Tutorial -1

CE -325 (Structural Design 1)

Instructor : Prof. Manish K.

# Question. 1
Beam ABC shown in Figure 1.2 supports superimposed uniformly
distributed dead load g= 16KN/m and live load q=24KN/m. The beam
also supports a concentrated load made up of a 20KN dead load and
40KN live load applied at B. Calculate the beam design loads and draw
the loading diagram. Using the calculated design loads draw the shear
force and bending moment diagram. The calculation should include
estimates for the weight of beam. [Ans: Design Shear Force = 267 KN
Design B.M = 407 KNm]
# Question. 1
Discussion
The weight of concrete beams cannot be neglected as they may constitute
between 10% and 15% of the applied service loads. It is common practice to make
an initial estimate for the weight of beam. Experienced designers can predict the
weight of beam quite accurately while lesser mortals apply various “rules of
thumb”. A simple rule used in these notes is,
WEIGHT OF THE BEAM(KN/m) = NUMERICAL VALUE OF THE SPAN in (m)
For example a beam spanning 5.6 m, its weight is estimated to be 5.6KN/m. A check
of the beam weight is made when a trial section is chosen in the design but, it will
be found that the above rule is conservative in general.
# Question. 1
Solution
Estimated weight of beam = 6 KN/m
Uniformly distributed design load w* = 1.5*(16 + 6) + 1.5*24 = 69kN/m
Design concentrated load W* = 1.5*20 + 1.5*40 = 90 KN
The design loading diagram, the shear force diagram and the bending moment
diagram are shown in Figure. The maximum design bending moment M* at point X
is calculated from the shear force diagram.
90KN

69KN/m

267 KN 237 KN

Loading Diagram
# Question. 1
Solution
Shear Force Diagram:

267 KN
129 KN
3.43 m

39 KN

237 KN
# Question. 1
Solution
Bending Moment Diagram:
The maximum design bending moment M* at point X is calculated from the shear
force diagram.
3.43 ∗237
M* = = 407 KNm
2

396 KNm
407 KNm
# Question. 2
The cantilevered beam shown in Figure 1.4 supports a uniformly distributed dead load g=
20KN/m which includes the weight of beam and a uniformly distributed live load q =
12KN/m . Determine the maximum positive and negative design bending moment.

[Ans: Maximum Negative B.M. = -77.76KNm

Maximum Positive B.M. = 83KNm ]
# Question. 2
Discussion
The dead load is a permanent load over the two span while the live
load by its varying nature may act over either or both spans. There are
four possible loading conditions. Using subscripts to designate the
spans over which the loads act. The possible loading conditions are:
a) gABC
b) gABC + qABC
c) gABC + qAB
d) gABC + qBC
# Question. 2
Solution
For this simple case the worst condition can be chosen by inspection. The maximum
negative bending moment at B will occur when the cantilever carries a maximum load, i.e.
condition (b) and (d)

The design load for the combined dead and live loads is given by:
w* = 1.5 * 20 + 1.5 * 12 => 48 KN/m

Hence the maximum negative bending moment at B will be:

1.82
M* = - 48 * => -77.76 KNm
2
# Question. 2
Solution
The maximum positive bending moment to span AB will occur when the load over
AB is a maximum while the load over the cantilever BC is a minimum i.e.
condition(c)
The design load over AB is w*AB = 48 KN/m due to dead and live loads while the
design load over BC due to dead loads only is w*BC = 1.5 * 20 = 30 KN/m. The
loading diagram is shown in Figure 1.5

48 KN/m 30 KN/m
# Question. 2
Solution
The reaction at A is 2calculated
2
by taking moments about B:
48∗(4.2) 30∗(1.8)
−
𝑅 ∗𝐴 = 2 2
= 89.22 KN
4.2
The point of zero shear force occurs 89.22 / 48 = 1.86 m from A and the
maximum bending moment calculated from the area under the shear force
diagram will be :
∗ 1.86
𝑀 = 89.22 ∗ = 83 KNm
2

- It becomes apparent from this example that with multiple spans there can
be numerous combinations of dead and live loads applied to various spans.!!
# Question. 3
The maximum moments at a section in a reinforced concrete beam
(end sections) are obtained (for different independent service load
combinations) from structural analysis, as -50KNm, -80KNm, 120KNm,
and  180KNm under dead loads, live loads, wind loads and earthquake
loads respectively. Determine the ultimate design moments (‘negative’
as well as ‘positive’) to be considered (as per the Code) for the limit
state of collapse (flexure).
[Ans: -372 KNm]
# Question. 3
Solution

Given:
• Moment due to Dead load (DL)= -50 KNm;
• Moment due to live load (LL) = -80 KNm;
• Moment due to wind load (WL) =  120 KNm;
• Moment due to Seismic load (EL) =  180 KNm
# Question. 3
Solution
Calculations
Design bending moment is Maximum of the following :
1. M considering moment due to dead load and live load
M = 1.5 (DL + LL) = 1.5 x (-50 + (-80)) = -195 KNm.
2. M considering moment due to dead load and wind load
M = 1.5 (DL + WL) = 1.5 x (-50 + (-120)) = -255 KNm.
3. M considering moment due to dead load and Seismic load
M = 1.5 (DL + EL) = 1.5 x (-50 + (-180)) = -345 KNm
# Question. 3
Solution
Calculations
Design bending moment is Maximum of the following :
4 . M considering moment due to dead load, live load and seismic load together
M = 1.2 (DL + LL + EL) = 1.2 x (-50 + (-80) + (-180)) = -372 KNm.
5 . M considering moment due to dead load, live load and wind load together
M = 1.2 (DL + LL + WL) = 1.2 x (-50 + (-80) + (-120)) = -300 KNm.

- Here we have considered combinations of wind and earthquake load from negative sign
only as magnitude will be lesser if we considered them with positive sign.

The design moment will be maximum of the following combinations i.e. -372 KNm.
# Question. 4
A beam has a rectangular section as shown in Figure . Assuming M20
concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Compute the stresses in concrete and steel under a service load
moment of 125KNm. Check the calculations using the flexure formula.
[Ans:Stress in concrete= 4.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Stress in steel = 99 𝑀𝑃𝑎]
# Question. 4
Solution
280 280
Step1: Calculate modular ratio (m) = = = 13.33
3𝑐𝑏𝑐 3∗7

Step2: Calculate Modulus of rupture 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.7 ∗ 20 = 3.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Step3: Calculate area of steel:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2 * * ( 282 + 252 ) = 2213𝑚𝑚2
4
Step4: Calculate transformed section area :
𝐴𝑡 = 𝑏𝐷 + (𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 350 ∗ 700 + 13.33 − 1 ∗ 2213 𝑚𝑚2
= 272286 𝑚𝑚2
# Question. 4
Solution
Step5: Actual C.G. of steel from top fiber =
282 ∗656 +252 ∗657.5
= 656.7mm
(282 +252 )
So, d = 656.7 mm
Step6: Calculate Depth of neutral axis:
𝐷
𝐴𝑡 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝐷 + (𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑)
2
350∗700 350 +(13.33−1)(2213)(656.7)
𝑦ത = = 380.7mm
272286
# Question. 4
Solution
Distance from NA to extreme compression fibre yc = 380.7 mm
Distance from NA to extreme tension fibre yt = (700-380.7) mm
= 319.3mm
Distance from NA to reinforcing steel CG(ys) = (656.7-380.7)mm
= 276 mm
Step7: Calculate Transformed second moment of area:
𝑏𝑦𝑐 3 𝑏𝑦𝑡 3
𝐼𝑇 = + + (𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑦𝑠 2
3 3
𝐼𝑇 = 1.23 ∗ 1010 𝑚𝑚4
# Question. 4
Solution
Step8: Now Find the cracking moment
𝐼𝑡 1.23∗1010
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 3.13 ∗ 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑦𝑡 319.3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 120.59 𝐾𝑁𝑚
- Here as ( 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ) , the assumption of uncracked
section is invalid.
1. Maximum compressive stress in concrete:
𝑀𝑦𝑐 125∗106 ∗380.7
𝑓𝑐 = = = 3.86 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑡 1.23∗1010
# Question. 4
Solution
2. Maximum tensile stress in concrete:
𝑀𝑦𝑡 125∗106 ∗319.3
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = = = 3.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎(> 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 3.13𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐼𝑡 1.23∗1010
3. Tensile stress in steel :
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝑦𝑠 276
𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐 = 3.86 ∗ = 2.79 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑦𝑐 380.7
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 13.33 ∗ 2.79 = 37.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
# Question. 4
Solution
Considering cracked section :
New 𝑥𝑢 calculation :
(𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 )2 +2𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑑−𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
𝑏
𝑥𝑢 = 258.94mm
1 𝑥𝑢
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝜎𝑐 𝑑−
2 3
𝑀𝑅 = 125 ∗ 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Stress in top compression fiber in concrete:
𝝈𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟒 𝐌𝐏𝐚
# Question. 4
Solution
Considering cracked section :
𝑥𝑢 calculated :
(𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 )2 +2𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑑−𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
𝑏
𝑥𝑢 = 258.94mm
𝑥𝑢
𝑀𝑅 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 −
3
𝑀𝑅 = 125 ∗ 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Stress in steel at the level of reinforcement:
𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟗𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
 Tutorial - 2
(Structural Design -1)
# Question. 1
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the beam section [Fig.
4.2.4] of Problem 4.1 considering
(i) M 20 concrete and Fe 250 steel [Ans: 278KNm]
(ii) M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel [Ans: 420KNm]
(iii) M 25 concrete and Fe 250 steel [Ans: 285KNm]
(iv) M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel [Ans: 440KNm]

