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GNS 112 - USE OF ENGLISH II

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NOTE: Kindly note that this PDF was not made available to replace the textbooks
but rather provided as study guide, in other to help students have more understanding
on the course and to give an insight of how the C.A/EXAM will be. You are expected to
pay attention so that you can understand accordingly. This material has two session:
PART A is the summary of this courses, while PART B will be for PQ. Make sure to
share this Study Guide with your colleagues. Success is yours by God`s grace.

PART A: GNS 112 SUMMARY BY A-MEDIA

COURSE CONTENT

 Listening skills
 Reading skills
 Punctuation
 Paragraph development
 Letter writing
 Essay writing
 Speech writing and making
 Report writing
 Stages of writing
 Study skills and habits

LISTENING SKILL, READING SKILL AND PUNCTUATION ARE WHAT YOU`VE DONE IN GNS
111, BUT IT`S STILL PART OF THE OUTLINE FOR GNS 112. IN ADDITION, REAS ON
SPEAKING SKILL AGAIN. ALL THE BEST !!!

LISTENING SKILLS

 Hearing is the mere process by which sound waves are received and relayed along
the nervous system of our ear.

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 Listening is the process of directing attention to the sound contrast and their
sequences.

Principle of Effective Listening Skills

Things to do to enhance your listening ability

 Don't talk when listen

 Focus on the speaker
 Allow the speaker to feel free to speak
 Avoid distraction
 Try to understand the other people's point of view
 Be patient, don't interrupt the speaker
 Don't be irritated by the speaker habit or mannerisms; avoid personal prejudice.
 Listen to the tone, pitch and volume for emphasized parts
 Listen for ideas, not just words
 Watch the speaker for non-verbal communication aspect.

Types or Levels of Listening

 Attitudinal Listening: is a type of listening that involves the purpose of listening.

That's a listener of this kind must be able to use similar Express used by the speaker
to follow the speech event. It requires a concentration on the speaker's utterances
as it relates to his emotional expression.
 Appreciative Listening: this is where the listener hires ahead to infer the mood of the
speaker and see how the speaker makes his/her words have effect on his intented
meaning. Listener here is expected to listen to associate ideas and other stimuli,
during the Listening process and therefore can reproduce them after listening.
 Analytical/Critical Listening: involves Listening to explicitly stated point and using
the point and their contents to arrive at other points in other discourse situations.
This type is for listener to criticize the speaker words or ideas and give his/her own
objective view on what he has heard.

READING SKILLS

 Reading is a mental or vocal reproduction of printed words.

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 Reading either as a mental (cognitive) or vocal exercise is aimed at understanding

and interpreting written or printed words, represented by symbols (mechanical
task).

Factors Determining Appropriate Reading Types

 Reading Purpose
 Reading environment and time
 Reading Posture

Types of Reading

 Intensive Reading: is a reading deliberately done to enrich oneself academically

and/or professionally. It needs serious attention to every statement.
 Extensive Reading: is a type of reading for enjoyment, general knowledge,
information on current affairs etc.

Approaches to Intensive Reading

 Skimming: is the process of searching for relevant materials based on one's area of
study or a particular topic through selective reading.
 Scanning: it consists of reading through parts of relevant pages already indentified
during skimming.
 Speed Reading: it has to do with flexibility of a reader's movement of his/her eyes.
That is, a reader's is expected to take in several words and comprehend them in
fewer eye movements.

Approaches to Extensive Reading

Preparatory activities to extensive Reading; that is reader's has to be selective from

materials available for extensive reading and in this skill, skimming and scanning are
needed.

PUNCTUATION: COMMON TYPES

 Punctuation is derived from the Latin word punctum, which means inserting pointe
or stops in writing.
 Punctuations are mechanics of writing which are useful to regulate a write up so as
to clarify meaning that gives direction in writing.

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Common Types of Punctuation Marks and their Uses

 Full stop or period (.): used to indicate the end of a complete statement, a mild
command, or an indirect question.
 This also used to signify abbreviations. Also used in websites and email addresses
Examples:
 Reading is my hobby.
 Dr., Mr., Mrs., P.M
 www.unilorin.com
 Question mark (?): Used to indicate a direct question.
 It can also be used to show uncertainty.
Examples:
 Who are you?
 Is that your new girlfriend?
 Prof Abdulkareem Age is the current vice chancellor of Unilorin?
 Comma (,) is use to separate items in a list. It is use to separate linking words that
connect one sentence to another.
 It is use to separates two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
such as and, but, or, etc.
Examples:
 I need a pen, books, and a bag before resumption date
 He went to the market to buy clothes, food, and some fruits.
 Her father wanted her to get married though, she had other plans.
 I had thought that snails were tasty, but I found that they were not.
 Semi Colon (;) is used to combine closely related sentences.

Examples:

 His parent wanted him to study Engineering; however, he had other plans to
study medicine.
 Exclamation mark (!) Is used to convey strong emotion.
 It can also be used within the sentence to show strong feeling; that is after an
interjection.
Examples:
 God forbid!
 What a surprise!
 Wow! That looks amazing!
 Oh! I haven’t heard that before!
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 Colon (:) is used to indicate a listed items or a quotation in a sentence.

Examples:
 His duties are as follows: receiving mails, filing papers and
duplicating examinations.
 Her principles are glaring: honesty, promptness, and openness.
 Learn how to use the following machines: typewriter, duplicating machine and
calculator.
 Apostrophe (’) is used to show possession
 It can also be used to show omission of letter (s) in a word.
Examples:
 This is Mary’s dress.
 Allah's Mercy is endless.
 These are the boys’ books
 I'm a teacher
 We can't allow them to have their ways
 Hyphen (-) is used to join two or more related words together to form a compound
words. It can also be used after prefixes.
Examples:
 My father-in-law is kind
 Dele likes the part-time cooks
 The pre-writing stage is the most difficult part.
 Dash (—) is longer than hyphen, it's used to signify a break in thought or separate
part of a sentence.
 It can also be used to indicate a range as well
Examples:
 Wait a second—you haven't paid.
 The train is from Lagos—Kano.
 Bracket ( ) are used to separate information in a sentence, in a sense that if one
remove the information in the bracket, the meaning remains the same thing.
Example:
 Mary(the girl next door) is getting married tomorrow
 Ellipsis (...) Is used to specify exclusion, particularly of letters or words
Example:
 Our fathers fought the war...now, the freedom is ours.
 Capital letter is used at the beginning of a sentence. It can also be used for all the
first letter of proper noun.
 Examples:
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 University of Ilorin
 A-Media
 I love this car.
 Slash/Oblique (/) is used to separate optional words or phrases.
 Example:
 Do you want cash/transfer?
 Quotation Marks (“ ”) are used to enclose direct quotations.
Example:
 “It is ten o' clock,” she said
 The teacher said: “Sit down, pupils.”
 “Where”, she asked, “are you taking me?”
 Note: Each quotation begins with the upper case letter. However, when the quoted
sentence is in two parts, then the second part begins with a lower case letter.
 Example:
 "I thought she was a virgin," Wake said, "but she isn't."
 Quotations are used to mark the titles of journal articles, short stories,poems etc.
 Example:
 The president of Art Education wrote a new book named "The End of 4 years".

PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

 A paragraph is a section of a piece of writing and is made up of a group of sentences,

all of which deal with a common idea, that is, a single subject.

Structure and Purpose of Paragraphs

 Introductory: This is where background information is discussed. It contains overall

plan of the way the argument in a written discourse will be developed as well as the
scope of the discourse.
 Body: It centers on a single subject in line with the focus of the discourse.
 Concluding: It contains the summary of the argument in the discourse.
 Inductive: It opens with proof or reasons culminating in the author`s assertion at the
end of a paragraph. It is also referred to as ‘conclusion oriented’.
 Deductive: it starts with the author`s assertion, while the remaining sentences in the
paragraph are used as proofs to support the assertion.

Components of a Paragraph
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 A paragraph starts on a new line and;

 The central idea of a paragraph is summed up in the sentence called the topic
sentence.
 The other sentences which expand the topic are called supporting sentences.
 The topic sentence could be the first sentence in a paragraph as an introduction.

Techniques /Methods of Paragraph Development

 They are: definition, explanation, exemplification, simplification, description,

comparison and clarification.
 Carbello (2014), identifies eight different methods, which are: “Facts and statistics,
examples and illustration, process, comparison and contrast, cause and effect,
classification and analysis, definition, and analogy”.

Characteristics of a Paragraph

 Unity: A well written paragraph must have unity. That is, everything in a paragraph
must be related to the main topic and must be capable of being summarised in a
single sentence.
 Coherence: Well written paragraph must be coherent. That is, ideas in a paragraph
must be arranged in a clear logical order. Transitional devices, linear structuring of
times sequence or space order, contrast and comparison, may be used. Key word
may be repeated. Transitional words and phrases such as: ‘consequently’,
‘meanwhile’, ‘however’, ‘furthermore’, etc. may be used.
 Completeness: This means that, the central idea in a paragraph must show evidence
of a reasonable development. Once the idea is not fully developed, the paragraph
becomes incomplete.
 Emphasis: The central idea must be emphasised. The idea of a paragraph must be
repeated many times including repeating or summing it up in the conclusion.
Expressions such as ‘chiefly’, ‘of course’, ‘especially’, maybe used to emphasise the
main idea.

TWO TYPES OF WRITING: CREATIVE AND LETTER WRITING

 Writing is one of the invaluable four skills of learning in English language. The other
three are Reading, Speaking, and Listening. It performs the function of putting in
black and white visibly the operations of the other three skills.

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 Writing is a means of communication through the use of graphic symbols to

sensitise a reading audience about a contextual experience. In another words, it`s
“the use of symbols of letters of the alphabets and their combination in order to
relate to the sound we make when we speak” (Byne, 1979, pg.8).

Types of Writing

1) Creative Writing: is a type of writing, where the writer`s imagination is solely at

work. It has three broad aspects referred to as genres and they are prose, essay and
poetry. The conventions is demonstrated through fiction and non-fiction. Simple
narrative and complex verse are the two dominants literary devices and language
styles used by creative writers to send their messages across.
2) Letter Writing: This is a correspondence which could be formal, informal and semi-
formal between two parties. It has three types which are meant to communicate.
Each has its unique formats known as “conventions”.

Types of Letter

 Formal/Official Letter: This is any correspondence between a superior and a

subordinate in an establishment done in an official setting for official purpose(s).

Features of formal letters are:

 The Writer`s address and date

 The Recipient`s address
 Salutation
 The Tittle or heading of the letter
 The Body of the letter
 Complimentary close or subscription and name.

Informal/Friendly Letter: this kind of letter does not carry any element of formality
rather uses much familiarity in its presentation.

Features of informal letter

 The Writer`s address and date

 Salutation

 The Body

 Complimentary close or subscription and name.

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 Semi-Formal Letter: This type of letter has dual nationality, that is, it has few
features of a formal and an informal letter.

ESSAY WRITING

 Writing is the process of codifying one’s thoughts such that another person is able to
share one’s experience. A writer is a reader moved to emulation.
 Composition is a piece of continuous writing on one topic.
 Essay is a kind of composition in which a writer states his knowledge or gives his
opinion about a particular subject (Udofot & Ekpenyong, 2008 pg. 194).
 Writing an essay structurally consists of composing a passage of three parts.

Parts of an essay

 Introduction/Opening: it states the purpose of writing. It explains the aim of essay,

gives a clue into what the reader is expect or arouses the reader`s interest.

Strategies of Writing Catchy Essay Introduction

a.Relating a pertinent and interesting anecdote,

b.Beginning with an arresting quotation,
c.Summarising a commonly held view in the body of the essay,
d.Explaining the specific occasion that gave rise to the essay and;
e.Emphasising the importance of the subject matter of the essay.
(Eko, 1999, pg 25).
 Body/Middle: it contains the main point that the writer wants to pass across.
 Conclusion/End: this is the conclusion part of an essay.

Types of Essay

1) Expository Essay: it explains basic things about a subject. This essays expose
us to information, details and knowledge that abound on a particular subject.
It makes reader know what he does not know about a phenomenon. A writer
of an expository essay must be guided by evidence and logic.it can be done
through enumeration and examples, analyses, definition, and comparison
and contrast. Examples of expository essay is business reports, book reports,
research paper etc.
2) Argumentative Essay: It is the process of organising and stating objectively
and dispassionately, the facts and reasons surrounding a particular stands or

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points of view. It also referred to as persuasive essay. It`s use to convince or

persuade the reader to accept a particular point of view. Examples includes
topics like should dress code be abolished, why farmers is more important
than doctors, public universities are better than private ones etc.
3) Descriptive Essay: It creates an image of an event, person or situation in
words. It appeals to the senses of hearing, sight, touch, smell and taste of the
reader. As an essayist, you can describe festival, city, person etc. description
here can be of two types, which are objective and subjective. An objective
description recreates for the reader the image that may appear to any
observer with preciseness, while a subjective description describes the
image as it appears to the writer as well as his/her emotional reaction to the
image under description.
4) Narrative Essay: Essentially, it tells stories. It describes an experience, real or
imaginary that has some unusual meaning for the reader and the writer.

