CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL

FSRU LNG GOLAR SPIRIT

PAGE - 1 -
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

PAGE - 2 -
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF LNG &REGASIFICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3: PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS

CHAPTER 4: OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR LNG HANDLING SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS DIAGRAMS

CHAPTER 5: REGASIFICATION / LNG SYSTEM: PROCESS CONTROL

CHAPTER 5A: OPERATION OF REGAS PLANT

CHAPTER 6: ESD SYSTEM AND SAFETY SYSTEM OPERATION

 Chapter 1
Table of Contents
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT.........................................................................................4

2. PRINCIPAL PARTICULARS..........................................................................................5

3. TANK CAPACITY DATA................................................................................................8

4. COMPOSITION OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)......................................12

5. PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)..........................................12

5.1. FLAMMABILITY.............................................................................................................12
5.1.1. Flammability in Air............................................................................................................12
5.1.2. Flammability in oxygen.....................................................................................................12
5.2. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES...........................................................................................13
5.3. BOILING POINT..............................................................................................................13
5.4. CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF BOIL-OFF GAS DURING A VOYAGE...............13
5.5. VAPOUR PRESSURE......................................................................................................14
5.6. THE BEHAVIOUR OF METHANE IN AIR....................................................................15

6. THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR............................................................................15
6.1.1. Cargo Ageing Or Weathering............................................................................................15
6.1.2. Stratification.......................................................................................................................15
6.1.3. Rollover..............................................................................................................................16
6.1.4. Monitoring Tank Pressure..................................................................................................16

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LNG............................................................................17

8. DATA SHEET FOR METHANE...................................................................................18

1. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
2. PRINCIPAL PARTICULARS

PRIME DATA
Ship's name Golar Spirit CARGO TANKS
Ship owner Golar Spirit Inc. 5 spherical tanks of Moss Tank No 1: 35.5 m MOORING EQUIPMENT
Building Yard Kawasaki Heavy Industries design diameter No 2,3,4,5: 37.1 m Anchors Stockless,Hall 21.5 tonnes each
Year built Keel Laid 01 February 1977 Tank type IMO Type B Type
Delivery date 30 September 1981 Maximum vapour pressure 0.686 kg/cm2 Anchor chain Welded. Grd. U3 Dia: 102mm.L 350m
Hull No. 1220 Minimum temperature -163ºC (port)
Call sign V7HA4 Minimum cargo density 0.4600 kg/m3 Anchor chain Diameter. 102mm Dia: 102mm L 380m
Official 2199 Maximum vacuum -50 mbar (ref. hold space) (stbd)
number Maximum filling. 99.5 % by volume Steel wire ropes 20 set 40@ mm L=220m. MBL100MT
IMO Number 7373327 Nylon tails 20 set @ 96 mm Ø L= 11m. MBL 162MT
Classification Det Norske Veritas 1A1 Tanker for Liquefied Spare Synthetic 2 sets@ 96mm Ø L=220m
Gas ropes MBL 98.6MT
Fire-wires 2set @ 38 mm Ø L=110 m MBL 93MT
SPEED & FUEL CONSUMPTION Windlasses Steam powered Lifting speed:
Full sea speed 21.8 knots Heaving power 0.7 m/s - 30 tonnes
Mooring winches Pull on the first Capacity: 30 tonnes
Endurance Burning oil only, 35 days layer Rate: 0.7 m/sec
PRIME DIMENSIONS at NSR Mooring winches Light line speed 40 m/min
Tonnages Gross 106577 Tonnes Output & revolutions 45000 bhp 105 rpm Mooring winches Drum capacity 220m @ 40 mm Ø
Net 31974 Tonnes Mooring winches Brake holding 60 tonnes
Suez Gross Tonnes Fuel oil consumption At NSR without 230 tonnes/day power
Suez Net 108753 Tonnes boil-off gas: less
Summer draft 12.524 M than g/kW/h)
Displacement at summer draft 114152 Tonnes Boil-off rate (at 32ºC 0.25% tons/day 0.15%/day
Summer deadweight 80239 Tonnes sea temperature & about 200m3/day when loaded MOORING WINCH LOCATION
Lightship 33913 Tonnes 45ºC air temperature) with LNG Location Prime Movers Wire Drums
Tonnes/cm (at 11.5 m draft) 100.9 Tonnes Attached to windlasses 2 pcs 4 wires
Designed Service Drought About 11.40 M Forecastle 3 pcs 5 wires
Moulded (From top of keel) Aft of Tank No. 5 2 pcs 4 wires
Designed Summer Drought 12.524 m Poop deck 4 pcs 7 wires
Moulded (From top of keel)
(Max navigatable drought) TANK CAPACITIES
Length overall 289.00 m Cargo (99.5% filling @ -163ºC) 128397.0 m3 HULL MACHINERY
Breadth (moulded) 44.60 m Ballast water (100% fill) 67824.0 m3 Steering gear S22-315, Electro Hydraulic
Depth (moulded) 25.688 m Fresh water (98% fill) 589.0 m3 Maximum rudder angles 30 +/- º - limit switches
Air draft from keel to radar 68.80 m Fuel Oil (98% fill) 8463.2 m3 35 +/- º - mechanical
Length between 275.00 m Gas oil (98% fill) 344.0 m3 stopper
Perpendiculars Lubricating oil (98% fill) 196.0 m3 Cargo manifold cranes 2, port and starboard
Type: Sigval Bergesen Mek.
Capacity: 2.5 tonnes
Provision/engine room cranes 2/1
Type: Sigval Bergesen Mek.
Capacity: 3.0 tonnes
Deck crane N/A
Type: N/A