Compare the various results , and state

whether or not , in each case, the beam
Section complies with the Code requirements
for flexure.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 2
# Question. 1
Solution:
Let’s consider the case (i) ,
Step1: Calculate area of steel:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2 * * ( 282 + 252 ) = 2213𝑚𝑚2
4

Step2: Actual C.G. of steel from top fiber =

282 ∗656 +252 ∗657.5
= 656.7mm
(282 +252 )
So, d = 656.7 mm

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 3
# Question. 1
Solution:
Step3:- Calculate the 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 from the given Characteristic strength of steel (𝒇𝒚 )

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓+ 𝑬
𝒔
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
= 𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝒅 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓+
𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 0.53
𝒅
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 348.1 mm
Step4:- Now calculate the value of 𝒙𝒖 ,
Assuming section to be under-reinforced,
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝒙𝒖 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟔 𝒇 b
𝒄𝒌

𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟐𝟓𝟎∗𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟑
𝒙𝒖 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎( < 𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝒎𝒎)
𝟎.𝟑𝟔 ∗𝟐𝟎∗𝟑𝟓𝟎

Hence our assumption is correct and section is under-reinforced .

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 4
# Question. 1
Solution:
Step5:- Calculate Ultimate Moment of Resistance
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 (𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢 )

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 ∗ 20 ∗ 350 ∗ 191 656.7 − 0.416 ∗ 191

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝐊𝐍𝐦

Similarly solve for other cases as well !!

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 5
# Question. 1
Solution: Comparison
Cases Ultimate MoR % Increase in strength Remarks
(w.r.t. case(i))

1. M 20 concrete and Fe 278KNm

250 steel
2. M 20 concrete and 420KNm 51% On increasing the grade
Fe 415 steel of steel strength
increases reasonably

3. M 25 concrete and Fe 285KNm 2.5% On increasing the grade

250 steel of concrete there is less
improvement in
strength
4. M 25 concrete and Fe 440KNm 58.27% On increasing the grade
415 steel of concrete and steel
both strength of section
increases by around ~
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 60% 6
# Question. 2
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the T-beam section
with M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel [Fig 4.26] of Problem 4.6

[Ans: 509 KNm]

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 7
# Question. 2
Solution:- First Assume the case that the 𝒙𝒖 lies inside the flange then,
Step1: Calculate area of steel:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7 * * ( 282 ) = 4310 𝑚𝑚2
4
Step3:- Calculate the 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 from the given Characteristic strength of steel (𝒇𝒚 )

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓+ 𝑬
𝒔
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
= 𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟒𝟏𝟓
𝒅 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓+
𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 0.48
𝒅
Given, d = 420 mm
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 201.6 mm

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 8
# Question. 2
Step3:- Now calculate the value of 𝒙𝒖 ,
Assuming section to be under-reinforced,
𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝒙𝒖 = (where 𝒃𝒇 = width of flange )
𝟎.𝟑𝟔 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒇

Given , 𝒃𝒇 = 1300 mm

0.87∗415∗4310
𝑥𝑢 = = 166.25 𝑚𝑚( > 𝒃𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎)
0.36 ∗20∗1300

Here our assumption is wrong i.e. Depth of neutral axis doesn’t lies inside
the flange

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 9
# Question. 2
Let’s consider the second case i.e. Flange lies under the rectangular portion of
stress block or flange is wholly stressed with 0.447fck
3 7
𝐷𝑓 ≤ 7 𝑥𝑢 or 𝑥𝑢 ≥ 3 𝐷𝑓
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 201.6 mm ( remains unchanged)
𝑪𝒖 = 𝑻𝒖
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 + 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤
By plugging in the values of all the parameters like 𝑓𝑦 , 𝐴𝑠𝑡 , 𝑓𝑐𝑘 , 𝐷𝑓, 𝑏𝑓 , 𝑏𝑤 we get
the value of 𝑥𝑢 as:
0.87∗415∗4310−0.447∗20∗100∗ 1300−325
𝑥𝑢 = = 292.5 𝑚𝑚
0.36∗20∗325
𝟕
(≥ 𝑫𝒇 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑)
𝟑
But here our section comes out to be over-reinforced so now we need to do the
iterations to find the value of 𝑥𝑢

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 10
# Question. 2
Now lets assume new value of 𝑥𝑢 as
(𝑥𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑙,1 +𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑥𝑢 =
2
292.5+201.6
Iteration 1: 𝑥𝑢 = = 247 mm
2
Put the value of 𝑥𝑢 in the equation to find the value of 𝜀𝑠𝑡
𝑑
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 − 1 = 2.45 ∗ 10−3
𝑥𝑢
From the curve of stress- strain from the IS 456:2000
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 0.829𝑓𝑦 = 344.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.829𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤

𝑥𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑙,1 = = 261.17 𝑚𝑚
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 11
# Question. 2

261.17+247
Iteration 2: 𝑥𝑢 = = 254 mm
2

𝑑
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 − 1 = 2.287 ∗ 10−3
𝑥𝑢

𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 0.815𝑓𝑦 = 338.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.815𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤

𝑥𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑙,2 = = 250.47 𝑚𝑚
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 12
# Question. 2

250.47+254
Iteration 3: 𝑥𝑢 = = 252.24 mm
2

𝑑
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 − 1 = 2.328 ∗ 10−3
𝑥𝑢

𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 0.815𝑓𝑦 = 338.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 [Almost equals]

0.815𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤

𝑥𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑙,3 = = 252 𝑚𝑚
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 13
# Question. 2

So finally after iterations our 𝑥𝑢 comes out to be

𝑥𝑢,𝑐𝑎𝑙,2 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎
Now , for Ultimate Moment of Resistance;
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢 + 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑑−
2

By putting all the given parameters in the above equation;

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟒 𝑲𝑵𝒎

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 14
# Question. 3
A doubly reinforced beam section is shown in Fig.4.28. Assuming M 20
concrete and Fe 415 steel, compute
(a) The stresses in concrete and steel under a service load moment of
125KNm; [Ans: 11.7MPa; 170MPa; 218MPa]
(b) The allowable service load moment capacity of section. [Ans: 74.6 KNm]

