NIGER STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION MINNA,

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT BIOLOGY/INTEGRATED SCIENCE

COURSE TITTLE: WORKSHOP PRACTICE SKILLS ACQUISITION AND ICT

COURSE CODE: ISC 215

BY
GROUP “F”

QUESTION
1. WHAT IS ELECTRONIC?
2. WHAT IS ELEMENTARY ELECTRONIC?
3. WHAT ARE THE TYPES FUNCTION OF ELEMENTARY ELECTRONIC?
4. WHAT IS MECHANISM?
5. WHAT ARE THE MECHANISM OF RADIO, TAPE, RECORDER AND TV
6. WHAT IS RADIO, TAPE, RECORDER AND TV AND WHAT ARE THE
FUNCTION OF THEM.
7. WHAT ARE THE WAVELENGTH OF THE RADIO TAPE, RECORDERS
AND TV?
8. WHAT ARE THE CHANNELS OF THE RADIIO TAPE, RECORDERS AND
TV?

JANUARY, 2024

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 NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS
S/N NAME MATRIC NUMBER
1 RUKAYAT USMAN SE/BIO-ISC/22/0082
2 HUSSAINI HABIBAT SE/BIO-ISC/22/0081
3 USMAN HUSSAINA SE/BIO-ISC/22/0078
4 AYILA ZAINAB SE/BIO-ISC/22/0079
5 MUHAMMAD SADIYA UMAR SE/BIO-ISC/22/0084
6 IBRAHIM FATIMA SE/BIO-ISC/22/0086
7 HAUWA MOHAMMED ISAH SE/BIO-ISC/22/0076

WHAT IS ELECTRONIC

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Electronic" refers to anything related to or based on the principles of electronics.
Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering that deals with the study of electric
circuits and systems and the use of electrical power to process information. It involves
the control of electric current using various active and passive devices, such as
semiconductors, resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Electronic devices and systems are prevalent in our daily lives and play a crucial role
in various industries. Examples of electronic devices include computers, smartphones,
televisions, radios, and many other gadgets. Electronic systems are used in
communication, automation, entertainment, healthcare, transportation, and numerous
other applications.
In summary, "electronic" pertains to the domain of electronics, encompassing the
study, design, and application of devices and systems that manipulate electrical
currents to perform various functions.

WHAT IS ELEMENTARY ELECTRONIC

Elementary electronics" typically refers to the foundational or basic principles and
components of electronics. It covers the fundamental concepts that form the basis for
more advanced topics in electronic engineering. This includes understanding basic
circuit elements, electrical laws, and the behavior of electronic components.
SOME KEY ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTARY ELECTRONICS INCLUDE:
 Basic Circuit Elements:
Resistors: Components that resist the flow of electric current.
Capacitors: Devices that store electrical energy in an electric field.
Inductors: Components that store energy in a magnetic field.
 Electrical Laws:
Ohm's Law: Describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a
circuit.
Kirchhoff's Laws: Fundamental principles for analyzing electrical circuits.
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  Electronic Components:
Semiconductors: Materials with electrical conductivity between that of conductors
and insulators, used in the production of transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.
Diodes: Devices that allow current to flow in one direction only.
Transistors: Semiconductor devices that amplify or switch electronic signals.
 Basic Circuits:
Series Circuits: Components connected in a single path.
Parallel Circuits: Components connected in multiple paths.
 Power Supplies and Sources:
Batteries: Portable sources of electrical energy.
DC (Direct Current) and AC (Alternating Current): Different types of electrical
power.
Understanding these foundational concepts is essential for anyone studying or
working in the field of electronics. It serves as a basis for more advanced topics such
as digital electronics, analog electronics, signal processing, and circuit design.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES, FUNCTION OF ELEMENTARY ELECTRONIC

Elementary electronic components serve specific functions in electronic circuits.
Here are Some Common Types and Their Functions:
 Resistor:
Function: Resists the flow of electric current.
Types: Fixed resistors (constant resistance), variable resistors (adjustable resistance).
 Capacitor:
Function: Stores and releases electrical energy in an electric field.
Types: Electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, etc.
 Inductor:
Function: Stores and releases electrical energy in a magnetic field.
Types: Air-core inductors, iron-core inductors, toroidal inductors, etc.
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  Diode:
Function: Allows current to flow in one direction only (rectification).
Types: Rectifier diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Zener diodes.
 Transistor:
Function: Amplifies or switches electronic signals.
Types: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Field-Effect Transistor (FET), Metal-
Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET).
 Integrated Circuit (IC):
Function: Combines multiple electronic components on a single chip.
Types: Microcontrollers, microprocessors, operational amplifiers, etc.
 Resistor Networks and Arrays:
Function: Multiple resistors housed in a single package.
Types: Dual in-line packages (DIP), surface-mount device (SMD) arrays.
 Switches:
Function: Controls the flow of current by opening or closing a circuit.
Types: Toggle switches, push-button switches, rotary switches.
Connector:
Function: Provides a point of connection for electrical signals between devices.
Types: Jacks, plugs, sockets, connectors.
 Transformer:
Function: Transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic
induction.
Types: Step-up transformers, step-down transformers.
 Crystal Oscillator:
Function: Generates precise and stable oscillations for timing in electronic circuits.
Types: Quartz crystal oscillators, ceramic resonators.
 Sensor:

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Function: Converts physical quantities (e.g., temperature, light, pressure) into
electrical signals.
Types: Thermistors, photodiodes, pressure sensors.
Understanding the types and functions of these elementary electronic components is
crucial for designing and building electronic circuits for various applications. These
components can be combined to create more complex circuits, enabling the
functionality of electronic devices and systems.

WHAT IS MECHANISM?
The term "mechanism" generally refers to a system or process designed to perform a
particular function or accomplish a specific outcome. It can be used in various
contexts to describe the workings or operation of a device, a system, or a natural
process.
HERE ARE A FEW COMMON USES OF THE TERM "MECHANISM":
 Mechanical Systems:
In the context of machines and devices, a mechanism is the combination of moving
parts and their arrangement that produces a specific type of motion or performs a
particular function. For example, the gears and springs inside a clock constitute the
mechanism that enables the clock to keep time.
 Chemical Mechanism:
In chemistry, a mechanism refers to the step-by-step sequence of chemical reactions
that occur to transform reactants into products. It outlines the pathways and
intermediate steps involved in a chemical process.
 Biological Mechanism:
In biology, a mechanism describes the processes and interactions at the cellular or
molecular level that contribute to a biological function or response. For instance, the
mechanism of enzyme action or the mechanism of a specific biological pathway.
 Social Mechanism:

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In sociology and social sciences, the term can be used to describe the processes or
structures that influence social phenomena or behavior. For example, the mechanism
of social influence or the mechanism of cultural transmission.
 Natural Mechanism:
In the context of natural sciences, a mechanism might refer to the underlying
processes or forces that drive natural phenomena. This could include mechanisms
involved in geological processes, climate patterns, or ecosystem dynamics.
In essence, a mechanism is a concept used to explain how something works or how a
process unfolds. It provides insight into the components, interactions, and steps
involved in achieving a particular result. The term is versatile and can be applied
across various disciplines to describe the underlying principles and operations of
systems and processes.

WHAT ARE THE MECHANISM OF RADIO, TAPE, RECORDER AND TV

AND WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF THEM
Let's briefly discuss the basic mechanisms and functions of radio, tape recorder, and
TV:
Radio:
Mechanism: A radio receiver has several key components, including an antenna,
tuner, demodulator, and audio amplifier. The antenna captures radio frequency (RF)
signals, the tuner selects a specific frequency, the demodulator extracts the audio
signal, and the audio amplifier amplifies the signal for the speakers.
Function: The primary function of a radio is to receive and play radio broadcasts. It
allows users to tune in to different radio stations and listen to news, music, talk shows,
and other audio content.

Tape Recorder:

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Mechanism: A tape recorder typically consists of a magnetic tape, playback head,
record head, motor, and various control mechanisms. The motor drives the tape, the
playback head reads the recorded signals, and the record head writes new signals onto
the tape.
Function: The main function of a tape recorder is to record and playback audio. Users
can record voice, music, or other sounds onto the magnetic tape, and later play it back.
Television (TV):
Mechanism: A television set comprises several components, including a tuner,
demodulator, video and audio processors, display (CRT, LCD, LED, etc.), and
speakers. The tuner selects a specific TV channel, the demodulator extracts the video
and audio signals, and the processors and display generate the visual and auditory
output.
Function: The primary function of a TV is to display audio-visual content. It receives
broadcast signals or inputs from external devices like cable boxes or streaming
devices, processes the signals, and presents images and sound on the screen.
Each of these devices operates based on electronic and electromechanical principles to
fulfill its specific functions. Advancements in technology have led to the development
of more sophisticated versions of these devices, such as digital radios, digital tape
recorders, and smart TVs, which offer additional features and capabilities.
WHAT ARE THE WAVELENGTH OF THE RADIO, TAPE RECORDERS AND TV
The wavelength associated with radio, tape recorders, and TV depends on the specific
frequency of the electromagnetic signals they use. Each device operates within a
certain frequency range, and wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
according to the formula:
Wavelength
Frequency
Wavelength(λ)=
Frequency(f)
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c
where:
�
c is the speed of light (approximately
3
×
1
0
8
m/s
3×10
8
m/s),
�
λ is the wavelength in meters,
�
f is the frequency in hertz.
Radio:
Radio frequencies typically range from kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz). For
example, an AM radio station might transmit around 1 MHz, while an FM radio
station might operate around 100 MHz. The corresponding wavelengths for these
frequencies are in the order of hundreds of meters to a few meters.
Tape Recorders:
Tape recorders themselves do not transmit electromagnetic signals. Instead, they
record and play back audio signals. The audio signals are in the audio frequency
range, typically from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The corresponding wavelengths for audio
frequencies are in the range of kilometers to centimeters.