Accommodation ladders 2, Port and starboard

 emergency head-quarters Pitch and diameter 6,725mm / 8,150mm
Lifeboats 2. Port and Stbd. 50 pers.
BALLAST SYSTEM FIRE FIGHTING CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT (See page 9 for LNG
Ballast pumps 2. N2 Systems N2 fire extinguishing system is provided PRODUCTION PUMPS)
Type Shinko GVD – 500M for each vent riser. Cargo pumps 5 Cargo Pumps
Capacity 2 x 2750 m3/h at 40m N2 cylinder is manually operated with Type: Airco. Electric motor driven,
Stripping Eductors 2 hand lever for discharging N2 and is centrifugal submerged type
Type Shinko arranged on the walk way. Capacity: 1,100 m3/h @ 120 m.l.c
Capacity 250 m3/h Discharge nozzles are arranged at the Total Head 140mTH (based on cargo liquid of
top of the vent riser. specific weight of 0.605 t/m³
Fire Jockey Number: Two (2) Motor 500 HP x 1,750 rpm
FIREFIGHTING Pumps Type: Centrifugal, electric Fluid LNG/LPG
Sea water. Fire main Flow rate: 30 m3/ h Manufacturer Airco Cryogenics (USA)
Pressure rate: 10 barg Spray pumps 2
Water spray Provided for:
system 1. Accommodation (front wall) Type: Airco. Electric motor driven,
2. Loading stations (port and MAIN MACHINERY centrifugal submerged type
starboard sides) Main turbine: Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd Capacity: 50 m3/h @ 75 m.l.c
3. Regas Skid Type: UC-450. Double Reduction Geared, Total Head 140mTH (based on cargo liquid of
4. CNG Manifolds Two Cylinder Cross Compound specific weight of 0.605 t/m³
5. Cargo control room and LNG Impulse Steam Turbine. Motor 35 HP x 3,500 rpm
compressor room (top, bottom Output: 45,000 SHP Metric at 105 rpm Fluid LNG/LPG
and side wall) Manufacturer Airco Cryogenics (USA)
6. Dome top (No’s 1 and 5 cargo 45,000 Shp at 105 rpm
tanks) Main boilers: 2. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.
Two water spray pumps are provided and Type: Kawasaki Marine UMG Type.
they can be started locally at each pump Two Drum Water Tube, Dual
side in the engine room and remotely Burning with Methane Gas
from the Bridge and the emergency Membrane Boiler.
headquarters. Pressure: 62 kg/cm2G. High duty 2 sets.
Dry powder Dry powder systems are provided for the Temperature: 515ºC at normal evaporation compressors
system entire tank deck area and for the loading Evaporation: Boiler 69,000kg/h Type: Airco. Steam turbine driven,
stations, Regas Skid and catwalk. max horizontal centrifugal type
. Normal 69,000 Kg/h - each Capacity: About 14,000 m3/h each
CO2 system CO2 total flooding system is applied to Main turbo- 3 sets Discharge Pressure 2.03kg/cm² abs
1. Cargo control room generators: Suction Gas * Methane gas of -130°C x 1.06