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 15
# Question. 3
Solution: First Calculate the area of steel in tension and compression;
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3 ∗ ∗ 282 = 1847.26 mm2
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 3 ∗ ∗ 222 = 1140.4 mm2
4
𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀 20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒)
280 280
Calculate modular ratio (m) = = = 13.33
3𝑐𝑏𝑐 3∗7
Now calculate the transformed tension and compression steel area;
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 13.33 ∗ 1847.26 = 24623.98 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑐,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1.5𝑚 − 1 𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1.5 ∗ 13.33 − 1 ∗ 1140.4 𝑚𝑚2
= 21661.9 𝑚𝑚2
d = 400-(30+14) = 356 mm
d’ = (30+11) = 41 mm
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 16
# Question. 3
Solution:
For Neutral axis depth,
𝑏 𝑘𝑑 2
+ 𝑘𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
2
Calculate the above quadratic equation and find the value of 𝑘𝑑;
250 𝑘𝑑 2
+ 𝑘𝑑 − 41 ∗ 21661.9 = 24623.98 ∗ 356 − 𝑘𝑑
2
𝑘𝑑 = 148.79 𝑚𝑚
Now stress developed due to applied moment of 125KNm
148.79−41
𝑓𝑐𝑠𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 = 0.72𝑓𝑐
148.79
𝐶𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 250 ∗ 148.79 = 18598.8 𝑓𝑐
𝐶𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 21661.9 = 15596.6 𝑓𝑐
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 17
# Question. 3
Solution:
Now taking moments about C.G. of steel,
𝑘𝑑
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑆 ∗ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
3
148.79
125 ∗ 106 = 18598.8𝑓𝑐 ∗ 356 − + 15596.6𝑓𝑐 ∗ (356 − 41)
3
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 ( which is exceeding 𝒄𝒃𝒄 = 𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 )
Now find compressive stress in steel;
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 1.5𝑚𝑓𝑐𝑠𝑐 = 1.5 ∗ 13.33 ∗ 0.72 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝐌𝒑𝐚
Now find tensile stress in steel;
𝑚𝑓𝑐 𝑑−𝑘𝑑 356−148.79
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = = 13.33 ∗ 11.7 ∗( )
𝑘𝑑 148.79
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 18
# Question. 3
Solution:
Finding the maximum allowable moment ;
280
For a balanced WSM section 𝑘𝑏 = = 0.288
280+3 230
150
For this section 𝑘 = = 0.40 < 𝑘𝑏
370
Hence the section is under-reinforced.
Whereby, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 7 Mpa
148.79
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 7 ∗ 18598.8 ∗ 356 − + 15596.6 ∗ 315
3
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟔 𝑲𝑵𝒎

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 19
 CE 325 Structural Design-1
Tutorial - 3

06-09-2022 CE325 1
Q.1. Design of singly reinforced concrete beam of width 250 mm, subjected
to an ultimate moment of 130 kNm. Assume fck = 20 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
Sol. Step 1: Fixing up d and D
For fy = 415 MPa steel, 𝑀𝑢, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.1389𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
For fck = 20 MPa concrete, 𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑚 = , = 0.1389 × 20 = 2.778 MPa
𝑏𝑑 2

Assuming b = 250 mm, for a singly reinforced section, the minimum value of d,
corresponding to 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is given by

𝑀𝑢 130 × 106
𝑑min = = = 432.64 ≈ 433 mm
𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 2.778 × 250

Adopt D = 500 mm, Assuming 20 ∅ bars, 8 ∅ stirrups with clear cover of 30 mm, (note that
specified cover is required for the stirrups as well) Thus 𝑑 = 500 − 8 − 20Τ2 = 482 mm
06-09-2022 CE325 2
Step 2: Determining 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒅

130 × 106
𝑅= 2
= 2.24 MPa
250 × 482
𝑃𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑃𝑡
𝑅 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 1− ×
100 𝑓𝑐𝑘 100
Solving this quadratic equation in terms of Pt
𝑃𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= = 1 − 1 − 4.598𝑅/𝑓𝑐𝑘
100 𝑏𝑑 2𝑓𝑦
20
= 1 − 1 − 4.598 × 2.24/20 = 0.0073
2(415)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 0.0073 × 250 × 482 = 879 mm2
06-09-2022 CE325 3
Step-3: Detailing
Using 3 bars in one layer, 3 × 𝜋∅2 /4 = 19.31 mm
Provide 3 − 20 ∅ bars, for which 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 942 > 879 mm2
In addition, provide two 8 mm diameter hanger rods and 8 mm stirrups.
The designed beam is shown in the below figure.
b = 250

2#8

d = 460
designed singly reinforced 3#20
beam
250×(238)×(320)
30+8 Sh = = 57 mm
3−1

06-09-2022 CE325 4
Step-4: Design checks

(a) For strength in flexure

Actual 𝑑 = 500 − 8 − 20Τ2 = 482 mm

100 × 942
𝑃𝑡 = = 0.781 < 𝑃𝑡, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.0480 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.96.
250 × 482

0.78 415 0.78

𝑀𝑢𝑅 = 0.87 × 415 × 1− × 250 × 4822
100 20 100

= 137.09 kNm > 𝑀𝑢 = 130 kNm; Hence it is safe against flexure.

06-09-2022 CE325 5
(b) For deflection control

For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.781, and

𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 879

𝑓𝑠 = 0.58𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 × 415 × = 224.6
𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 942

𝑘𝑡 = 1.014 (from Fig. 4 of IS code)

and, as 𝑃𝑐 = 0 singly reinforced beam , 𝑘𝑐 = 1

𝑙 Τ𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 × 1.014 × 1 = 20.28

𝑙 Τ𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 =

06-09-2022 CE325 6
• Q.2. Design a simply supported rectangular RC beam, having a span of 5.5
m, subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 33.8 kN/m. Compute the
required reinforcement, assuming the breadth of beam as 230 mm and the
effective cover for compression and tension reinforcement as 50 mm.
Assume that the beam is supported by load-bearing masonry of thickness
230 mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel.
Sol. Step 1: Determining 𝑴𝒖 for design
Given data: b = 230 mm, d’ = 50 mm, fck = 20 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
Calculate factored max. bending moment. Assuming depth as L/10
= 5500/10 = 550 mm. Hence, effective depth,
𝑑 = 550 − 50 = 500 mm

06-09-2022 CE325 7
Effective span = Lesser of distance between supports and clear span plus d
= 5.5 m or 5.5 − 0.23 + 0.5 = 5.77 m
= 5.5 m 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 22.2 of IS 456

load due to self-weight = 25 × 0.23 × 0.55 = 3.16 kN/m, UDL= 33.8 kN/m

Total Factored load: w𝑢 = 33.8 + 3.2 = 37 × 1.5 = 55.44 kN/m

Factored moment at mid-span, 𝑀𝑢 = w𝑢 l2/8 = 55.44 × 5.52/8 = 209.63 kNm

Step 2: Singly or doubly reinforced section?

𝑀u, lim = 0.1389𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 = 0.1389 × 20 × 230 × 5002 = 159.73 kNm
As, 𝑀u > 𝑀u, lim , the section has to be doubly reinforced with 𝑃𝑡 > 𝑃𝑡, lim
Where, 𝑃𝑡, lim = 0.048𝑓𝑐𝑘 (for Fe415) = 0.048 × 20 = 0.96.

06-09-2022 CE325 8
Step 3: Determining Ast
Considering a balanced section (𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + ∆𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.96
Where, 𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = × 230 × 500
100

𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1104mm2

Assuming 20 mm Ø bars for compression steel,
𝑑 ′ = 50 𝑚𝑚 (30 mm clear cover + 10 mm stirrup + ∅/2)

(209.63 − 159.73) × 106

∆𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 307.12 mm2
0.87 × 415 × (500 − 50)

06-09-2022 CE325 9
 𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 . = 1104 + 307.12 = 1411 mm2

1411Τ4
Using, 4 bars, ∅reqd = = 21.19 mm
𝜋Τ4

Therefore, provide 4 No.s of 22 mm bars (Ast = 4×380 = 1520 mm2)

Actual D (assuming 30 mm clear cover & 10 mm stirrups)
22
𝑑 = (550 − 30 + 10 + = 499 < 500 mm assumed earlier.
2
𝑀𝑢, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 159.73 kNm; 𝐴𝑠𝑡, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1104 mm2
∆𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 307.12 mm2 ; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 1104 + 307.12 = 1411 mm2
Actual ∆𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1520 − 1104 = 416 mm2

06-09-2022 CE325 10
Step 4: Determining Asc
d′ 50
Assuming, 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , for = = 0.1
d 500

From Table, 𝑓𝑦 & 𝑑′Τ𝑑, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 351.9 MPa