Characteristics of an Effective Writing

1) Economy: the first quality of a good writing is economy (Eko 1999, pg1). It`s the
management of expression in such a way that unnecessary words are avoided while
detailed information is provided.
2) Simplicity: it involves cultivating a good style without being stiff or pretentious. It
simply mean that, the choice of language should not flamboyant or pompous.
According to Mozart, “simplicity is the true mark of genius”.
3) Clarity: It involves avoiding obscurity, vagueness, ambiguity, redundancy, and long
windy expression. It concerns writing straight to the point without fuss and
unnecessary flourish.
4) Correctness: it has to do with avoidance of errors of grammar and mechanics. A good
writer must know the rules of grammar, and how they relate and function.

SPEECH WRITING AND MAKING

 Speech Writing is the act of graphically representing one’s thoughts.
 Speech Making is the formal or informal address conveyed to an audience which can
be rehearsed, impromptu or read from a manuscript.
 Speech writing and making are cognitive acts that require mastery and research.
They involve both written and oral aspects of language.

Speech Varieties

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 Formal: (i) Academic discourse (ii) Job interviews (iii) Presidential debate
 Informal:(i) Wedding speech (ii) Social media chatroom discourse(iii) Married
couple discourse

Speech Genres and their Functions

 Informative Speech: It seeks to inform. A good informative speech must be

devoid of abstractions and too many technical terms.
 Persuasive Speech: This convinces the listener to support the points being
pushed by the speaker. It can be formal or informal. Its style is usually
argumentative.
 Entertainment Speech: This is a satirical speech. It entertains and stimulate
the humour sense, while criticising a societal ill. It is usually short and is also
an informal speech.
 Demonstrative Speech: It gives a vivid description of a thing or concept. It
educates the audience and is usually expository. It can be formal or informal.
 Commemorative Speech: A testimonial, tribute, or praise about a person, an
organisation or an institution. Examples include eulogies and testimonial
addresses.
 Introductory Speech: It is meant to get the audience acquainted with the
speaker or awardee. A good one is usually brief and accurate.

Heuristics in Speech Writing

 The Pre-Writing Stage: The stage where the writer carries out research, interviews
and survey and gets prepared.
 The Writing Stage: The main part of the writing. A speech can be divided into 5 parts:
 The Heading/Title (Compulsory): This includes the subject or topic of the speech,
the date, venue, the occasion or the audience (may be omitted) and the name of the
person giving the speech. There is no full stop after the title.
 The Salutation: A speech writer must acknowledge his audience from the most
‘senior’ to ‘junior’ in hierarchy.
 The Introduction: Brief and concise. It should heighten the interest of the audience.
 The Body: It must be written in a way that the objective of the speech would be
easily achievable. The writer must use discourse and cohesive markers such as: as
well as, in order, while, in addition to, etc. to link his thoughts

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 The Conclusion: This is where the main points in the body of the work would be
summarised. It should end on a strong note and the audience must be appreciated
for listening.

Heuristics in Speech Making

These are the peculiarities of speech making and what should be considered when
delivering speech:

 Audience/ Interlocutor Presence or Absence: The audience mayor may not be

present, e.g. virtually
 Immediacy of Feedback: The decoders are able to give responses.
 Locutionary Range: There are fewer communicative options in speech making than
writing.
 Performative Instability: Speech making often has false starts, performance slips
and some inconsistencies with delivery.
 Topic Instability: Topic change may occur during delivery.
 Extra linguistic and Paralinguistic Reinforcement: It is important for a speaker to
constantly maintain eye contact with the audience and enforce his speech with
other communication such as paralinguistic methods.

Speech Delivery Modes

 Impromptu Speech: This is speech given without preparation or with no

forethought.
 Manuscript Speech: It occurs in written form and is an organised, premeditated and
thought-out text. This kind of speech has been described as being boring because it
disallows the speaker from maintaining long-eye contact among others.
 Extemporaneous Speech: Also called ‘extempore’. This involves speaking without a
detailed script or a note. It is in between impromptu and manuscript speeches,
because the speaker puts his points down and then speaks to the point in his or her
own words.
 Memorised Speech: This is speech given from memory or recited.
 Discussion Speech: This involves deliberation between an anchorperson and the
interviewees or respondents. An example is lecturer-student interaction in the
classroom.

Audience Analysis

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It is important for a speaker to know his/her audience. Facts about the audience that must
be considered are:

 The psychology of the audience

 b. The age
 c. gender
 d. Racial, Religious and Ethnic Background.
 Educational Status

REPORT WRITING

 Generally, a report is said to be a body of facts written down for preservation.

Specifically, it is a description of the investigation that you as an individual or your
group have completed.
 A report is also the record of events or activities of a group of writing set down as
they occur, and may be disseminated to the public immediately or filed away for
future reference.

Purpose of Reports

 Explaining: this is a report gives to explain an action from all angles and provide
interpretation of the event so that readers can understand all its implications.
Examples are reports on experiments, researches and investigative matter.
 Informing: This is a report that recount a sequence of events for the purpose of
acquainting your reader with the order in which these events occur. Examples are
news reports and business meetings.
 Documenting: this is a report that present facts of an events in the sequential and
order in which it happens. It sets down the record of the event in written form so
that it is never forgotten even long after the main actors in the event have gone.
Examples are stories, biography and autobiography.
 Summarising: this is a report that is just a record of events set down in a brief form.
In this category of report, event or sequence are presented in such a way that they
would represent the whole picture.
 Teaching: This is the most important part that a report plays. It teaches us great
lesson about life; that is, we learn from events.

Structures of Reports

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Structure of report depends largely on its purpose (discussed above) and the use to which
it is put. Each of the reports mentioned above implies changes in structure in term of
length and language use. Reports can be formal or informal. Formal reports provides
account of projects, experiments or meeting, and do not have specifiable length. While
informal report may be brief, and directed at specific groups. In most cases, reports are
written in declarative sentences which simply state facts.

Types of Reports

 Experimental Reports
 Investigative Reports
 Field Research
 Factual Reports
 Business Meetings
 Reviews

Language and Style of Reports

The language of report writing is generally formal and impersonal. The strength of your
one`s report lies in its accessibility and that is why one`s has to choose his/her words
carefully, so that the purpose of the reports can be achieved.

