Practical Research 1- Handout

(Structure of the Research Report)

Title
 The title gives information and description of the subject matter of the research.
 Made up of only 15 to 20 words.
 Must answer the 5 WH questions.
Abstract
 This part discusses the essential aspects of your paper such as the background of
the problem, objectives, significance, research design, data collection technique,
data analysis method, discussion of the findings, scope, conclusions, among
others
 Made of 100 to 150 word discussions of the salient parts of the research paper.
 It is the summary of your research report.
Introduction
 Explains the background of the research problem, states a set of research
questions, and of optional hypotheses assumptions.
 The purpose of the introduction is to let the readers see the connection of the
purposes of your research questions not only with the current world condition, but
also with theoretical principles that underlie your topic and other aspects of your
research.
Method
 This section explains the types and sources of data as well as the method you used
in collecting and analyzing the data you have fathered.
Findings
 Present as findings of your study those that you have analyzed and commented
on.
Discussion and Conclusion
 Findings resulting from thematically or theoretically gathered and analyzed data
with the capacity of leading you to a valid conclusion are explained in this
section.
 Any conclusion stated in this part of the paper derive their validity or truthfulness
from factual or logically determined data.
Recommendations
 To broaden the readers’ knowledge and understanding of the area covered by the
research, recommend or let the readers positively consider some activities they
can possibly do to extend, modify, replicate, or validate the findings of your
research work.
Reference
 Follow a standard documentary style. Alphabetize, identify, and list down in this
section all sources of knowledge you used in carrying out your study.
Appendix
  This contains copies of table, questionnaires, interview rates, observation
checklist, and other materials that are indispensable or necessary in completing
your research study.
Chapter 2: The Process of Review of Related Literature
Stage 1: Search for the Literature
 This stage of review of related literature where you devote much of your time in
looking for sources of knowledge, data, or information to answer your research
questions or to support your assumption about your research topic.
 Pointers you have to remember in searching for the best sources of information or
data.
 Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your
research.
 Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or
authority in the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
 Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data.
 Prefer getting information from peer reviewed materials than from general
reading materials.
Stage 2: Reading the Source Material
 Reading, understanding or making the materials meaningful to you is what will
preoccupy you on the second stage of reading RRL.
 In understanding the sources of knowledge with your HOTS, you need to think
interpretatively through these ways of inferential thinking: predicting,
generalizing concluding and assuming.
 You should have the ability to criticize or evaluate, apply. And create things about
what you have read.
Stage 3: Writing the Review
 Good literature review writing shuns presenting ideas in serial abstracts, which
means every paragraph merely consists of one article.
 Done through paraphrasing and summarizing.
 In doing paraphrasing and summarizing, you need to change the arrangement of
ideas, structures of the language and the format of the text using appropriate
organizational techniques of comparison- contrast, chronological order, spatial
relationship, inductive- deductive order and transitional devices.
 Transitional Devices- also, additionally, again, similarly, a similar
opinion, however, conversely, on the other hand, nevertheless, a
contrasting opinion, a different approach.
 Active Verbs- Analyze, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare,
contrast, conclude, criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss,
distinguish, differentiate, evaluate, examine, emphasize, expand, explain,
exhibit, identify, illustrate, imply, indicate, judge, justify, narrate, outline,
persuade, propose, question, relate to, report, review, suggest, summarize.
Standard Styles in Related Literature Citations or References
Three Terms Used to express your appreciation for or recognition of people’s
ownership or borrowed ideas
 Acknowledgement- The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals
who have contributed something for the production of the paper.
 References or Bibliography- A complete list of all reading materials, including
books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from.
 Citation or In- text Citation- References within the main body of the text
specifically in Review of Related Literature.
Purposes of Citation
 To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the
field/
 To give authority, validity and credibility to other people’s claims, conclusions,
and arguments.
 To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials
about your topic.
 To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily.
 To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work.
 To save yourself from plagiarism
Styles of Citation
 Integral Citation
 This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in
your work.
 Use active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc.
Examples of Integral Citation
1. One study by Manalo (2015) reveals….
2. The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts…
3. According to Abad et al. (2015) context is…
 Non- Integral Citation
 Downplays any strengths of the writer’s personal characteristics. The
stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the
ideas.
Examples of Non- Integral Citation
1. The Code of Ethics for International Competence give four ways by which
people from different cultural background can harmoniously relate
themselves with one another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
2. Knowledge is one component of not only Systematic Functional Grammar
but Intercultural competence as well. It is the driving force beyond any
successful collaborative activities to develop interpersonal relationships
and communicative competence. (Smith 2015)
 3. The other components of Intercultural Competence which are present in
SFG are: contect (Harold, 2015), appropriateness (Villar, Marcos, Atienza,
2016; Santos, and Daez, 2016), and emotios (Flores, 2016)
Patterns of Citation
 Summary- Shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language.
 Paraphrase- Instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text
means to you using your own words.
 Short Direct Quotation- Only a part of the author’s sentence, is or several
sentences, not exceeding 40words.
 Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract- This citation pattern
make you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words.