0.87𝑓𝑦 ∆𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87×415×416

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = =
𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 351.9−0.447(20)

= 437.94 mm2

437.94Τ3
Using 3 bars, ∅𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 13.63 mm ≈ 16 mm
𝜋Τ4

Provide 3 No.s of 16 mm ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 3 × 201 = 603mm2 > 437mm2

06-09-2022 CE325 11
06-09-2022 CE325 12
Step 5: Check for ductility
To ensure, 𝑥𝑢 ≤ 𝑥𝑢, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 it suffices to establish 𝑃𝑐 ≥ Pc,lim
1520
Pt provided = × 100 = 1.32;
230×500
416
Pc provided = × 100 = 0.362;
230×500
0.87𝑓𝑦 0.87×415
Pc,lim = 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 1.32 − 0.96
𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘 351.63−0.447×20
= 0.381 > 𝑃𝑐 = 0.362
Since, the section is slightly over-reinforced and the design should be revised
to ensure ductile behaviour.
𝑃𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0.381
𝐴𝑠𝑐 > , 𝑏𝑑 = × 230 × 500 = 438.15 mm2
100 100
Hence, provide 2 # 16 mm dia. and 1 # 12 mm dia. Bars as compression steel
(area provided = 515 mm2, Pc provided = 0.448). (OK)

06-09-2022 CE325 13
Revised doubly-reinforced section

06-09-2022 CE325 14
Step 6: Check for deflection
Area of steel required
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58𝑓𝑦
Area of steel provided
1414
= 0.58 × 415 × = 223.9 Mpa
1520
1
𝑘𝑡 =
1
[0.225 + 0.00322𝑓𝑠 − 0.625log10 ]
𝑃𝑡
1
=
1
[0.225 + 0.00322 × 223.9 − 0.625log10 ]
1.32
1
= = 0.979
1.021
𝑃𝑐 0.448
𝑘𝑐 = 1 + =1+ = 1.13 ≤ 1.5
𝑃𝑐 + 3.0 0.448 + 3.0
06-09-2022 CE325 15
 (𝑙 Τ𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 × 0.979 × 1.13 = 22.13

5500
Actual (𝑙 Τ𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = = 11 < 22.13 (OK)
500

Hence, the beam is safe with regard to deflection considerations.

06-09-2022 CE325 16
 CE 325 Structural Design-1
Tutorial - 4

13-09-2022 CE325 1
Q.1 A rectangular beam of size 230 mm width and 450 mm effective depth is
reinforced with four bars of 20 mm diameter. Determine the required vertical
shear reinforcement to resist the factored shear force of (a) 70 kN, (b) 250 kN,
and (c) 400 kN. Consider concrete of grade M25 and steel of grade Fe 415.
(Design of vertical stirrups)
Sol. Given data:
b = 230 mm, d = 450 mm, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4 # 20 mm,
fck = 25 MPa , fy = 415 MPa
Case - a: 70 kN
Factored shear force 𝑉𝑢 = 70 kN

13-09-2022 CE325 2
Step 1: Check for adequacy of section
Nominal shear stress,
𝑉𝑢 70 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.676 MPa
𝑏𝑑 230 × 450
𝜏𝑣 = 0.676 MPa < 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 MPa for M25 ⇒ 0.62 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⇒ 3.1 MPa
Hence the section size is adequate.
Step 2: Design shear resistance (at critical section)
At mid-span, shear force is critical, 𝐴11 = (4 − 20∅) = 314 × 4 = 1256 mm2
100 × 1256
𝑃𝑡 = = 1.21
230 × 450
Design shear strength of concrete (from Table 6.1 IS 456)
(for M25 concrete) ⇒ 0.666 MPa < 0.676 MPa
13-09-2022 CE325 3
 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.666 × 230 × 450
= 68931 N = 68.9 kN
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups (8 ∅ 200 mm c/c Fe250 grade)
𝐴11 = 2 × 50.3 = 100.6 mm2, 𝑆𝑣 = 200 mm
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87
𝑆𝑣
0.87 × 250 × 100.6 × 450
=
200
= 49.23 kN
Total shear resistance at mid-span
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 𝑉𝑢𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 68.9 + 49.23 = 118.13 kN > 𝑉𝑢 = 70 kN
Hence the section is SAFE in Shear
13-09-2022 CE325 4
 Step 3: Check minimum stirrup requirements (Maximum spacing)
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣
(𝑆𝑣 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.17
𝑏
2.17 × 250 × 100.6
=
230
= 237 mm
(𝑆𝑣 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 200 mm < (𝑆𝑣 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝐎𝐊
0.75𝑑 = 0.75 × 450 = 337 mm
𝑆𝑣 ≤ ቊ
300 mm
∴ (𝑆𝑣 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 is fine

13-09-2022 CE325 5
Case - b: 250 kN Factored shear force 𝑉𝑢 = 250 kN
Step 1: Check for adequacy of section
𝑉𝑢 250×103
Nominal shear stress, 𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.415 MPa
𝑏𝑑 230×450
𝜏𝑣 = 2.415 MPa < 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 MPa for M25 ⇒ 0.62 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⇒ 3.1 MPa

Hence the section size is adequate.

Step 2: Design shear resistance (at critical section)
At mid-span, shear force is critical, 𝐴11 = (4 − 20∅) = 314 × 4 = 1256 mm2
100 × 1256
𝑃𝑡 = = 1.21
230 × 450
Design shear strength of concrete (from Table 6.1 IS 456)
(for M25 concrete) ⇒ 0.666 MPa < 0.676 MPa
13-09-2022 CE325 6
 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.666 × 230 × 450
= 68931 N = 68.9 kN
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups (8 ∅ 200 mm c/c Fe250 grade)
𝐴11 = 2 × 50.3 = 100.6 mm2, 𝑆𝑣 = 200 mm
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87
𝑆𝑣
0.87 × 250 × 100.6 × 450
= = 49.23 kN
200
Total shear resistance at mid-span
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 𝑉𝑢𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 68.9 + 49.23 = 118.13 kN < 𝑉𝑢 = 250 kN
Section is UNSAFE in Shear. What should we do now??
13-09-2022 CE325 7
 Increase the 𝑉𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups (10 ∅ 200 mm c/c Fe250 grade)
𝐴11 = 2 × 78.5 = 157 mm2, 𝑆𝑣 = 100 mm
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87
𝑆𝑣
0.87 × 250 × 157 × 450
=
200
= 76.8 kN
Total shear resistance at mid-span
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 𝑉𝑢𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 68.9 + 76.8 = 145. 7 kN < 𝑉𝑢 = 250 kN
Section is UNSAFE in Shear and has to be revised
13-09-2022 CE325 8
Case - c: 400 kN Factored shear force 𝑉𝑢 = 400 kN

Step 1: Check for adequacy of section

𝑉𝑢 400×103
Nominal shear stress, 𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.415 MPa
𝑏𝑑 230×450

𝜏𝑣 = 3.86 MPa > 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥

= 3.1 MPa for M25 ⇒ 0.62 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⇒ 3.1 MPa

Section size is inadequate to carry the applied shear.

What should we do now ???