CREATIVE WRITING

The two main activities in literature are: Creative Writing and Criticism.

 Creative Writing involves the use of the imagination to entertain and or to pass a
message while Criticism is the analysis of creative writing.
 Creative writing is a product of imagination; it`s not fact, it is fiction. It has three
genres or types: Prose, Drama and Poetry.

Types of Creative Writing and their Features

PROSE

Prose is narration, i.e. telling a story. Types of prose writings are the novel and its short
story.

Elements of Prose.

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 Characters: These are the elements who act out the story. They maybe human,
animals or non-human. They can be used to pass information about the story to the
readers

Types of Characters

 Major Character(s): This is/are the character(s) whom the events revolve around
 Minor Character(s): these are the other characters apart from the major character(s)
 Protagonist: This is the central character, who is the focus of interest.
 Antagonist: This is the character that opposes the protagonist
 Progressive Character: this is a character that changes positively as the story
unfolds
 Static Character: this is a character that remains as he/she is from the beginning to
the end
 Round Character: This is a character that is fully developed
 Flat Character: This is a character whose traits are not well developed
 Symbolic Character: This is a character that represents something else or an idea
 Stereotyped Character: this is a conventional Character that is easily recognized by
the readers.
 Choric Character: This is a character used by the writer to pass information that
cannot be narrated or acted.
 Plot: refers to the series of related events that make up a single story. Usually, a
story should have a beginning, middle and end.
 The beginning is the exposition – this is where the characters and the conflict are
presented to the readers. The story begins to progress through the use of suspense,
where events may get knotty which is referred to as rising action.
 The middle is the climax – this is the highest point the conflict can get to. From here,
the story begins to come to an end i.e. falling action.
 End: The resolution i.e. the outcome where the issues in contention are resolved.
 Conflict; which is the major aspect of plot. this refers to the issue in contention; the
problem that sets the characters in motion; that issue that makes characters begin
to act and react. A story more than one conflict and plot in a story. Conflict may be
internal or external.
 External is when struggle is between character(s) against another character(s).
 Internal is when a character has to struggle within himself/herself.

Plot structures may be:

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 Linear – this means the story begins chronologically from the beginning, to the
middle and to the end.
 Non-linear – this refers to a story that begins either in the middle or the end. In this
case, the author will use flashback (to present the events that had occurred before).
 Point of View: This refers to the perspective from which a writer tells a story. They
are:
 The first person point of view – this is when the writer uses one of the characters to
tell the story. Personal pronouns like “I” and “We” are seen in the story
 The third-person point of view or the objective point of view – This is whereby the
writer merely reports the events of the story, hence, limiting it to what the
characters say out aloud and their actions.
 The Omniscient Point of View: This is when writer reports the characters’ words
and actions and also reveals their thoughts. A writer may use multiple point of view.
 Setting: This is refers to as the place and time where the actions of a story take place.
It`s vital that the place and time setting match with other information from
characters and other elements.
 Language: this is the ability to describe in various ways objects, characters, events,
setting, etc. it`s also the vehicle for conveying imagery as present in figurative
language such as similes and metaphors.

DRAMA

This is meant to be presented on stage or for film production. It comes from the Greek
word, ‘dran’ which means ‘to do’ or ‘to act’.

Types of Drama

According to this course, they are:

 Tragedy: is a serious action that ends in disaster for the protagonist(s).

 Comedy: is a drama that is meant to amuse and so things end happily for the
character.
 Tragicomedy: this mixes tragedy with comedy.
 Social Drama: This explores problems in the society and the place and position of
individuals in society.

Elements of Drama

Characters, Plot and Conflict, Setting and Language are also part of the elements of drama.

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 Dialogue: this is also a feature of the three genres. it is an exchange between one or
more characters. It`s one of the way the playwright inform his readers about a
character. While, monologue is a long speech and soliloquy is where the speech
reveals the thoughts of the actor.
 Action: Whether a drama has speech or not (mime), action is crucial.
 Stage: This is an element peculiar to drama.
 Irony: this is a device that writer may use to create suspense. It has 3 types, they are:
 Verbal Irony: this is when a character says the opposite of what is intended.
 Dramatic Irony: This is when the audience is aware of something which the actors
are not aware of.
 Situational Irony: This is when the expected outcome is not what occurs.

POETRY

This is distinguished from other genres by its brevity and its concentration on “emotion,
reflection, thought and feelings.”

Types of Poetry

 Epic - poem that can be quite long

 Sonnet - a 14-line poem
 Elegy - is a poem that laments the death of someone
 Dirge - is a poem that also mourns the death of a love person but is shorter and less
formal than elegy,
 Satire - it makes fun of its subject
 Ode - poem that addresses someone or something.

Poem is meant to be sung rather than read, hence, it has elements like rhyme and rhythm
which makes some poems to be pleasant to the ear.

Elements of Poetry

 Imagery: this is what poer uses to create symbols and Images in the mind of
audience. Images are pictures that are built in the mind. These Images play on five
senses:
 Visual – images appeals to sense of sight
 Auditory - images appeals to the sense of hearing
 Olfactory - images appeals to the sense of smell
 Gustatory - images appeals to the sense of taste
 Tactile - images appeals to the sense of touch
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 Thermal - refers to those that recall heat and cold

 Kinaesthetic - images for sensations of movement.
 Those images can be evoked by words, word formations, sentence, figure of speech
and other rhetorical devices.
 Simile - is an indirect comparison with another thing through ‘as’ and ‘like’.
 Metaphor - is a direct comparison between two things
 Personification - is giving life to an inanimate thing or ascribing things human
qualities to inanimate things.
 Rhyme - is the use of similar sounds at the end or middle of lines
 Rhythm - is the pattern of arrangement of syllables in each line of poetry and also
appeals to the sense of hearing.

REVISING AND EDITING

 Writing is an art (smith 2003). Writing as a process begins when the writer pens the
last word of the first draft. It`s in the process of revising and editing that the draft
takes a shape and become a piece of writing. Note that, revising and editing are two
distinct processes.
 Revising looks at ways of improving your writing
 Editing is a process of correcting the inappropriateness of your writing like sentence
structure, grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Stages of Writing

 Pre writing
 Writing
 Post writing (revising and editing)

PRE-WRITING ACTIVITIES

This is the first stage of the writing process and it incorporates the prerequisites for the
actual writing of the first version of your piece. It was summarized as follow:

o Global: brainstorming on the topic, analysis of points, definition, conceiving

of a good answer, etc.
o Content-Related: gathering and noting key points, reading, researching,
conducting interviews, holding discussion, etc.