2. LNG compressor room Type: 2 set. Kawasaki, RPA-25 Multi kg/cm² abs
3. LNG motor room Stage. Steam Turbine Steam driven centrifugal
4. LPG ref machine room Steam Supply 20 kg/cm²Gx240°C at turbine inlet
5. LPG motor room. (Converted to a Type: 1 set. Nishiba R-EG-E05 (max 23kg/cm²Gx250°C at turbine
store room) Main Turbo Generators: 2 Set: 2,480 kW, at 1,800rpm inlet)
This system has a sufficient quantity of Back Pressure 0.5 kg/cm²G
CO2 gas available for 35% of volume of Main TG for Regas Ope 1 Set: 7500kVA at 1800rpm (led to the atmos. Condenser)
each room. Standby generator: 2 sets Manufacturer Airco Cryogenics (USA)
CO2 bottles are installed in the CO2 Type: Hedemora. V18A/12G Turbo
bottle room. charged. Single acting.
CO2 discharging device including a micro Generator Capacity: 1,980 kW
switch which gives air siren alarm and Emergency Generator 1 set
stops the ventilation fans, a pulling wire Type: Lindenberg Anlagen
which introduces CO2 gas to the Generator Capacity: 562.5kVA at 1800rpm
discharging manifold and a discharging PROPELLER
main valve which discharges CO2 gas to Manufacturer Stone. United Kingdom
the corresponding room is provided in the Type: 4 bladed solid keyless NIAIBC
Low duty 1 set. High Duty Vaporizer 1 set INERT GAS GENERATOR
compressor LNG Inert gas 1 set
Type: Airco. Steam Turbine driven, Type: Moss. Shell and tube type heated by generator
horizontal, centrifugal type warm water which is heated by Type: Moss Veft AS
Capacity: About 6,700 m3/h steam injection Fuel: Diesel Oil
Discharge Pressure 2.03kg/cm² abs Capacity: 10,000 Nm³/h. Capacity: 5,000 Nm3/h
Suction Gas ** Methane gas of -100°C x 1.06 -190DegC to +40DegC for LNG Gas Analysis At 0² = 0.5% by vol.
kg/cm² abs H² = max. 0/1% by vol
Steam Turbine Steam driven centrifugal. 13,000 Nm³/h. C0 = max 0.1% by vol
Steam Supply 20 kg/cm²Gx240°C at turbine inlet -160DegC to +40DegC for LN2 C0² = abt 15.0% by vol
(max 23kg/cm²Gx250°C at turbine n² = remaining
inlet) Gas Pressure 0.2 kg/cm² G
Back Pressure 1.5 kg/cm²G Steam condition 12 kg/cm²G x 200°C Gas temperature Abt. 5ºC above sea water temp
(led to the L.P 2nd feed water heater) (Max 15 kg/cm²G) Fuel Oil Diesel Oil
Manufacturer Airco Cryogenic (USA) Manufacturer Moss Veft AS. Flash point : above 60 ºC
Spec. weight : 0.80 – 0.85
* The compressor is able to handle Viscosity: below 1.7ºE (ab. 8.5 cst) at
natural gas of temperature ranging 20ºC
from -160° C to 40°C and LPG Gas, Sulphur content ; below 2.0% by weight
air or nitrogen gas of temperature Flashpoint Above 60ºC
ranging from -50°C to 40°C, within Dew point: -25ºC
the capacity range limited by the Viscosity below l.7°E (about 8.5 cst) at 20°C
steam turbine.