Increase the 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 depth of the section (d) and design of
13-09-2022 CE325 9
Q.2 Calculate the shear resistance of a beam of width 300 mm and effective
depth 500mm reinforced with five 20mm bars at the mid-span of which two
bars are bent at the ends at 45°. The beam is provided with shear
reinforcement of 8mm diameter two-legged vertical stirrups throughout the
beam at a spacing of 160 mm. M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel have been
adopted. (Shear resistance of a given beam)
Sol. Given data:
b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 5 # 20 mm (mid-span),
fck = 20 MPa , fy = 415 Mpa, Sv = 160 mm, 8 mm vertical stirrups

13-09-2022 CE325 10
Find the 𝜏𝑐 of concrete
Tension steel at support, 𝐴11 = (5 − 20∅) = 314 × 5 = 1570 mm2
100 × 1570
𝑃𝑡 = = 1.046
300 × 500
Calculate the shear strength of concrete (𝜏𝑐 )
Design shear strength of concrete (from Table 6.1 IS 456)
(for 𝑃𝑡 = 1.046, M20 concrete) ⇒ 0.632 MPa
Shear taken by concrete, 𝑉𝑐 = 0.632 × 300 × 500 × 10−3 =
94.8 kN
Calculate the shear strength of vertical stirrups
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups (8 ∅ 200 mm c/c Fe250 grade)
13-09-2022 CE325 11
 𝐴11 = 2 × 50.3 = 100.6 mm2, 𝑆𝑣 = 200 mm
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87
𝑆𝑣
0.87 × 250 × 100.6 × 500
=
160
= 113.5 kN
Calculate the shear strength of bent-up bars at 45o
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 314 𝑠𝑖𝑛45o × 10−3
= 160.3 kN
Total shear resistance of the beam
𝑉 = 94.8 + 113.5 + 160.3 = 368.6 kN

13-09-2022 CE325 12
Q.2 3. Design shear reinforcement for a tapered cantilever beam of span 3m,
having a section of 250mm effective depth and 300 mm width at the free end,
and 550 mm effective depth and 300 mm width at the support (see below
figure). The beam has to support a factored uniform load of 80 kN/m,
including its self- weight. Assume an effective cover of 50 mm, Fe 415 steel,
and M25 concrete. (Shear in tapered beam)

13-09-2022 CE325 13
Sol. Given data:

b = 300 mm (free end and support), d = 250 mm (free end), d = 550 mm

(support), span = 3m, Factored load = 80 kN/m, d’ = 50 mm
fck = 20 MPa , fy = 415 Mpa
Calculate the shear force of beam
Shear force at support, 𝑉 = 80 × 3 = 240 kN
Bending moment at support, 𝑀 = 80 × 32/2 = 360 kN/m
550−250
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛽 = = 0.1
3000

13-09-2022 CE325 14
Calculate the variation of bending moment (as per clause 40.1.1 IS
456)
𝑀 360
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉 − 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛽 − × 0.1 = 174.55 kN
𝑑 0.5
Check for adequacy of section
Nominal shear stress,
𝑉𝑢 174.55 × 103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 1.06 MPa
𝑏𝑤𝑑 300 × 550
𝜏𝑣 = 1.06 MPa < 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 3.1 MPa for M25 ⇒ 0.62 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⇒ 3.1 MPa

13-09-2022 Hence the section

CE325size is adequate 15
Design shear resistance (at critical section)
At support, shear force is critical, 𝐴11 = 5 − 25∅ = 490 × 5 = 2453 mm2
100 𝐴𝑠 100 × 2453
𝑃𝑡 = = = 1.48
𝑏𝑤𝑑 300 × 550
Design shear strength of concrete (from Table 6.1 IS 456)
(for M25 concrete) 𝜏𝑐 ⇒ 0.737 MPa
𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 < 𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 𝑉𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.737 × 300 × 550 × 10−3 = 121.6 kN
∴ 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 174.55 − 121.6 = 52.95 kN

13-09-2022 CE325 16
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups (8 ∅ 200 mm c/c Fe250 grade)
𝐴11 = 2 × 50.3 = 100.6 mm2, 𝑆𝑣 = 200 mm
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 0.87
𝑆𝑣
0.87 × 250 × 100.6 × 550
=
200
= 60.17 kN
Total shear resistance at mid-span
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 𝑉𝑢𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠
𝑉𝑢𝑅 = 121.6 + 60.17 = 181.77 kN > 𝑉𝑢 = 174.55 kN
Hence the section is SAFE in Shear

13-09-2022 CE325 17
 Step 3: Check minimum stirrup requirements (Maximum spacing)
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣
(𝑆𝑣 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.17
𝑏𝑤
2.17 × 250 × 100.6
=
230
= 181 mm
(𝑆𝑣 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 200 mm > (𝑆𝑣 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝐍𝐎𝐓 𝐎𝐊
0.75𝑑 = 0.75 × 450 = 337 mm
𝑆𝑣 ≤ ቊ
300 mm
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑣 = 180 mm

13-09-2022 CE325 18
 Tutorial -5
CE -325 (Structural Design 1)

Instructor : Prof. Manish K.

1
# Question. 1
The slab of a residential building of size 4.3m x 6m is simply supported
on all the four sides on 230mm walls. Assuming an imposed load of
2kN/m2 and load due to finishes of 1.0kN/m2 . Design the floor slab. Use
M25 concrete and Fe415 steel. Assume mild exposure.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 2
# Question. 1
Solution:- Step1: Calculate the thickness of the slab and effective span.
Lx = 4.3m; Ly= 6m
Since the aspect ratio that is ratio Ly / Lx = 6/4.3 = 1.4 < 2,
we should design the slab as a two way slab.
L/D ratio of simply supported slab(as per Clause 24.1 of IS 456) for
Fe415 steel
= 0.8 x 30 = 24
(Note that this is valid only upto Lx=3.5m as per the code)
Hence, D= 4300/24 = 179mm
Provide D = 175 mm

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 3
# Question. 1
Solution:- Assuming 10mm diameter bars are used , from Table 16 of IS
456, cover for mild exposure and M25 concrete = 15mm.
Hence dx= 175- 15 – 5 = 155 mm and dy= 155 -10 = 145mm
Effective Span:
The effective span of the slab in each direction = Clear span + d (or
width of support , whichever is smaller).
Thus effective span
LX=4300 + 155 = 4455mm: Ly= 6000+ 145 = 6145mm.
Hence r = Ly/Lx= 6145/ 4455 = 1.38

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 4
# Question. 1
Solution:- Step2: Calculate the loads on the slab .
Self – weight of slab = 0.175x 25 = 4.375kN/m2
Weight of finishes(given) = 1.0 kN/m2
Imposed load = 2.0kN/m2
-----------------------
Total Load , w = 7.375kN/m2
Factored load wu = 1.5 x 7.375 = 11. 06kN/m2

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 5
# Question. 1
Solution:- Step3: Design the moments ( for strips at mid-span , with 1m
width in each direction).
For Ly / Lx = 1.38 , from Table 10.2 (Table 27 of the code)
αx = 0.098
αy = 0.0515
Hence, Mx = αxwuLx2 = 0.098 x 11.06 x 4.4552 = 21.51 kNm/m
My = αywuLx2 = 0.0515 x 11.06 x 4.4552 = 11.30 kNm/m

Check the depth for maximum bending moment .

Mmax = 0.138 fckbd2
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 6
# Question. 1
Solution:-
0.5
21.51 ∗ 106
𝑑= = 79𝑚𝑚 < 155𝑚𝑚
0.138 ∗ 25 ∗ 1000
Hence the depth adopted is adequate and the slab is under-reinforced.
Step4: Design the reinforcement
𝑥𝑢 6.68𝑀𝑢
= 1.2 − 1.44 −
𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑑𝑏2
6.68∗21.51∗106
= 1.2 − 1.44 − = 0.015
25∗1000∗1552

xu
z = d 1 − 0.416 = 155 1 − 0.416 x 0.105 = 148.23mm
d

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 7
# Question. 1
M 21.51∗106
Solution:- Ast = = = 402𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.87∗415∗148.23
This result may be got using Table 3 of SP 16.
Mu 21.51∗106
= = 0.895
𝑏𝑑 2 1000∗1552
From Table 3 of SP16, for M25 concrete , with fy = 415 MPa.
0.2595∗1000∗155
pt = 0.2595; Ast = = 402mm2
100
Note: We may also use the appropriate formula .
Mu 21.51∗106
Ast = = = 418 𝑚𝑚2 ~ 402𝑚𝑚2
0.8𝑑𝑓𝑦 0.8 ∗155∗415
From Table 96 of SP16, provide 10mm diameter bars at 190mm center-to-center distance
(c/c) (Ast=413 mm2); spacing < 3d . Hence, the crack width will be controlled.
Similarly, for the longer direction
Mu 11.30∗106
= = 0.538
𝑏𝑑 2 1000∗1452

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 8
# Question. 1
Solution:-
From Table 3 of SP16, for M25 concrete , with fy=415MPa.
0.1526∗1000∗145
𝑝𝑡 = 0.1526; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 221𝑚𝑚2
100
From Table 96 of SP16, provide 8 mm diameter bars at 220 mm center-
to-center distance (c/c) (Ast= 228 mm2).
The reinforcement detailing for the slab is shown in Figure with
alternate bars bent up at 0.1 Lx and 0.1Ly in the shorter and longer
directions, respectively . (It should be noted that at the support in the
longer direction, the 8mm bars are provided at 440mm c/c ;
Spacing = 3 x 145 = 435 mm. Hence, it is adequate.)
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 9
# Question. 1
Solution:- Reinforcement detailing for slab .