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o Order-Related: organizing, classifying, outlining and integrating information,

facts and ideas.
o Language-Related: determining essay type and style, knowing registers and
the suitable language for a given audience and occasion.

At the pre-writing stage, a good writer is concerned with the “what” question, which
dictates the topic or theme of your writing. The main purpose of pre-writing activities is to
create the focus of the paper. After considering the topic, gathering material, the next
question is “What is the aim or purpose of writing? When the audience and purpose have
been considered, the writer can gather ideas and makes a note by doing any of the
following:

 Brainstorming: is generating new ideas.

 Note-taking: this is by separating the more important from the less important
information.
 Outlining: it helps writer to categorise the main points and organise the supporting
points under them.

WRITING STAGE

This is when writer put his idea down in writing. It is referred to as drafting. The first draft
is called the rough draft and it provides raw materials that can be shaped and refined in the
third stage (revising and editing).

A writer needs to needs in mind some techniques for drafting writings, which include:

 Thesis Statement: This is the most important part because it states the purpose of
your writing. A good thesis statement lets readers know what your paper will cover
or prove and must identify the subject matter and make assertion regarding the
subject.
 Topic Sentence: it states the point the writer wishes to make about the subject. It`s
just like thesis statement, but it exposes the readers to the contents of the paragraph.
 Sufficient Support: use to support writers ideas.
 Cohesion: refers to the device used for making a word, phrases and sentence connect
logically.
 Unity: This is the connection between the topic sentence and the supporting
sentences.

POST-WRITING STAGE

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This is the third stage which consists revising and editing. They are different aspects and
vital element in the writing process. Revising is going through the writing again, to remove,
add or change information in order to make his idea accurate, while editing improves the
syntax and deals with corrections of errors.

REVISING

 Revising simply means re-vision. It implies re-writing, re-thinking, re-constructing

and transforming one’s write-up and evaluating whether there is still more to be
done. It follows drafting and precedes editing.
 Revision according to Murray (1982), is the heart of the writing process– the means
by which ideas emerge and evolve and meanings are clarified.

Techniques for Revising

 A writer should consider the basic elements of writing which are purpose, audience
or readers and form. Purpose determines the focus of writing, audience helps to
know how to structure a write-up, whether formal or informal. The types of writing
determines the form it will takes.
 Thesis Statement: the writer must consider the thesis statement when writing. It
states clearly the purpose of writing, the audience and form the writing will adopt.
It must be good, precise and present a controlling idea about the subject of the essay.
 Introduction: it gives the readers an idea of what the text is all about and it provides
a reason for readers to keep reading.
 Body: refers to any paragraphs that follows the introductory and comes before
conclusion. A good paragraph must have:
 Conclusion: it is the last one in an essay. It brings the write-up to an end.
 Referencing: is a way of acknowledging the use of other scholars or writer`s opinion,
ideas, theories, and inventions.

EDITING

 This is the process of correcting grammar, spelling and punctuation errors.

STUDY TYPES AND HABITS

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 Studying here means going about knowledge acquisition methodically, paying

attention to time, organized of learning experiences, and the utilization of the
Knowledge gained in problem solving.

Study types

 Classroom skills: this is when you appreciate the nature, structure and purpose of
the classroom, so that you learn effectively from the Space.
 Studying textbook: this is when children read textual materials of different fronts
length and author.
 Gaining initial insight into the textbook: the skill you will apply here is surveying.
You need to familiarize yourself with a textbook key features such as, prefatory
pages, the major heading, sub headings and illustrations.
 Setting your purpose: ahead of surveying a textbook, you must set your purpose of
studying. You should determine the types and quality of information you require.
 Use the SQ3R method: this is a study strategy five steps which includes survey,
question, read, recite and review.
 Survey is when you go through the textbook to identify the specific relevant for your
purpose of study. Skimming is appropriate for surveying the text
 Read: this is when you read the material with concentration. When you read
sections, you will pause and ask questions and attempt to answer to test your ability
on the knowledge you just gained. Scanning is use in this kind of study types.
 The use of study group: this is when you organize or join exiting study group whose
members are focused, friendly and commuted to follow students who contributes to
the advancement of group goals. Study group, if properly managed, will:
 Study habit: is the time tested attitude to, and practice of extracting information
from texts and other relevant.

Strategies for improving study habits

 Knowing yourself
 Plan your time
 Remember your purpose of study
 Prepares good notes
 Organize the place where you study
 Know the position in which you study best

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EFFECTIVE STUDY HABITS

 Studying is the acquisition of knowledge through conscientious efforts and certain

measures for particular academic purpose or achievement.

Goals of studying

 Long term goal: this is acquisition of knowy for different future endeavors. E.g
acquisition for Examination, acquisition of qualifications etc.
 Short term goal: involves studying means to Seve an immediate purpose. E.g
assignment, discussion or competitions

Types of study strategies

 Personal Motivation strategy: it means a learner must have interest in learning. The
interest will help to overcome challenges like boredom or stress while reading
 Content Anticipation: involves the prediction of the next content in any reading
material in the process of reading.
 Nature of the material: this is when a learner is able to indentify and read current
and relevant materials for acquisition of knowledge.
 The PQRST strategy: includes
 P- Previewing the material,
 Q- Question formula,
 R- Reading for inferences,
 S- Summarising the processes and
 T- Testing and assessment.
 Effective study habits: is a habit deals with repeated behavioral pattern which can
make or mar an individual. It includes:
 Penchant for reading,
 Having positive attitude to learning,
 Attending classes regularly,
 Not having prejudice about a teacher/lecturer/course,
 Self discipline and determination to succeed,
 Keeping a good friends and getting rids of all sorts of distractions and avoiding
procrastinations
 Organization skills: this serves as a guide and helps to sustain an interest in it. It
includes indentifying a specific purpose, planning and prioritising, time and space
management.

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 Reading and comprehension skills: A learner must be able to read and understand
texts including getting the necessary reading materials, adequy concentration,
adopting the PQRST method or the SQR3 strategy.
 Note talking: this is for learner to take notes during class or while reading. It can be
of two types, namely:
I. Class notes: are lectures taken by students in order to make research easier
while studying.
II. Reading notes are notes taken by the student while reading it can come in in
the following ways:
 Margin notes and highlighted texts
 Mind maps
 Learners style of learning: is the way in which informayis perceived and processed
by an individual. There are three ways, which are:
1. Auditory style
2. Visual style
3. Kinaesthetic style

Factors impeding effective study skills

 Negative attitude to learning

 Time of study
 Study of venue
 Lack of rest and inadequate sleep
 Mental instability

THE END !!!