Low Duty Vaporizer 1 set

LN2 Refrigeration
Type: Moss. Shell and tube type Plant. Dryer
LNG Heaters 1 set each. 1 High and 1 Low Duty heated by warm water which Type: Nissin Refrigeration & Engineering Ltd
Type: Shell and tube type heater by steam is heated by steam injection Japan
(Steam to flow in the shell side) Capacity: 500 Nm³/h. Capacity: 5000Nm3/h
Capacity - Gas flow: H/D natural gas heater -196DegC to +30DegC Fluid Nitrogen gas, combustion gas and air
54,000 kg/h
(Methane gas -130°C to 50°C)*** Inlet dew point 0 to 40ºC
L/D natural gas heater
6,700 kg/h Steam condition 12 kg/cm²G x 200°C Outlet Dew Point 5ºC
(Methane gas of -150°C to 30°C)*** (Max 15 kg/cm²G)
Heating System 12 kg/cm²G x 200°C Manufacturer Sumitomo Precision
(Max 15kg/cm²G)
Manufacturer Moss Rosenberg Verft A/S (Norway) Adsorbent type
Heat transfer: kcal/h dryer (silica-gel)
Inlet temperature: -158ºC
Outlet temperature: 30ºC Type: Nissin Refrigeration & Engineering Ltd
Japan
Capacity: 5000Nm3/h
Fluid Nitrogen gas, combustion gas and air

Inlet dew point 5ºC

Outlet Dew Point -40ºC

 3. TANK CAPACITY DATA

CARGO TANK VOLUME

Compartment Measured at 20°C At -163°C
(100% full)
Cargo Tank No.1 23,353.59m³ 23,175.93m³ LUBRICATING OIL TANKS
Cargo Tank No.2 26,672.21m³ 26,460.34 m³ Compartment M3 at 100% Full Tonnes at 98% Full
Cargo Tank No.3 26,672.21m³ 26,460.13 m³ L.O Storage Tank 81.5 M3 75 MT
Cargo Tank No.4 26,663.56m³ 26,451.57 m³ L.O Settling Tank 71.7 M3 66 MT
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3
Cargo Tank No.5 26,661.39m³ 26,449.64 m³
L.O. Sump Tank 54.0 M3 50 MT
TOTAL 130,022.96m³ 128,997.61 m³ L.O Save All Tank 5.4 M3 5 MT

Total Lubrication Oil 213 M3 196 MT

LNG WEIGHTS (measured at -160C @ 1 atmosphere)

Compartment Tonnes at 98% Full
SG 0425 SG 0450 SG 0475 SG 0500
Cargo Tank No.1 22712.48 M3 GAS OIL TANKS
Cargo Tank No.2 25930.81 M3 Compartment M3 at 100% Full Tonnes at 98% Full.
Cargo Tank No.3 25930.11 M3 SG 0.860
Cargo Tank No.4 25922.96 M3 No 1 Gas Oil 200.0 M3 172.0 MT
Cargo Tank No.5 25921.11 M3 No 2 Gas Oil 200.0 M3 172.0 MT

TOTAL 126417.47 Total Gas Oil 400.0 M3 344.0 MT

M3

NITROGEN LIQUID TANK ( Now called Low Pressure Nitrogen Buffer Tank, see page 11)
Units: 1 set
Type: Horizontal, Double shell, vacuum-perlite insulated type FRESH AND FEED WATER TANKS
with a self pressurizing device. Compartment M3 at 100% Full Tonnes at 98% Full
Capacity: 50m³ (available volume) SG 0.920
Designed Pressure 5 kg/cm²G FW Tank 268.0 M3 268.0 MT
Working pressure 2.5kg/cm² - 4.2kg/cm²G No 1. DWT 161.0 M3 161.0 MT
Manufacture Daido Oxygen Co. Ltd (Japan) No 2 160.0 M3 160.0 MT

Total Fresh and Feed Water 589.0 M3 589.0 MT

FUEL OIL TANKS
Compartment M3 at 100% Full Tonnes at 98% Full.
SG 0.965
Fwd F.O.Tank Port 1890.7 M3 1824.5 MT
Fwd F.O. Tank Stbd 1869.1 M3 1803.7 MT
Port/Stbd Lower No 2 1775.4 M3 1713.2 MT
Port/Stbd Lower No 3 1775.4 M3 1713.2 MT
Port/Stbd aft F.O. Tank 534.7 M3 516.0 MT
Port/Stbd Settling Tanks 617.8 M3 596.2 MT

TOTAL 8463.2 M3 8166.8 MT

 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

Dobell Bottom Reserve 7769.1 7963.0

WATER BALLAST TANKS Aft peak Tank 1518.3 1556.0
Compartment M3 at 100% Full Tonnes at 100% Full. SG 1.025 Total Other Ballast Tanks 9287.4 9519.0