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  TV (Television):
TV signals are transmitted over the air using radiofrequency bands. Analog TV
signals used frequencies in the VHF (Very High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High
Frequency) bands. Digital TV signals use similar frequency ranges. The
corresponding wavelengths for VHF and UHF frequencies range from several meters
to tens of centimeters.
It's important to note that the above values are general approximations, and the actual
frequencies and wavelengths can vary based on the specific standards and
technologies used in different regions and time periods. The transition to digital
broadcasting has also changed the landscape of TV frequencies in many countries.

WHAT ARE THE CHANNELS OF THE RADIO, TAPE, TAPE RECORDER

AND TV
The concept of "channels" in the context of radio, tape recorders, and TV can have
different meanings depending on the specific technology and application. Let's
explore each:
Radio:
In the context of traditional broadcast radio, "channels" refer to specific frequency
bands assigned for radio broadcasting. AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM
(Frequency Modulation) are two common modulation schemes used for radio
broadcasts.
For AM radio, channels are often identified by specific frequency values, such as 540
kHz, 640 kHz, etc.
For FM radio, channels are typically referred to by their frequency in megahertz
(MHz), such as 88.1 MHz, 102.5 MHz, etc.
In the context of digital radio, channels may refer to specific digital frequencies or
station identifiers.

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  Tape Recorder:
Tape recorders themselves do not have channels in the same way that broadcast
mediums do. However, when talking about multitrack tape recorders used in
professional audio recording, the term "channels" is used to describe individual audio
tracks on the tape. For example, an 8-track tape recorder has eight channels.
 TV (Television):
In analog TV broadcasting, channels refer to specific frequencies or frequency bands
assigned for television transmission. Different countries and regions use different
channel numbering schemes.
In the context of digital TV, channels often refer to specific digital frequencies or
virtual channel numbers assigned for broadcasting. Digital TV channels may carry
multiple subchannels, providing additional programming.
It's worth noting that with the transition to digital broadcasting, the concept of
"channels" has evolved, and digital technologies allow for more efficient use of the
frequency spectrum, often with multiple digital subchannels within a single physical
channel.
The specific channels and frequency assignments can vary by country and region, and
changes in technology and broadcasting standards can impact the channel numbering
and frequency allocations over time.

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REFERENCES
"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory" by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky:
"Introduction to Electric Circuits" by James A. Svoboda and Richard C. Dorf:
"Microelectronic Circuits" by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith:
"Practical Electronics for Inventors" by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk:
"The Art of Electronics" by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill:
A collection of online tutorials covering a variety of electronics concepts, from basic to
advanced.
A comprehensive textbook covering microelectronics and integrated circuits, suitable for
students and professionals in electrical engineering.
All About Circuits (allaboutcircuits.com):
An introductory textbook covering fundamental concepts in electric circuits.
An online resource that provides free textbooks, articles, and interactive tools covering a
wide range of electronic topics.
Channels like "Afrotechmods," "GreatScott!," and "EEVblog" provide practical insights,
tutorials, and project builds related to electronics.
Electronics Tutorials (electronics-tutorials.ws):
Geared towards hobbyists and beginners, this book provides hands-on guidance and
practical tips for electronic projects.
Khan Academy - Electrical Engineering:
Khan Academy offers free online courses in electrical engineering, covering topics such
as circuits, signals, and systems.
MIT offers free course materials online, including lecture notes and assignments, for
various electrical engineering courses.
MIT OpenCourseWare - Electrical Engineering and Computer Science:
Online Resources:
This is a widely acclaimed book that covers electronics from basics to advanced topics.
It's often considered a practical and comprehensive guide.

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