10/11/2021

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Stress- What’s that mean? – Ứng suất là gì?

• No applied force = Unloading

MACHINE ELEMENTS DESIGN • One solid bar under effect of two

opposite forces (loads) following its
-CONCEPTS AND ENGINEERING TEMS- central axis = uniaxial loading period.
• External forces occur internal forces due
Strength of Materials & Durable of Structure to the resistance phenomenon. (imagine
in a cross section within the bar)
- Stress and Strain
• For equilibrium: External forces = internal
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering forces
Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM– 0948 777 040 – [email protected] Left side
Right side • STRESS: quantity to describes the
distribution of internal forces within a body
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Stress- What’s that mean? – Ứng suất là gì? Stress- What’s that mean? – Ứng suất là gì?
• STRESS:
• Tensile stress: Sketch objects.
In SI: : in ANSI
• Compressive stress: compress objects.
• Normal stress: stress occurs when a member
is loaded by an axial force.

• For example: Strength of steel C30 (JIS:

=
* Stress of I beam more complex
S30C) C30 = 570(Mpa) Fext
Fext
Diameter of pipe 40 (mm) Square of pipe 1,256x10-3(m2)
= ×
Failure occurs when >C30 F = 71.59 (kN)
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 10/11/2021

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Strain- What’s that mean? – Sức căng là gì? Stress & Strain correlation – Mối quan hệ ứng suất & sức căng
• STRAIN: quantity to describes the • Stress & Strain: In section of Elastic
deformation occurring within a body deformation, this correlation is followed by
Elastic
HOOKE’s law:
region
=
  = E.
• Based on Stress&Strain graph, all
L L important properties of material can be
Rise known (Strength, Young modulus,
Ductility and Toughness.
Run Plastic region

• STRESS and STRAIN show a

correlation showing a property of
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Shear Stress – Ứng suất cắt • Normal stress (): External forces
Shear Stress – Ứng suất cắt
affect to object in perpendicular to
• Shear strain ( ): change in angle in
cross section
deformed process with shear stress.
• Shear stress ( ): External forces
affect to object in parallel to cross = G. Hooke’s law for shear
section
• At any point in body, stress state always
includes Normal and Shear stresses. But
= values of those stresses can be different
due to direction of applied force or
analyzed cross-section.
*** Average value is due to
that the internal forces will not Deformed
be distributed evenly across
the cross-section.
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 10/11/2021

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

True stress-strain curve True stress-strain curve

– đặc tính thật của đường ứng suất và sức căng – đặc tính thật của đường ứng suất và sức căng
• True stress-strain curve (hooke’s law) is • Principle:
different with engineering curve  Use Yield strength of material in chosen of
• Reasons: design.
 Difference between cross-sections (Elastic region).
(necking phenomenon).  Knowing some important points of stress-
Ultimate
Yield tensile strain curve to manufacturing and analysis
strength strength
elements.
Necking process

 Deformation Region.
Engineering

Necking
phenomenon

Elastic Plastic
region region
Manufacturing process Simulated engineering
analysis
 = = = (1 + ) = ln(1 + ) 
= = −1
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Material selection: Material properties – Đặc tính vật liệu

There are three essential properties of material: Strength, Ductility, and Toughness
• Effected on • Suitable for
strength of machine
machine purpose

Performance Properties

material to:
Understand
• Choose suitable type of
material
• Have a knowledge of
Machinablity Avabilily
limit strength of machine
elements ( working
• Ex: • Supply and area).
Welding, cost
cutting • Repair and Re-design.
• Maintenance.
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 10/11/2021

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Material properties – Đặc tính vật liệu Converter among the world standards
• Three main elastic constains:
 Young modulus DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung
 Shear modulus
 Bulk modulus BSI Group: British Standards Institution

ANSIANSI: American National Standards Institute

AISI: The American Iron and Steel Institute
ASME: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CSA Group: Canadian Standards Association

JISC: Japanese Industrial Standards Committee

Manufacturing process Simulated engineering GB: Guobiao
analysis
 = = = (1 + ) = ln(1 + ) =

= −1 3 ISO: Int. Org. for Standardization ASTM International: Ame. Stand. for Testing & Materials 3

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM Dr. Anh-Duc PHAM

Sample table Effects from common Alloyng Elements

#1: Very high carbon steel (0.96%-2.1% carbon)
Produced via a specialized process, very high carbon steel is extremely strong and capable of
resisting localized deformation under high tensions.
#2: High carbon steel (0.55%-0.95% carbon)
Used until recently in railroad track applications, high carbon steel is quite strong, but does
offer more ductility than very high carbon steels. Other examples of use include cutting and
chiseling tools.
#3: Medium carbon steel (0.3%-0.54% carbon)
Used primarily in machine parts (i.e. gears, axels, bolts), medium carbon balances strength and
hardness with ductility.
#4: Low carbon steel (0.05%-0.25%)
low carbon steel provides incredible strength relative to a lighter weight.

• Iron alone is not enough….

- ELEMENTS THAT STRENGTHEN: chromium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, nitrogen & aluminum combo
- ELEMENTS THAT INCREASE MACHINABILITY: Phosphorus, Chromium, Sulfur, Niobium (Columbium)
- ELEMENTS THAT RESIST CORROSION: Phosphorus, Copper, Chromium, Nickel, Zirconium
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