Total Water Ballast 67823.7 69522.0

Fore Peak Tank 2740.3 2809.0
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 1 Port 596.4 611.0
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 1 596.4 611.0
Starboard MISCELLANEOUS TANKS/SPACES
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 2 Port 564.5 579.0 Compartment 100% Full (M3)
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 2 564.5 579.0 Sep. Oil Tank 20.0 M3
Starboard Stern Tank CWT 22.0 M3
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 3 Port 564.6 579.0 Bilge Tank 84.0 M3
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 3 564.6 579.0 Cruiser Stern Well 197.0 M3
Starboard
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 4 Port 564.5 579.0
Upper Water Ballast Tank No 4 564.5 579.0
Starboard
Total Upper Water Ballast 4580.4 4696.0
TOTAL 317.0 M3
Side Water Ballast Tank No 1 Port 3067.8 3144.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 1 Starboard 3067.8 3144.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 2 Port 2502.1 2565.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 2 Starboard 2502.1 2565.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 3 Port 2201.6 2257.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 3 Starboard 2201.6 2257.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 4 Port 2765.5 2835.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 4 Starboard 2765.5 2835.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 5 Port 1662.0 1703.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 5 Starboard 1662.0 1703.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 6 Port 2216.0 2271.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 6 Starboard 2216.0 2271.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 7 Port 2210.0 2265.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 7 Starboard 2210.0 2265.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 8 Port 2724.0 2792.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 8 Starboard 2724.0 2792.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 9 Port 1831.0 1877.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 9 Starboard 1831.0 1877.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 10 Port 2080.0 2132.0
Side Water Ballast Tank No 10 2080.0 2132.0
Starboard
Total Side Water Ballast 46518.4 47682.0

Lower Water Ballast Tank No 1 Port 1386.9 1422.0

Lower Water Ballast Tank No 1 1386.9 1422.0
Starboard
Lower Water Ballast Tank No 4 Port 961.7 986.0
Lower Water Ballast Tank No 4 961.7 986.0
Starboard
Total Lower Ballast 4697.2 4816.0
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

Booster Pumps main characteristics

LNG Production Pumps Units Rated
Type Suction barrel mounted
Units
LNG Production 5 pump 5 Tag Nos. R-PS-906/7/8
Pumps Maker Shinko (Japan)
Type Submerged, centrifugal No. of pumps 3 (2 operating + 1 standby)
Tag Nos. R-PS-901/2/3/4/5 No. of stages 14
Rated capacity M3/h 268
Maker Shinko (Japan)
Rated head mlc 2080
Rated capacity m3/h 136 Shut off head mlc 2480
Normal capacity m3/h 106 Minimum flow M3/h 105
Head at rated cap: mlc 110 Efficiency % 76
Shut-in head mlc 136 Rated shaft kW 965
power
Minimum flow m3/h 40 Motor rated kW 1150
Efficiency, norm. % 60 output
Shaft power, norm. kW 29.1 El. supply V/Ph/Hz 6600/3/60
Motor rated output kW 40
El. supply V/Ph/Hz 440/3/60
Regas Vaporiser Data

Booster Pump Suction Drum Type Shell & U-Tube

Tag Nos. R-HI-901/2/3
Units Maker Thermax (US)
Type Suction Drum Material of construction, shell SS 316 L
Material of construction, tube SS 316 L
Tag No. R-VL-901 sheet
Operating temp. °C -157 (based on temperature in the storage tanks) Material of construction, tubes SS 304
Operating pressure barg 2–8 No. of units 3(2 operating + 1 standby)
Design pressure barg 10
LNG mass flow, each tonnes/h 120
LNG inlet pressure (normal) Bar g 90 – 114
BOR %/day 4.55
Design pressure, tube side (LNG) Bar g 130.4
LNG inlet temperature °C -156
Volume M3 20.0
Pressure drop, tube side Bar 1.5
Diameter M 2.2 Pressure drop, shell side Bar 0.3
Height M 5.8 LNG discharge temperature °C +5 (0 – 20)
Steam inlet pressure barg 6
Steam inlet temperature °C 165
Turbo Generator for Re Gas Equipment
Steam flow tonnes/h 41
Type 1 set. Nishiba R-EG-E05 Design pressure, shell side barg 11
Capacity 1 Set: 7500kVA at 1800rpm (steam)
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