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 10
# Question. 1
Solution:- Step5:- Check for deflection .
Let us check the deflection in the shorter direction, since it is critical.
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100∗413
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.266%
𝑏𝑑 1000∗155
402
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 ∗ 415 ∗ = 234 𝑀𝑃𝑎
413
Modification factor kt from Fig.4 of the code = 1.61
Basic span to depth ratio for simply supported slab = 20 (Clause 23.2.1)
Allowable L/d = 20 x 1.61 = 32.2
Provided span to depth ratio = 4455/155 = 28.74 (< 32.2)
Hence , the assumed depth is enough to control deflection .
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 11
# Question. 1
Solution:-
Note:- As per this calculation ,an effective depth of 140mm is sufficient,
We may redesign the slab with lesser depth slightly greater than 140mm
to achieve economy.
Step6:- Check for Shear.
Average effective depth d = ( 155 + 145)/ 2 = 150mm
The maximum shear force occurs at a distance of effective depth from
the face of support .
Vu = wu(0.5Lxn - d) = 11.06(0.5x4.3 – 0.15) = 22.12kN/m
tv = 22.12 x 103/ (1000 x 150) = 0.148 Mpa
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 12
# Question. 1
Solution:-
For pt = 0.266 , tc for M25 concrete ( Table 19 of IS 456) = 0.368 Mpa
k tc > 0.148 Mpa
Hence , the slab is safe in shear.
Note:- It is clearly seen that the shear will not be critical in two-way
slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads.
Step7:- Check for cracking.
Steel more than 0.12 per cent in both directions.
Spacing of steel < 3d = 3 x 145 = 435 mm or 300 mm in both directions.
Diameter of steel reinforcement < 175/8 = 21mm.
Hence, no calculation is required for cracking
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 13
# Question. 1
Solution:-
Step8:- Check for development length.
As per clause 26.2.3.3(d) it should be checked whether
𝑀𝑛1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 + 𝐿0
𝑉𝑢
It is found that 10mm diameter bar is satisfactory.
Length of embedment available at the support
= 230 – clear side cover = 230 – 25
= 205 mm > Ld/3
0.87∗415∗10 𝐿𝑑
𝐿𝑑 = = 403𝑚𝑚: = 135𝑚𝑚 < 205𝑚𝑚
4∗(1.4∗1.6) 3
Hence the length provided is sufficient to develop the bond.
CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 14
# Question. 2
An RC beam of span 6m, subjected to uniformly distributed loads,
require six 20mm Fe 415 bars as tension reinforcement. Determine the
TCP and PCP where two and four of these bars can be curtailed.
Assume M25 concrete, b=400mm and d= 450mm.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 15
# Question. 2
Solution:- Two of the bars (denoted as bars A in Figure) should
continue into the supports. Considering that symmetry should be
maintained, two bars ( bars B in Figure) can be cut-off at x1 (2/3M0
location where M0 is the maximum bending moment at the center), and
two more bars (bars C in Figure) can be curtailed at x2(1/3 M0 location)

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 16
# Question. 2
Solution:-

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 17
# Question. 2
Solution:-Step1:- Calculate TCP.
TCP for bars B from bending moment considerations:
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝑥2
−( ) 4
8 2
𝑤𝐿2
= 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
( ) 6
8
Where x is measured from mid-span. Simplifying, we get 6(L2-4x2)=4L2 with
L=6m, x2=1.732 m from mid-span or 3-1.732 = 1.268m (0.2113L ) from
support.
In the same way, the TCP for bars C from bending moment
considerations can be found as x2= 2.449 m from mid-span or 0.092L =
0.552m from support.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 18
# Question. 2
Solution:-Step2:- Calculate development length. The development length for
20mm bars of grade Fe415 for M25 concrete from Table 7.4 Ld = 806mm.
Step3:- Determine the PCPs . Clause 26.2.3.4 of the code requires that the
distance x1y1 and x2y2 should be at least equal to d(400mm) or
12db(12x20=240mm), whichever is larger. Thus, the PCPs should be located
at 400mm from the TCPs(i.e. x1y1 = x2y2=400mm).
Step4:- Check for development length at the cut-off points
PCP y1 for B bars from support = 1268-400 = 868 mm
PCP y2 for C bars from support = 552 - 400 = 152 mm

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 19
# Question. 2
Solution:-
It is evident that bars A,B and C have adequate development length of
more than 806mm on either side of mid-span. At section x1, B bars are
cut-off and bars A and C have a development length of 0.2113L =
1268mm and 1112 mm (1268-152), respectively and both lengths are
greater than 806mm. Hence, the development lengths at x1 are adequate.
At section x2 only bars A are available, and the development length
available up to the center of support is 0.092L = 552mm < 806mm.
However, these bars will continue into the support and this additional
length should be (806-552)= 254mm or Ld/3 = 806/3 = 269mm
(Clause26.2.3.3). Extend the bars A into the support by 150 mm and
bend the bars using 90o bend with 4db extension, which will give an
extra length of 8 x 20 = 160 mm ( total 310mm > 269mm).

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 20
# Question. 2
Solution:-

Note that additional checks are required for shear and additional stirrups
are to be provided at all cut-off points as per Clause 26.2.3.2 of the
code..!!

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 21
# Question. 3
Consider the beam which is simply supported of span 6m that carries a
factored load of 78kN/m, including the self-weight. Suppose the beam is
of size 700mm by 300mm , with effective depth 660mm and reinforced
with six 20mm bars at the center. If only four bars are continued into the
support , check the development length at the supports assuming M20
concrete and Fe415 steel.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 22
# Question. 3
Solution:-Step1:- Calculate the maximum bending moment and shear force .
Maximum bending moment at mid-span,
𝑤𝐿2 78∗62
𝑀𝑢 = = = 351𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Maximum Shear force at support,
𝑤𝐿 78∗6
𝑉𝑢 = = = 234𝑘𝑁
2 2
Step2:- Calculate the moment of resistance at the support . At support, with
four 20 bars
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100∗1257
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.635
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗660
𝑀𝑢
From Table 2 of SP16:1980, = 1.987
𝑏𝑑 2
2 −6
Hence 𝑀𝑢 = 1.987 ∗ 300 ∗ 660 ∗ 10 = 259.66𝑘𝑁𝑚.

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 23
# Question. 3
Solution:-Step3:- Check the development length at the support .
Ld for 20mm bars from Table 7.4 for M20 concrete and grade Fe415 steel = 940mm.
Using 30 percent increase as per Clause 26.2.3.3(c) of IS 456, the condition
to be satisfied is :
𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉𝑢
𝐿𝑜 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 12 𝑑𝑏 = 660 𝑚𝑚

𝑀1 1.3 ∗259.66∗106
1.3 + 𝐿0 = + 660
𝑉𝑢 234∗103
= 1442 + 660 = 2102𝑚𝑚 > 940𝑚𝑚

Hence, it is adequate…!!

CE-325(Structural_Design_1) 24
 CE 325 Structural Design-1
Tutorial - 6

10/26/2022 CE325 1
Q.1 A multistoreyed building plan shown in the below figure has 16 columns of
size 300 x 300 mm interconnected by floor beams of size 250 mm by 500 mm in
the longitudinal & transverse directions. The storey height is 3.5 m. Calculate the
effective length of the typical lower storey columns assuming a total distributed
load 30 kN/m2 from all the floors above & the grade of concrete a M20. Adopt
IS:456-2000 codal method for computations.

