaces and intersections that are hidden J approved by your instructor before proceed: behind a portion ofthe object in a particu” 44. iv ew Drawings with Missing Vi lar view are usually represented by, lultiview Drawings with Missing Vier lines take precedence over all others. J Dranaty the eras i oo : : ww the given views of the problems a oe comer is known Y the missing views. Use approximate din ee ae nall, sounded, exterior sons and keep the objects in proportion. C4 Sea cre the views as shown. If you are drawing, U. A(n) __is the intersection ofa fillet or 3P problems manually, make a sketch of round with another surface, problem first. Use the Layout II sheet f f Inorthographic projection therearetwo given i the Reference Section. Have your pl common methods tsed for making draw- lem sketches approved by your instructor ings. These methods are referred to as. proceeding. firstngle projection and ___ projection. Projection is the orthographic projec- 8%, ion method used in the United States and Canada.town in Figure 9-50, the Leader com- aseful for dimensioning chamfers, The smmand can also be used for creating trol frames used in geometric dimen ind tolerancing applications. This is in Chapter 19. 2 dimensioning ceviously discussed, ordinate dimen- similar to linear dimensions, They from datum planes and are used to inear distances. However, they are extension lines without dimension arrowheads, Ordinate dimensions can sedrawn using the Ordinate dimension- and. When using this command, you ted for an extension line origin and ‘on line endpoint. Each extension line measures a dimension from a datum example, the corner of an object). The gin establishes zero coordinates (0,0). wing ordinate dimensions, you may slocate the origin of the current user + system to the datum origin to estab- ordinates. g Notes notes typically refer to specific nd are attached to leader lines. For ny they are normally created with ot command, General notes that the entire drawing can be created text commands. Common methods ig text are discussed in Chapter 5. otes can be placed within or next to cock. They should use the same font tas the dimensions on the drawing. be placed on their own layer or the used by dimensions. As is the case nsions, notes should have a consis- rance and should be clearly stated, tired, standard drafting symbols viations should be used to convey ation. Chapter 9 Dimensioning Fundamentals 307 — Chapter Summary Dimensioning is the process of defining the size, form, and location of geometric components on a drawing. Two general types of ;dimen- sions are used on drawings—size and location dimensions, : 3 Dimension lines are thin lines with fermina- tion symbols (generally arrowheads). Extension lines are used to indicate the termination of. a dimension. Leaders are thin, straight lines that Jead from a note or dimension to a feature on the drawing, Dimension figures are numerals that specify the length of the dimension line. Dimension figures are placed in the center of a dimension line where practical. Linear dimensions on a drawing may be expressed in decimal inch units or common frac- tions of an inch in the US Customary (English) system of measurement. The metric system uses the millimeter. Dimensioning consists of describing the size and position of each feature of an object ‘There are many types of features that are dimensioned in a specific fashion. Some of these include: knurls, angles, chamfers, countersunk holes, arc lengths, diameters and radii, offsets, keyseats, and tapers. Location dimensions specify the location or distance relationship of one feature of a part with respect to another feature or datum. Point-to-point dimensioning (also called chain dimensioning) is usually adequate for simple parts, Other systems include coordinate dimen- sioning (used in datum dimensioning), tabular dimensioning, and ordinate dimensioning, Avoid unnecessary dimensions. Forexample, itisnot necessary to includeall chain dimensions when the overall dimension is given. Notes are used on drawings to supplement graphic information and dimensions. Notes may be used to eliminate repetitive dimensions, Notes may be either general or specific. General notes apply to the entire drawing, Local notes provide specific information about a certain part, operation, etc.F] 308 Section 2 Drafting Techniques and Skills Dimension styles and dimensioning com- (3 ‘What are extension lines used to indicate? & mands are used io create dimensions on CAD are thin, straight lines that lead from drawings. Style settings are used to control the | @ note or dimension to a feature on the appearance of dimensioning clements. Different drawing, commands are available for each dimensioning hs method. These commands automate the dimen- = noted serve the same purpose as sioning process and create accurate dimensions ae when used properly. 10. The width of the base of an arrowhead Whether you are dimensioning drawings should be __ its length. manually or with CAD, correct dimensioning 11, The height of dimension figures on a draw- form is important to ensure clarity. Rules for ing is usually Sau good dimensioning procedure should be fol- AL 125" Towed when dimensioning a part or object. B, 250" CQ am Additional Resources Deer : ~—I2-Name the two basic placement systems for Selected Reading, orienting dimensions on a drawing, ASME YI4.5M, Dimensioning and Tolerancing 13, In the metric system of measurement, ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers dimensions aze given in_-_-on most (Aso) drawings. 345 East 47th Street 14. Name the four basic types of dimensioning. New Yorks NY 10017 ne four basic ty wwwasme.org systems used in drafting. 15, ____ dimensioning is preferred in most | a os manufacturing industries because decimals -; ‘view Questions are easier to add, subtract, multiply, and © “L. Whatare the two general types of dimen- divide. sions used on drawings? What type of dimensioning is commonly ; 7 : used on drawings in architectural and aon ee aig | _ structural drafting? 4, The distance from the edge of a part to the Many countries that use the SI Metric . system of measurement use a(n) for coetcrer isan example of a the decimal point in dimension figures. ; ae , Dual dimensioning uses __and _ 4: Alllines used in tmensioning ae dawn Sea on the ace dee aERe ae ec a , __ dimensions describe the size of each ~*> symbols at each end (generally arrowheads) feature on a part, to:ndicate the direction and extent of a 20. Circular arcs are dimensioned by indicat dimension. ing their__. 6, The first dimension line is spaced Holes are preferably dimensioned on the from the view depending on space avai ‘view in which they appear as_. able on the drawing. 22. What are knurls? A. 125" to 250” B. 250" to 375" C 3701" D. 1 to 1.25”