Particulars of Hold Air Circulation Fan

Piping Design Pressure, existing lines Design pressure
[kg/cm2G] Type Electric motor driven centrifugal
LNG main liquid line 10 Quantity 2 sets
Vapour main line except fuel gas line 5
Fuel gas line 10 Capacity Capacity, each : 5,000 Nm3/h × 800 mmAq
Gas free and ventilation line on deck 5 Manufacturer Alfred Nyborg A/S (Norway)
Hold bilge line on deck 10
Nitrogen liquid line 10
Now: Low Pressure Nitrogen Buffer Tank
LNG line inside storage tank 10 (Former Nitrogen Liquid Tank).
Vapour line inside storage tank 5
Hold bilge line in hold space 10 Particulars
Inerting/aerating line in hold space 5 No. of units 1 tank
Manufacturer Daido Oxygen Co. Ltd. (Japan)
Capacity available 50.0 m3
Nitrogen Generator
Capacity (gross volume) 55.6 m3
No. of units 2 Former working pressure 2.5 kg/cm2G - 4.2 kg/cm2G
Type Membrane separation
Capacity (each) 190 Nm3/h New working pressure 2.5 barG – 8 barG
System delivery pressure 2.5 - 8 barg Former Design pressure 5 kg/cm2G
Max. temp. at generator 50°C
outlet New max. pressure 9 barG
Purity (O2 + Ar) 97 vol. % N2 at full capacity (O2 ≤ 3 % volume)
Type Horizontal, double shell, vacuum perlite insulated type with a self
Dew point -70 oC (at atm. pressure) pressurizing device

Emergency Generator
Nitrogen Booster Compressor Type: Lindenberg Anlagen
Generator Capacity: 562.5kVA at 1800rpm
No. of units 2
Type Piston
Suction pressure 2.5 to 8 barg Communications
Discharge pressure 12 – 25 barg SAT TELEPHONE No. +870 762 413 985 / +870 764 643 659 / +44 122 46 72 375
Capacity (each) 71 m3/h* Mobile No. +55 99 33 92 31
* At reference suction conditions 1 bara/20°C Email [email protected]
[email protected]

High pressure nitrogen buffer tank IMO No. 7373327

MANAGERS Thome Ship Management Pte Ltd
No. of units: 1
Type: Free standing pressure vessel MANAGER'S ADDRESS 16 Raffles Quay #43-01
Capacity: 3.4m3 Hong Leong Bulding
Design Pressure: 29 bar g Singapore. 048581
Telephone: +65 62 20 72 91
Fax: +65 62 25 15 27
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

Email: [email protected]

4. COMPOSITION OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) 5. PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)

Methane is a member of the alkane or paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is a colourless,

flammable, odourless and tasteless gas. Methane is the major constituent of natural gas. LNG is
the abbreviation of Liquefied Natural Gas.
LNG is stored as a liquid at a cryogenic temperature of about -162ºC. It has a low density
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons in which methane predominates; the mixture varies compared with water at about 425 kg/m3. It is non-toxic and non-corrosive.
considerably according to load port and how the gas is found. This means that the quality of
natural gas varies principally on it being derived as an "associated gas"; this is from a crude oil
reservoir or as an "unassociated gas"; from a gas well. Associated gas is richer because it 5.1. FLAMMABILITY
contains higher percentages of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), all of which have
greater calorific values than methane (CH4). These gases are also members of the alkane series.