10/26/2022 CE325 2
10/26/2022 CE325 3
a) Given data:
Size of columns = 300 × 300 mm
Height of storey = ℎ𝑠 = 3500 mm
Width of beam = 250 mm; Depth of beam = 500 mm
Length of beam = 4000 mm
Total distributed load = 30 kN/m2
No. of columns = 16; No. of beams in XX or YY - directions = 12
Grade of concrete = M-20
b) Relative stiffness of columns and beams:
Referring to above figure,
Un-supported length of column = 𝐿 = 3500 − 500 = 3000 mm
i) Columns: 16Nos, (300 × 300 mm) and ℎ𝑠 = 3500 m
𝐼𝑐 16 × (300)4 /12
Σ = = 3086 × 103 mm3
10/26/2022
ℎ𝑠 3500 CE325 4
ii) Beams in each direction XX or YY
𝐼𝑏 12 × 250 × (500)3 /12
Σ = = 7812 × 103 mm3
𝐿𝑏 4000
c) Check for braced or Unbraced Columns
Δu ℎs2 1 1
= +
𝐻𝑢 12𝐸c σ 𝐼c /ℎs σ 𝐼b /𝐿b
𝐸c = 5000 𝑓ck according to clause 6.2.3.1 of IS: 4.56 − 2000
Therefore, 𝐸c = 5000 20 = 22360 N/mm2
Δ𝑢 35002 1 1
= 3 + = 5.991 × 10−6 mm/N
𝐻𝑢 (12 × 22360) 3086 × 10 7812 × 103
Total axial Load on all columns = (12 × 12 × 30) = 𝑃u = 4320kN
𝑃u Δ𝑢 4320×103
Stability Index = 𝑄 = × = 5.991 × 10−6 = 0.00739 < 0.04
ℎ𝑠 𝐻𝑢 3500

Hence, the columns in the storey can be considered as braced in XX and YY

directions.
10/26/2022 CE325 5
d) Effective length of columns using IS: 𝟒𝟓𝟔 code charts
σ 𝐼𝑐 /ℎ𝑠
𝛽1 = 𝛽2 =
σ 𝐼𝑐 /ℎ𝑠 + σ0.5 𝐼𝑏 /𝐿𝑏 ሿ
(300)4 /12
Σ 𝐼𝑐 /ℎ𝑠 = × 2 = 385 × 103 mm3
3500
250 × 5003 /12
Σ 𝐼b /𝐿b = × 2 = 1302 × 103 mm3
4000
385 × 103
∴ 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = = 0.371
385 × 103 + 0.5 × 1302 × 103

Referring to [Fig. 26 of IS: 456-2000] and interpolating the effective length ratio as,
𝐿𝑐
𝑘= = 0.630
𝐿
∴ 𝐿𝑐 = (0.630 × 3000) = 1890 mm
𝐿0 1890
Slenderness ratio of the column is = = = 6.3 < 12
𝐷 300

Hence, the column should be designed as short column.

10/26/2022 CE325 6
10/26/2022 CE325 7
Q.2 Design a column of height 3 m, which is effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation at bottom and effectively restrained against rotation
but not held in position at top. It is subjected to an axial load of 1650 kN under
dead and live load condition. Use M25 concrete, Fe 415 steel, and assume
moderate environment.

Step 1 Determine the size of the column.

Factored load = 1.5 × 1650 = 2475 kN
Assuming 𝜌g = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 /𝐴𝑔 = 2%,
Using Equation,
𝑃𝑢 2475 × 1000
𝐴𝑐 = =
0.4 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 1.67𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑔 0.4(25 + 1.67 × 415 × 2/100)
= 159,221 mm2
Assuming a square column, size of column = 159,221 = 399 mm; adopt
400 mm.
10/26/2022 CE325 8
Step 2 Determine whether the column is a short or long column.
Boundary condition for columns:
Bottom: Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation
Top: Effectively restrained against rotation but not held in position
Refer to Table 28 of IS 456.
Effective length factor, 𝑘 = 1.20
Effective length of column, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑘 × 𝐿 = 1.20 × 3.00 = 3.60 m
3.60
Ratio: 𝐿𝑒 /least lateral dimension = = 9 < 12
0.4
Hence, the column can be classified as a short column.
Step 3 Calculate the minimum eccentricity (Clause 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 of IS 456).
𝐿 𝑏
Minimum eccentricity = +
500 30
400
= (3000/500) + = 19.33 mm < 20 mm
30
= 0.05 × 𝑏 = 0.05 × 400 = 20 mm
Hence,
10/26/2022 the formula for the short column capacityCE325
suggested by IS 456: 2000 can be used. 9
Step 4 Estimate longitudinal reinforcement.
Minimum reinforcement (Clause 26.5.3.1) = (0.8/100) × 400 × 400 =
1280 mm2
As per Clause 39.3 of IS 456, 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

Substituting the values, we get

2475 × 1000 = 0.4 × 25 × 400 × 400 + 0.67 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑐
Solving, we get, 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 3147 mm2 𝑝 = 1.96% > 1280 mm2
Hence, provide eight 25 mm bars; area provided = 3927 mm2
Provided percentage of reinforcement = 3927/(400 × 400) × 100 = 2.45% <
4%
Hence, the selected area is within limits.
10/26/2022 CE325 10
Use of design aids: The same value of
𝐴𝑠𝑐 may be obtained by using Chart 25
of SP 16.
In the top of the chart, go along the line
for 𝑃𝑢 = 2475kN, hit the line for 𝐴𝑔 =
1500 cm2 ;
Now come down on the same line and
hit the line for M25 concrete and read
the reinforcement percentage as 2.1%.

10/26/2022 CE325 11
Step 5 Estimate transverse reinforcement.
Diameter of transverse reinforcement [Clause 26.5.3.2(c)-(2) of IS 456]
25
Criteria 1: Diameter of longitudinal bar/4 = = 6.25 mm
4
Criteria 2: 6 mm
Adopt a diameter of 8 mm for the transverse reinforcement.
Spacing of transverse reinforcement [Clause 26.5.3.2(c)-(1) of IS 456]
Criteria 1: Least lateral dimension of column = 400 mm
Criteria 2: 16 × Diameter of smallest longitudinal bar = 16 × 25 =
400 mm
Criteria 3: 300 mm
Hence, provide transverse reinforcement of 8 mm bars at 300 mm centre to
centre.
10/26/2022 CE325 12
Step 6 Detail the reinforcement. Adopt the column as shown in the below
figure with 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 cover to reinforcement.

10/26/2022 CE325 13
Q.3 Design the reinforcements in a circular column of diameter 300
mm with helical reinforcement to support a factored load of 1500
kN. The columns has an unsupported length of 3 m and is braced
against sidesway. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
a) Given data:
Diameter of column = D = 300 mm
Unsupported Length = L = 3000 mm
Column braced against sidesway.
Factored load = 𝑃𝑢 = 1500 kN
𝑓ck = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝑓y = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
b) Slenderness Ratio
𝐿𝑒 /𝐷 = (3000/300) = 10 < 12
Hence, the column designed as short column.
10/26/2022 CE325 14
c) Minimum Eccentricity

𝐿 𝐷 3000 300
𝑒min = + = + = 16 mm 20 mm
500 30 500 30

Also, 0.05𝐷 = 0.05 × 300 = 15 mm < 20 mm

Hence, the codal formula for axially compressed column can be used.
d) Longitudinal Reinforcements

According to IS: 456-code clause 39.4

𝑃u = 1.05 0.4𝑓ck 𝐴g + 0.67𝑓y − 0.4𝑓ck 𝐴sc

1500 × 103 0.4 × 20 × 𝜋 × 3002

= + {(0.67 × 415) − (0.4 × 20)}𝐴sc
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1.05 4 CE325 15
Solving 𝐴sc = 3197 mm2
𝐴sc,min = 0.8% of gross cross section = 0.008 × 𝜋 × 3002 /4 = 565 mm2
Provide 6 bars of 28 mm diameter 𝐴sc = 3696 mm2
e) Helical Reinforcement (spirals)
Assuming clear cover of 40 mm over spirals
Core diameter = [300 − (2 × 40)ሿ = 220 mm
𝜋×2202
Area of core = 𝐴𝑐 = − 3696 = 34317 mm2
4
Volume of core/m = 𝑉c = 34317 × 103 mm3
𝜋×3002
Gross Area of section = 𝐴g = = 70685 mm2
4
Using 8 mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch ' 𝑝 ', mm, the volume of helical spiral per
metre length is given by
𝑉𝑛𝑠 = 𝜋(300 − 80 − 8)50 × (1000/𝑝)mm3 /m
= 33301 × 103 /𝑝 mm3 /m
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According to code clause 39.4.1 (IS:456)
𝑉ns
< 0.36 𝐴g Τ𝐴c − 1 𝑓ck Τ𝑓y
𝑉c
33301 × 103 70685 20
< 0.36 −1
𝑝 34317 × 103 34317 415

Solving pitch ' 𝑝 ' 52.78 mm

Codal restriction on pitch [Clause 26.5.3.2(d)]
𝑝 < 75 mm or ( core diameter /6) = (220/6) = 36.6 mm
𝑝 > 25 mm or (3 times the diameter of helix ) = 3 × 8 = 24 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter spirals at a pitch of 36 mm.