REFERENCE: Courseware on Fundamentals of the use of English

DON’T USE THIS STUDY MATERIAL AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE TEXTBOOK.

THANKS.

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GNS 112 QUESTION & ANSWER SESSION!

COMPILED BY A-MEDIA

This session is to help you test your ability on everything you

have read so far, kindly pay attention to the content and not
just speed reading. We wish you success.

1. The types of listening skills that goes beyond general information from a speech is
what____? analytical listening b. appreciative listening c. critical listening d.
attitudinal listening

2. The phonological system of English can be classified into ___ and ___? a. vowel and
consonant b. segmental and supra segmental c. stress and intonation d. mono thongs
and glides

3. ___ listening derived meaning from the subject matter? a.transmitter listening b.
affective listening c. attitudinal listening d.analytical listening

4. ___ is a process of correcting the inappropriateness of your writing like sentence

structure, grammar, punctuation and spelling ? a.revising b. editing c. presenting d.
changing

5. All except one is not a way to enhance listening ability? A.don't talk while you listen b.
Avoid unnecessary interruption c. Listen for ideas - not just words d. Interrupt the
speaker.

6. ___is the process of directing attention to the sound contrast and their sequence ? a.
listening b. hearing c. writing d.speaking

7. ___ is a process of searching for relevant materials based on one's area of study or a
particular topic through selective reading ? a. Skimming b. Speed Reading c. Scanning
d. Extensive Reading

8. ___ are mechanics of writing which are useful to regulate a write up so as to clarify
meaning that gives direction in writing? a. grammer b.Punctuations c.punctuates d.
compunctions
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9. ___is the mere process by which sound waves are received and relayed along the
nervous system of our ear ? a.listening b. reading c. hearing d. sound

10. The activity that consists of reading through parts of relevant pages already identified
during skimming is ___? a. intensive reading b. scanning c. extensive reading d. speed
reading

11. ___ is a reading deliberately done to enrich oneself academically and/or professionally?
a. skill reading b. speed reading c. intensive reading d. extensive reading

12. What type of reading is for enjoyment, general knowledge, information on current
affairs etc? a. extensive reading b. appropriate reading c. encouraging reading d.
intensive reading

13. ___ is used to combine closely related sentences? Dash b. Hyphen c. Semi-colon d.
Colon

14. The English speech sounds is under what category of the phonological system of
English? a. stress b. supra segmental c. spoken English d. segmental

15. ___ are marks used to show omission of letter s in a word? Ellipsis b. Apostrophes c.
Capital letter d. Bracket

16. ___ is a report that gives to explain an action from all angles and provide interpretation
of the event so that readers can understand all its implications? a. explaining b.
teaching c. informing d. documenting

17. At the pre-writing stage, a good writer is concerned with the “___” Question? a. when b.
how c. what d. where

18. ___ involves Listening to explicitly stated point and using the point and their contents to
arrive at other points in other discourse situations? a. appreciative listening b. critical
listening c. attitudinal listening d. appearing listening

19. This mark (-) is known as? A.Hyphen b. Dash c. Quotations d. Slash

20. ___ is the use of similar sounds at the end or middle of lines? a. rhyme b. rhythm c.
sound d. imagery

21. ___ is the pattern of arrangement of syllables in each line of poetry and also appeals to
the sense of hearing ? a. tone b. mood c. rhyme d. rhythm `

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22. What punctuation mark should be in this sentence " we need to buy milk egg floor and
sugar for the cake"? a. Semi-colon b. Colon c. Full stop d. Comma

23. ___ has to do with flexibility of a reader`s movement of his/her eye? a.Seeing b. eyes c.
activities d. speed reading

24. All but one is not genre of speech writing? a. commemorative b. entertainment c.
introductory d. explaining

25. All vowel sounds are ___ ? a. voiceless b.produced c. voiced d.mono-thongs

26. Another name for diphthongs is ___? A. glides b. phonemes c.supra segmental d.
consonant

27. Speech sounds can be divided into ___ and ___ ? a. monothongs and diphthongs b.
Segmental and supra segmental c. Voiced and voiceless d. Vowel and consonant

28. All but one is not the characteristics of a paragraph ? a.body b. unity c. emphasis d.
coherence

29. ___ is the third stage which consists revising and editing? a. writing b. pre writing c.
post writing d. composition

30. Writing stage is referred to as ___ a. revising b. editing c. Proof reading d. drafting

31. ___ refers to the device used for making a word, phrases and sentence connect logically?
a. cohesion b. unity c. topic sentence d.completeness

32. ___opens with authors assertion? a. completeness b. body c. deductive d. introductory

33. ___ is referred to as conclusion oriented? a. inductive b. topic sentence c. body d.

conclusion

34. ___ and ___ develop into a paragraph or paragraphs? a.introductory and body b. topic
sentence and supporting sentences c. unity and emphasis d. transitional marker and
body

35. What type of listening skill aim to criticize? a. appreciative listening b. appearing
listening c. attitudinal listening d. analytical listening

36. /u:/ can be sen in ___? a. food b. eat c. sit d. feel

37. An official letter is also known as ___? a. informal b. semi formal c. formal d. friendly
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38. There are___speech sounds in English? a. 24 b. 48 c. 44 d. 28

39. ___ follows drafting and precedes editing? a. brainstorming b. reading c. revising d.
editing

40. All but one is not the factor determining reading types? a. reading purpose b. reading
posture c. reading power d. reading environment and time

41. Writing an essay structurally consists of composing a passage of ___ parts ? a. four b.
two c. six d. three

42. The central idea of a paragraph that is summed up on the sentence is ___? a. topic
sentence b. explaination c. supporting sentences d. process

43. ___ helps writer to categorize the main points and organise the supporting points under
them ? a. editing b. note taking c. brainstorming d. outlining

44. Conflict may be ___ or ___? a. linear or non linear b. round or flat c. simple or complex d.
internal or external.

45. Carbello 2014 indenties ___ methods of paragraph development? a. 7 b. 9 c. 8 d. 6

46. This is the process of correcting grammar, spelling and punctuation errors ? a. editing
b. outlining c. revising d. drafting

47. Transitional words may be used to achieve___? A.coherence b.unity c. completeness d.

emphasis

48. ___ is what poet uses to create symbols and Images in the mind of audience? a.
imagery b. symbol c. term d. tone

49. /i:/ is an example of ___ ? a. fat b. bird c. police d. does

50. ___ is the connection between the topic sentence and the supporting sentences? a.
unity b. coherence c. emphasis d. Cohesion

51. The other sentences which expand the topic is known as? a. complex sentence b. topic
sentence c. supporting sentences d. expository sentence.