Methane itself cannot be liquefied by pressure alone unlike ethane, propane and butane; it must 5.1.1. Flammability in Air
therefore be cooled in order to convert it to a liquid. It is normally cooled to its atmospheric boiling
point of -161.5ºC when it condenses to a liquid. In the liquid state it occupies about 1/600 of its
volume as a gas. LNG, therefore, is natural gas in its liquid form at atmospheric pressure.
Flammability limits in air at 20 0C, I atm ,Lower: 5%, Upper: 15%
LNG also contains small percentages of nitrogen and this effects its boiling point. The boiling point Minimum auto ignition temperature at 1 atm : 580 0 C
is also effected by percentage admixture with ethane and the LPGs. An example is provided below
to show how a specific LNG mixture may differ from that of pure methane and how the balance of Stoichiometric Combustion
gases is handled.
Flame Temperature: 19570 0C
Name Unit Formula Composition (MOL Maximum flame speed: 0.4 m/s
%)
Nitrogen N2 0.0037 - 0.0038
Methane CH4 0.8544 - 0.9024 5.1.2. Flammability in oxygen
Ethane C2H6 0.0812 - 0.1309
Propane C3H8 0.0100 - 0.0113
i-Butane C4H10 0.0005 - 0.0007 Flamability limits at 200C, 1 atm ,Lower : 5%,Upper: 60%
n-Butane C4H10 0.0004 - 0.0006 Minimum auto ignition temperature at 1 atm : 5500 C
Molecular weight (kg/kmole) 17.6 - 18.3
Specific weight (kg/dm3) 0.425 Stoichiometric Combustion
Boiling point at Atmospheric -161.5ºC
Flame temperature: 281000C
Maximum flame speed: 3, 90 m/s
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is colourless, odourless and non-toxic. It has a relatively low Heat of combustion
flame speed, a high percentage flammability level in air, a high auto-ignition point and is High: 9530 Kcal/m3
non-corrosive. Its weight is less than half that of water. Its main constituent, methane, as a Low: 8570 Kcal/ m3
gas is lighter than air at all temperatures above -100ºC (butane, propane and ethane are
heavier-than-air gases at all temperatures).
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

5.4. CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF BOIL-OFF GAS DURING A VOYAGE

During the progress of laden voyages any nitrogen, having a boiling point of -196ºC, in the cargo
tends to boil-off preferentially. Accordingly, nitrogen boil-off is higher at the beginning of a voyage
and the percentage of methane in the boil-off gas increases with time due to a decrease of nitrogen
in cargo.

5.2. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Methane is an inert gas without inherent toxicity. Experiments conducted on rabbits and rats have
demonstrated that methane asphyxia is not, strictly speaking, intoxication, but is caused by
displacement of the oxygen present in the air that is breathed.

5.3. BOILING POINT

The boiling point of liquid methane, which is the main component of liquefied gas, is -161.5ºC at
atmospheric pressure. However, depending on the percentage presence of other components, the
boiling point of LNG can lie between -158ºC and -164ºC. The higher figure indicating the presence
of nitrogen and the lower figure showing higher than normal percentages of ethane and the LPGs.

The critical temperature of methane is -82ºC, which means it is impossible to liquefy natural gas
above that temperature by pressurisation alone. Indeed, at ambient temperatures natural gas is
always a gas, or if already a liquid, will quickly vaporise back to its gaseous state.
 CARGO OPERATIONS MANUAL- GOLAR SPIRIT

5.5. VAPOUR PRESSURE

The relationship between the liquid temperature and vapour pressure is shown in the figure below.

Pressure / Temperature relationship for Hydrocarbon Gasses.

 6. THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR
5.6. THE BEHAVIOUR OF METHANE IN AIR

6.1.1. Cargo Ageing Or Weathering

The density of natural gas is approximately half that of air at the same temperature. The density of
the gas is related to its temperature. The lower the temperature, the higher the density. Methane
is heavier than air only at temperatures of less than -110ºC. Accordingly, in the case of leakage LNG is a mixture in which methane predominates but it is nevertheless an amalgam of a number of
and once vaporised and warmed above -110ºC, the gas will rise through the atmosphere due to its light hydrocarbons together with small fractions of liquid nitrogen. Due to heat ingress to the cargo
lighter density compared to air. For this reason methane is a suitable fuel for firing in marine during a voyage the liquid is constantly on the boil and a percentage continuously evaporates. This
boilers any gas leakage assumed to rise clear of bilge areas. is led to the ship's boilers by way of a compressor and gas heater.

In the case of leakage immediately after evaporation the gas temperature is close to the liquid The lighter elements in the mix - methane and nitrogen - tend to boil off preferentially before the
temperature. The evaporated gas warms at a low level while condensing and freezing moisture in other fractions. This is due to their much lower boiling points. The result is that a concentration of
the surrounding air. This forms a visible cloud of water vapour. The presence of a vapour cloud is heavier elements builds up in the cargo with time. This process is called weathering. Because of
indicative of the primary hazardous area and the direction of downwind drift of the methane weathering, the boiling point of the remaining LNG cargo moves towards the boiling point of the
escape. This may be a useful indicator in the case of accident. heavier fractions; thus cargo temperatures rise during a voyage. For similar reasons the cargo's
specific gravity also increases with time.
As gas temperature increases, the gas ascends and disperses.
Since weathering is related to cargo volume, its effect is negligible during a laden voyage.
However, the effect is pronounced on ballast voyages. Here, because the liquid volume is small,
weathering accelerates.