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f) Reinforcement Details
The details of reinforcements in the helically reinforced column are shown in
the figure below.

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 CE 325 Structural Design-1
Tutorial - 7

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Q.1 Design the reinforcement of a short column of size 300 mm × 500 mm and
unsupported length of 3 m subjected to a factored axial load Pu of 1400kN and
factored moment Mux about major axis of 130kNm and Muy about minor axis of
60kNm. Adopt M30 concrete and Fe500 grade steel and assume moderate
environment. (Design a rectangular column with biaxial bending)
Solution:
Step 1: Check for bending moment due to minimum eccentricity. As per Clause
𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 of IS code
3000 300
𝑒𝑥, min = + = 16 mm < 20 mm
500 30
𝐿 𝐷 3000 500
𝑒𝑦,min = + = + = 22.67 mm > 20 mm
500 30 500 30
Moment due to eccentricity
𝑀𝑢𝑥,𝑒 = 1400 × 22.67/1000 = 31.74kNm < 𝑀𝑢𝑥
Hence, moments due to minimum eccentricity do not govern.
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Step 2: Determine the uniaxial capacity about the 𝑿 − 𝑿 axis. At first trial, let us assume
reinforcement percentage at 𝟏. 𝟓 percent.
𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 1.5/30 = 0.05
Assuming 45 mm cover (severe environment as per Table 16 of IS 456), 8 mm ties, and
25 mm main bars, 𝑑 ′ = 45 + 8 + 12.5 = 65.5; 𝑑 ′ /𝐷 = 65.5/500 = 0.13.
Let us use Chart 45 of SP 16 with 𝑑 ′ /𝐷 = 0.15.
𝑃𝑢 1400 × 103
= = 0.31
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝐷 30 × 300 × 500
𝑀𝑢 5002
From Chart 45, = 0.085 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 0.085 × 30 × 300 × = 191.25 kNm
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝐷2 106

Step 3: Determine the uniaxial capacity about the 𝒀 − 𝒀 axis.

𝑑 ′ /𝐷 = 65.5/300 = 0.218
Let us use Chart 46 of SP16 with 𝑑 ′ /𝐷 = 0.2.
𝑀𝑢 3002
From Chart 46, = 0.08; 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 0.08 × 30 × 500 × = 108 kNm
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝐷2 106
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Step 4: Calculate 𝑷𝒖𝒛 .
From Chart 63 of SP 16 corresponding to 𝑝 = 1.5, 𝑓𝑦 = 415MPa, and 𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
30MPa,𝑃𝑢𝑧 /𝐴𝑔 = 18 N/mm2 ; 𝑃𝑢𝑧 = 18 × 𝐴𝑔 = 18 × 300 × 500/103 = 2700kN
Step 5: Check the capacity of the assumed section.
𝑃𝑢 1400 𝑀𝑢x 130 𝑀𝑢𝑦 60
= = 0.519; = = 0.68; = = 0.556
𝑃𝑢𝑧 2700 𝑀𝑢𝑥1 191.25 𝑀𝑢𝑦1 108
2 5 𝑃𝑢 2 5
𝛼𝑛 = + = + × 0.519 = 1.532
3 3 𝑃𝑢𝑧 3 3
𝛼 𝛼
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑛 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝑛
+ = 0.681.532 + 0.5561.532 = 0.554 + 0.407 = 0.961
𝑀𝑢𝑥1 𝑀𝑢𝑦1
< 1.0
Therefore, the assumed section and reinforcement are safe.
300
Provide 𝐴𝑠 = 1.5 × 500 × = 2250 mm2
100
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Provide eight 20 mm bars (area = 2513 mm2 ) as shown in the figure.
Step 6: Design the transverse reinforcement. As per Clause 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓. 𝟑. 𝟐(𝒄) of IS 456

Diameter > (1/4)𝑑𝑏 or 6 mm = 1/4 × 20 = 5 mm or 6 mm

Pitch < 𝐵, 16 × 𝑑𝑏 , or 300 mm = 300,16 × 20, or 300 mm

Provide 6 mm diameter ties at 300 mm c/c as shown in the figure.

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Q.2 Design a biaxially loaded braced circular column for the following data:
Factored axial load, Pu = 1875kN, ultimate biaxial moments, Mux = 190kNm and
Muy = 100kNm, unsupported length, Lu = 3.25m, and diameter of column = 500
mm. Use M25 concrete and Fe415 grade steel and assume moderate environment.
(Design of a circular column with biaxial loading)
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the equivalent uniaxial moment. Biaxially loaded circular columns
can be designed for a uniaxial bending with
2 2 0.5
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦

Thus, 𝑀𝑢 = 1902 + 1002 05

= 214.71kNm
Step 2: Check for moment due to minimum eccentricity.
𝐿𝑢 𝐷 3250 500
𝑒max = + = + = 23.17 mm
500 30 500 30
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 23.17
𝑀u,e = 1800 × = 41.7kNm < 𝑀𝑢
1000
Hence, moment due to minimum eccentricity does not govern.
As we may adopt lateral ties or spirals, we can choose either of them.
(a) Column with lateral ties
Step 3: Determine the steel reinforcement using the chart from SP 16.
With 40 mm cover (as per Clause 26.4.2.1 of IS 456), 25 mm main bars, and 8 mm
ties,
𝑑′ = 40 + 8 + 25/2 = 60.5 mm; 𝑑′ /𝐷 = 60.5/500 = 0.121
𝑃𝑢 1875 × 1000
2
= 2
= 0.30
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 25 × 500
𝑀𝑢 214.71 × 106
2
= 3
= 0.0687
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 25 × 500
Using Chart 57 of SP 16 with 𝑑′ /𝐷 = 0.15, we get 𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.10.
𝑝 = 0.10 × 25 = 2.5% < %. Hence, it is
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within limits.
CE325 7
 𝐴s = 2.5 × 𝜋 × 5002 4 × 100 = 4908.7 mm2
Provide ten 25 mm bars 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4908 mm2 .
Step 4: Design the transverse reinforcement.
Diameter > 1/4𝑑𝑏 and 6 mm = 1/4 × 25 = 6.25 mm and 6 mm
Pitch < 𝐷, 16 × 𝑑b and 300 mm = 500,16 × 25, and 300
Provide 8 mm lateral ties at a spacing of 300 mm c/c as shown in the figure.
(b) Column with spirals
As per Clause 39.4 of IS 456 , the strength of a column with spirals can be taken to be
1.05 times the strength of a column with lateral ties. Hence
𝑃𝑢 1875 × 1000
2
= 2
= 0.286
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 1.05 × 25 × 500

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 𝑀𝑢 214.71 × 106
3
= 3
= 0.065
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 1.05 × 25 × 500
𝑑 ′ /𝐷 = 0.121 as in (a)
Using Chart 57 of SP 16, 𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.085.
𝑝 = 0.085 × 25 = 2.125%
𝐴𝑠 = 2.125 × 𝜋 × 5002 /(4 × 100) = 4172.4 mm2
Provide seven 28 mm bars 𝐴𝑠 = 4310 mm2 .
Transverse reinforcement: The calculations are as per Clause 26.5.3.2(d) of IS
456 ; provide 8 mm diameter spirals at 50 mm pitch.

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