52. ___ speech is an example of lecturer-student interaction in the classroom? a.

discussion b. memorised c. manuscript d, impromptu

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53. Aside from writing, the following are the skills of learning except one? a. Listening b.
Speaking c. Composition d. Reading

54. The decoders of speech is referred to as ___? a. speaker b. audience c. psychology d.

deliverance

55. ___ is a character used by the writer to pass information that cannot be narrated or
acted? a. choric character b. round character c. protagonist d. static character

56. ___ is a study strategy five steps which includes survey, question, read, recite and
review ? a. classroom skill b. SQR3 method c. PQRST d. reading

57. Business reports, book reports, research paper etc. are examples of ___? a. expository
essay b. narrative essay c. descriptive essay d. argumentative essay

58. The two types of writing are ___ and ___? a. creative and letter B. essay and letter c.
formal and informal d. composition and essay

59. The exercise done by the use of fingers or eyes is referred to as___? a. Writing b. seeing
c. reading d. looking

60. Features of informal letter are the following except one? a. the tittle b. body C. address
d. complimentary close

61. Essay writing consists of ___ parts? a. 5 b. 3. C. 2 d. 4

62. ___ is by separating the more important from the less important information ? a.
outlining b. note taking c. brainstorming d. revising

63. Eulogies and testimonial addresses are examples of ___ speech? a.demonstrative b.
introductory c. entertaining d. commemorative

64. Example of /eI/ is all the following except ___? a. beer b. lay c. eight d. gauge

65. ___ is a poem that also mourns the death of a love person but is shorter and less formal
than elegy? a. satire b. pun c. dirge d. epic

66. ___ is a poem that addresses someone or something ? a. pun b. ode c. sonnet d, octave

67. ___ states the purpose of writing? a. Introduction b. Body C. Composition d. Pre
writing

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68. ___ involves speaking without a detailed script or a note? a. extemporaneous speech
b. manuscript speech c. discussion speech d. memorised speech

69. A Kind of composition in which a writer states his knowledge or gives opinion about a
particular subject is called ___? writing B. letter c. essay d. composition

70. ___ is a mental or vocal reproduction of printed words? a. reading b. writing c.

speaking d. hearing

71. ___ refers to the series of related events that make up a single story? a. setting b. theme
c. plot d. subject matter

72. There are __ types of essay writing? a. 8 b. 5 c. 3 d. 4

73. Strategies for improving study habits includes the following except ___? a. knowing
yourself b. plan your time c. prepares good notes d. eating while reading

74. The following are the types of speech writing except___ a.informative b. performing c.
persuasive d. demonstrative

75. Which types of essay explains basic things about a subject ? a.expository b. persuasive
c. descriptive d. argumentative

76. ___ is any correspondence done in an official setting for official purpose(s)? a. non
formal b. informal c. semi formal d. formal

77. ___ gives facts and reasons surrounding a particular stand or point of view? a. definition
b. argumentative c. narrative d. descriptive

78. The type of essay that create an image of an events, person is what? a. narrative b
persuasive c. descriptive d. argumentative

79. All but one is not the characteristics of effective writing? a.completeness b. economy c.
clarity d. correctness

80. Punctuation is derived from the Latin word? a. punctum b. punctual c.punctul d.
punctuate

81. The kind of speech that has been described as being boring is known as ___? a.
memorised b. impromptu c. extemporaneous d. manuscript

82. The following are techniques /methods of paragraph development except ___?
a.definition, explanation, example, simple, description b.definition,
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simplification,exampletion description, comparison and clarification c.definition,

explanation, exemplification, simplification, description, comparison and
clarification d.definition, explanation, exemplification, simplification

83. ___ is the acquisition of knowledge through conscientious efforts and certain measures
for particular academic purpose or achievement? a.reading b.studying c.learning
d.teaching

84. ___ defined simplicity as the true mark of genius? a.Eko b.Mozart c.Rose d.Tanka

85. ___ is when struggle is between character(s) against another character(s) ? a.linear
b.external c.internal d.plot

86. ___ is the avoidance of errors of Grammar and mechanics? a.clarity b.economy
c.simplicity d.correctness

87. Speech can be classified into ___ and ___? a.formal and informal b.simple and complex
c.essay and letter d.creative and letter

88. " The role of Nigerians in the 2019 General Election" is an example of ____?
a.informative speech b.entertainment speech c.persuasive speech d.demonstrative
speech

89. ___ is a poem that can be quite long? a.satire b.epic c.sonnet d.dirge

90. ___ is a poem that laments the death of someone a.elergy b.dirge c.verse d.sonnet

91. The type of speech used to convince listeners to support or believe the point being
pushed by the speaker is ____? a.commemorative speech b.introductory speech
c.informative d.persuasive speech

92. PQRST means ___? presentimg, question, reading, summarising, testing b. previewing,
question, reading, summarising, trusted c.previewing, question, reading,
summarising, testing d.preview, question, review, summarising, testing

93. ___ describes an experience, real or imaginary that has some unusual meaning for the
reader and the writer? a.persuasive b.descriptive c. narrative d.argumentative

94. A character that represents something else or an idea is known as ___ a.static character
b.flat character c.minor character d.symbolic character

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95. ___ is a report that is just a record of events set down in a brief form a.teaching
b.informing c.explaining d.summarising

96. The particularities of speech making includes the following except___? a.topic
instability b.popular sayings c. performative instability d.locutionary range

97. The speech that can be facilitated via the use of visual aids and even audio recording is
___? a.entertainment speech b.demonstrative speech c.persuasive speech
d.commemorative speech

98. ___ is when a character has to struggle within himself/herself? a.point of view b.round
c.external d.internal

99. Speech writing involves ___ stage? s a.10 b.3 c.5 d.2

100. The three stages of writing are ___, ___, and ___? a.letter, creative and essay b.formal,
informal and semi formal c.pre writing writing and post writing d.introduction,body
and conclusion

101. What contains overall plan of the way the argument in a written discourse will be
developed as well as the scope of the discourse? a.body b.introductory c.ending
d.topic sentence

