CHE133P

Heat and Mass

Transfer
LECTURE 31
Engr. Ria Grace P. Abdon
Crystallization 3
Malayan Colleges Laguna
Table 2-182 p. 2-203 to 2-205
Table 2-98 ( 9 edition)
th
Heat of solution
 Old board question

The heat of solution of saltpeter kcal/mol is

A. -5.23
B. -6.23
C. -8.633
D. -4.6
 Old board question

The heat of solution of saltpeter kcal/mol is

A. -5.23
B. -6.23
C. -8.633
D. -4.6
 Old board question
The heat of solution of hydroxybenzene in cal/mol is
A. -2605
B. -3960
C. -3705
D. -5210
Old board question/seat work
The heat of solution of hydroxybenzene in cal/mol is
A. -2605
B. -3960
C. -3705
D. -5210
 Heat Balance in Crystallization

q = F Cp ∆T + C λc
λc = - ∆Hs (heat of solution)
 Heat Balance in Crystallization

q = F Cp ∆T + C λc
λc = - ∆Hs (heat of solution)
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram
 Heat Balance in crystallization

Example 12.11-2.

A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg

MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5
kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat capacity of the
feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution
at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield
of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat
absorbed, q, assuming that no water is vaporized.
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K 𝜆𝑐 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
hF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K 𝜆𝑐 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
hF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K 𝜆𝑐 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
hF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K 𝜆𝑐 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
hF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K 𝜆𝑐 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
𝐻𝑆 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝜆𝐶 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑛
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
hF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K𝐻𝑆 = 13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝜆𝐶 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K, where
MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water. The average heat
capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is 13.31 X 103 kJ/kg mol
MgSO4. 7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the total heat absorbed, q, assuming
that no water is vaporized.

Reqd:
Yield of crystals
F =2268 kg C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 q

TF = 327.6K Crystallizer
TC = 293.2K
𝜆𝐶 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK 35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=satd
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Material Balance
OMB 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟖 = 𝑪 + 𝑳
48.2 120.366 35.5
MgSO4 bal: 2268𝑥 = 𝑪𝑥 + 𝑳𝑥
148.2 246.47 135.5

𝐶 = 633.65 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 1634.35 𝑘𝑔
 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance:
ℎ𝐹 + 𝜆𝐶 + 𝑞 = 0
2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 633.65𝑘𝑔
𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 +𝑞 =0
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑛𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑛

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 633.65𝑘𝑔

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 +𝑞 =0
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑛𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑛

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 633.65𝑘𝑔

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 +𝑞 =0
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑛𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑛

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 C=𝟔𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐠
F =2268 kg Reqd:
Crystallizer 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
Yield of crystals
TF = 327.6K q 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝜆𝑐 = −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
48.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 TC = 293.2K 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 = 246.47
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 L=1634.35 kg
CpF = 2.93 kJ/kgK
TL = 293.2K
35.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Heat balance: q = F Cp ∆T + C λc

2.93𝑘𝐽 −13.31 𝑥 103𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥2268𝑘𝑔𝑥 293.2 − 327.6 + 𝑥 𝑥633.65𝑘𝑔 = 𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 246.47𝑘𝑔𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂

𝑞 = −262,814.95 𝑘𝐽 ( ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram
Example 27.2. McCabe and Smith

A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable

evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-cooled crystallizer. How
much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?

hF= -33BTU/lb
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?

hm= -78BTU/lb
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
hm= -78BTU/lb
hF= -33BTU/lb Applying Mass Balance:

ℎ𝐿 + q
ℎ𝐶 =+ H = 0 – Hfeed
𝑞 magma
𝐵𝑇𝑈
−33 + 78 +𝑞 =0
𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

45BTU
+𝑞 = −
lb feed
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
hm= -78BTU/lb
hF= -33BTU/lb Applying Mass Balance:

q = Hmagma – Hfeed
𝐵𝑇𝑈
−78 − −33 =𝑞
𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

45BTU
+𝑞 = −
lb feed
A 32.5% solution of MgSO4 at 120F is cooled, without appreciable evaporation, to 70F in a batch water-
cooled crystallizer. How much heat must be removed from the solution per ton of crystals?
hm= -78BTU/lb
hF= -33BTU/lb Applying Mass Balance:

q = Hmagma – Hfeed
𝐵𝑇𝑈
−78 − −33 =𝑞
𝑙𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑

45BTU
+𝑞 = −
lb feed
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed
316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=− 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑛
 45BTU
Concentration ML = 26% MgSO4 +𝑞 = −
lb feed

𝐹 = 𝐿 + 2000
120.366
. 325𝐹 = 0.26𝐿 + 2000𝑥
246.47

𝐹 = 7026.45 𝑙𝑏

45BTU
+𝑞 = − 𝑥7026.45 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
lb feed

316,190𝐵𝑇𝑈
=−
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
Coulson 2
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = 146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = 146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = 146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = 146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = 146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
hF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

By mass balance: 𝐹 = 0.196 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝐿 = 0.1325 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Heat balance 3.2𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 −146.5𝑘𝐽 0.063𝑘𝑔

𝑥0.196 𝑥 298 − 313 + 𝑥 =𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

By mass balance: 𝐹 = 0.196 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝐿 = 0.1325 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Heat balance 3.2𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 −146.5𝑘𝐽 0.063𝑘𝑔

𝑥0.196 𝑥 298 − 313 + 𝑥 =𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

By mass balance: 𝐹 = 0.196 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝐿 = 0.1325 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Heat balance 3.2𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 −146.5𝑘𝐽 0.063𝑘𝑔

𝑥0.196 𝑥 298 − 313 + 𝑥 =𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

By mass balance: 𝐹 = 0.196 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝐿 = 0.1325 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Heat balance 3.2𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 −146.5𝑘𝐽 0.063𝑘𝑔

𝑥0.196 𝑥 298 − 313 + 𝑥 =𝑞
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 C =0.063 kg/s
TF = 313 K 𝜆𝑐 = −146.5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23% 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 ∙ 12𝐻2 𝑂
CpF = 3.2 kJ/kgK
F=
Crystallizer

TW o= 293K TW i= 288K

15.5 𝑘𝑔𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4

U = 140 W/m2 K TL = 298 K
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Length of crystallizer?

𝑞 = −18.6375𝑘𝑊 (𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)

𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 18.6375𝑘𝑊 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊 (298 − 288)/(313 − 293)
18.6375 𝑥 103 𝑊 = 140 2 𝑥𝐴𝑥
𝑚𝐾 298 − 288
𝑙𝑛
313 − 293
Typically, 1m2/m 𝐴 = 9.22 𝑚2 ~9.22𝑚
 nucleation

cluster→embryo→nucleus→crystal
Kelvin Equation

• α is ratio of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated

solution.
• L is the crystal size.
• v is number of ions per molecule.
• Vm is the molar volume in cc/mol.
• R is gas constant used 8.314 X 10 7 ergs/mol.K.
• T is temp in K.
• σ is interfacial tension in ergs/cm2.
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is consistent
with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm , determine the size of the nucleus
2

at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is 74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is
1.988 g/cm3. The ratio of concentration of supersaturated solution and
saturated solution is 1.029.
• α is ratio of concentration of supersaturated
solution and saturated solution.
• L is the crystal size.
• v is number of ions per molecule.
• Vm is the molar volume in cc/mol.
• R is gas constant used 8.314 X 10 7 ergs/mol.K.
• T is temp in K.
Ans. 2.63 nm • σ is interfacial tension in ergs/cm2.
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is consistent
with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm , determine the size of the nucleus
2

at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is 74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is
1.988 g/cm3. The ratio of concentration of supersaturated solution and
saturated solution is 1.029.
4𝜎𝑉𝑚
𝐿=
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇

Ans. 2.63 nm
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝑣𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.988 𝑔
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −7
𝐿= 𝐿 = 2.63 𝑥 10 𝑐𝑚 = 2.63 𝑛𝑚
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2
 McCabe 27.3
Assuming that the rate of nucleation of potassium chloride is
consistent with interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm2, determine
the size of the nucleus at 300 K. The molar mass of KCl is
74.56 g/mol and its crystal density is 1.988 g/cm3. The ratio
of concentration of supersaturated solution and saturated
solution is 1.029.
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 74.56𝑔 1 𝑐𝑚3
4𝑥2.5 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 1.988 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠
𝐿=
2𝑥𝑙𝑛 1.029 𝑥8.314 𝑥 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 𝑥300 𝐾

4𝜎𝑉𝑚 −𝟕
𝐿= 𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝒏𝒎
𝑙𝑛𝛼𝒗𝑅𝑇
KCl -→ K+ + Cl -
Ans. 2.63 nm 𝑣 = 2