102. ___ is a type of speech that is delivered with no forethought a.discussion speech
b.impromptu speech c.discussion speech d.memorised speech

103. ___ is a habit deals with repeated behavioral pattern which can make or mar an
individual a.effective writing habits b.effective listening habits c.effective study habits
d.effective reading habits

104. The stage where writer brainstorm on what he/she wants to write on is ___?
a.writing b.pre writing c.in writing d.post writing

105. The structure of a scripted speech in writing stage can be divided into ___? a.7 b.8 c.4
d.5

106. The sound /g/ is ___? a.voiced, velar, nasal b.voiceless palato alveolar, lateral c.
voiced, velar plosive d.voiceless bilabial plosive

107. ___concerns writing straight to the point without fuss and unnecessary flourish ?
a.completeness b.clarity c.simplicity. d.economy

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108. ___ is the act of delivering an address to an audience? a.speech b.speech making
c.speech writing d.speech delivery

109. All of the following except one is not the speech making method? s a.impromptu
speech b.manuscript speech c.discussion speech d.making speech

110. ___ is a serious action that ends in disaster for the protagonist(s) ? a.tragicomedy b)
tragedy c.comedy d.farce

111. ___ is a drama that is meant to amuse and so things end happily for the character ?
a.melodrama b.farce c.tragedy d) comedy

112. The purpose of reports include the following except ___? a) performing b.teaching
c.summarising d.explaining

113. Factors impeding effective study skills includes the following except ___ ? a)
adequate resting b.negative attitude to learning c.time of study d.study of venue

114. ___ is a purpose of reports that you recount a sequence of events for the purpose of
acquaintance your reader with the order in which these events occur? (a)searching
(b)summarising (c)informing (d)explaining

115. ___ refers to the perspective from which a writer tells a story (a)setting (b)point of
view (c)mood (d)tone

116. ___ speech seeks to inform? (a)informative (b)entertaining (c)commemorative

(d)introductory

117. ___ is a means of communication through the use of graphic symbols to sensitise a
reading audience about a contextual a. Experience? (a)writing (b)speaking
(c)graphics design (d)talking

118. The structure and purpose of paragraphs could be ___,___,___,___ and ___?
(a)introductory,body,concluding,inductive,deductive
(b)Introductory,body,tittle,inductive,deductive
(c)introductory,body,concluding,inductive,salutation
(d)unity,body,concluding,completeness,deductive

119. The kind of letter that uses much familiarity in its presentation is known as ___?
(a)formal (b)semi formal (c)non formal (d)informal

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120. ___ is a report that set down the record of the event in written form so that it's never
forgotten,even long after the main actors in the events have gone? (a)documenting
(b)summarising (c)narrating (d)explaining

121. Reports on experiments, researches and investigate matters is what? (a)teaching

(b)documenting (c)informing d)explaining

122. ___ is refers to as the place and time where the actions of a story take place
(a)setting (b)character (c)mood (d)subject matter

123. Report can be ___ and ___? (a)simple and complex (b)formal and informal
(c)flexible and rigid (d)big and small

124. ___ is the management of expression in such a way that unnecessary words are
avoided while detailed information is provided ? (a)simplicity (b)clarity
(c)completeness (d)economy

125. ___ report are usually lengthy? (a)informal (b)formal (c)simple (d)complex

126. Letters, memorandum or circulars fall in what category? (a)explaining

(b)summarising (c)formal (d)informal

127. Reports an be classified into the following except___? (a)experimental (b)reviews

(c)investigate (d)narrative

128. ___ are speech sounds that are realised with either partial or total obstruction of air-
streams in the mouth and nasal regions? (a)dipthongs (b)consonants (c)monothongs
(d)vowels

129. All but one is not type of reports? (a)drama report (b)factual reports( c)business
meeting (d)field research

130. “The form or structure of report is predominantly constrained by the genre”, how
true is this assertion (a)true (b)not really true (c)false (d)somehow false

131. ___ is used to separate optional words or phrases? (a)bracket (b)apostrophes

(c)ellipsis (d)slash

132. ___is the act of graphically representing one’s thoughts? (a)speech writing
(b)speech varieties (c)speech making (d)letter writing

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133. ___ involves the use of the imagination to entertain or to pass across a message?
(a)letter writing (b)creative writing (c)essay writing (d)speech writing

134. The types of creative writing are ___, ___ and ___? (a)plot, conflict and setting
(b)formal informal and semi formal (c)drama, prose and poetry (d)simple, complex
and concrete

135. ___ relates to Narration? (a)Prose (b)drama (c)poetry (d)genre

136. The vehicle for conveying imagery as present in figurative language such as similes
and metaphors is known as ___? (a)imagery (b)drama (c)language (d)theme

137. ___ is a section of a piece of writing and is made up of a group of sentences, all of
which deal with a common idea, that is, a single subject? (a)speech writing (b)essay
writing (c)composition (d)paragraph

138. The record of events or activities of a group of writing set down as they occur, and
may be disseminated to the public immediately or filed away for future reference is
referred to as ___? (a)essay (b)descriptive (c)report (d)documenting

139. There are ___ genre of creative writing? (a)4 (b)2 (c)3 (d)6

140. The elements who act out the story is referred to as ___? (a)language (b)characters
(c)drama (d)Plots

141. All but one is not an example of formal speech? (a)academic discourse (b)Job
interviews (c)Presidential debate (d)weeding speech

142. The character(s) whom the events revolve around is known as ___? (a)minor
character (b)round character (c)flat character (d)major character

143. Drama comes from the Greek word ___? (a)dram (b)dra (c)dramatual (d)dran

144. ___ is a character that is fully developed? (a)round character (b)progressive

character (c)flat character (d)static character

145. Learning style is the way in which ___ is perceived and process by an individual? (a)
speaking (b)communication (c)listening (d)information

146. ___ is a character whose traits are not well developed? (a)flat character (b)dynamic
character (c)round character (d)progressive

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147. Plot structures may be___ and ___ ? (a)simple and complex (b)rigid and flexible
(c)linear and non linear (d)formal and informal

148. ___ is when the audience is aware of something which the actors are not aware of?
(a)dramatic irony (b)situation irony (c)dynamic irony (d)verbal irony

149. ___ is the acquisition of knowledge for different future endeavours? (a)short term
goal (b)long term goal (c)big term goal (d)small term goal

150. ___ is when the expected outcome is not what occurs? (a)verbal irony (b)dramatic
irony (c)situational irony (d)dynamic irony

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