One result of weathering is that spraying is less effective for cargo tank cool-down at the end of a
ballast voyage. Therefore, weathering must be considered when deciding heel volumes and tank
cool-down plans.

6.1.2. Stratification

Tank pressure is maintained during normal operations at sea by burning BOG (boil-off gas) in the
ship's boilers. When a cargo tank is shut-in (for example during Custody Transfer Measuring) tank
pressure will quickly rise by 5 to 10 m bar, say within 30 minutes. This is due to Stratification.

Heat enters the tank through the tank structure and warms the liquid. The warmer liquid rises to
the surface. There, the flow of warmer liquid changes into a horizontal movement. As the current
moves along the surface, it cools in relation to the bulk cargo and sinks.

On the liquid surface evaporation causes a thin, chilled layer of LNG. The current conducts its heat
to this layer when flowing along the liquid surface. This causes further evaporation and maintains
the layer. This layer acts as a buffer between the warmer current and the vapour above
maintaining the saturation vapour temperature.

However when the tank is shut-in, evaporation is suppressed, the layer is destroyed and the warm
current is exposed. This results in a sudden pressure rise. After the sudden pressure increase, in
time the pressure increase stabilises to a lower rate.
VOLUME RATIO OF
VAPOUR/LIQUID

Volume ratio of vapour to liquid is about 600 at ambient temperatures.

6.1.3. Rollover 6.1.4. Monitoring Tank Pressure

Rollover is a tank-based phenomenon pertaining mainly to land-based storage tanks. Tank pressure fluctuations are comparatively slow. Cargo tank volume is large enough to absorb
Nevertheless, it is a phenomenon unique to LNG about which ship operators should be aware. changes in ambient conditions and, through a smooth exchange of gas between vapour and liquid,
equilibrium is maintained.

Rollover results from the storage of two types of LNG with different densities in the same tank. In There are some cases when larger fluctuations can be expected:
some cases, the two liquids will form two distinctive layers in the tank, with the lighter liquid above.
This two-layer case would be stable but heat leakage through the tank side makes this situation Fire onboard
unstable. Cargo tank shut-in for certain operations
At the beginning of initial cool-down.

Heat leakage causes weathering of the top layer; the lighter components evaporate first and the The fluctuations of the tank pressure can be avoided by following actions:
specific gravity increases.
But no evaporation takes place in the lower level. Maintenance of pressure difference between cargo tank and hold space
Connection of the gas phase (at the dome top) to the vapour line at all times, (except during special
operations such as one-tank gas freeing before inspection).
Also the heat leakage warms the top layer and causes expansion. Its density actually decreases. Monitor atmospheric pressure

If these processes are allowed to continue then both layers reach the same density when they
suddenly mix. This phenomenon is called rollover.

The danger of rollover is that when it occurs large quantities of vapour evolve straining the capacity
of relief valves so causing back pressure sufficient to cause tank damage.

To prevent rollover the two-layer phenomenon must be avoided and to ensure homogeneity of the
liquid, tank filling loading operation has to be carried out by bottom filling.

Rollover is seldom a concern on LNG carriers for the following reasons:

The ship loads at the same terminal with full tanks. The cargo is homogeneous and thoroughly
mixed.

Laden voyages are usually shorter than the time it takes for rollover to occur.
Movement of the ship is continuously mixing the LNG.

See Chapter 4 for procedures in regards to prevent Rollover when vessel is operating as a FSRU
7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LNG

Methane Ethane Propane i-Butane n-Butane Nitrogen

Chemical Formula CH4 C2H8 C3H8 i-C4H10 n-C4H10 N2
Molecular Weight 16.04 30.07 44.09 58.12 58.12 28.02
Molecular volume 22.36 22.16 21.82 21.77 21.49
Boiling Point @ 1 atm (ºC) -161.5 -88.6 -42.2 -10.0 -0.6 -195.8
Freezing point @ 1 atm (ºC) -182.5
Specific Gravity (Liquid @ Boiling Point) 0.425 0 549 0 583 0.595 0.605 0.808
Specific Gravity gas (Air=1) 0.555 1.049 1.522 2.007 2.01 0.967
Critical Temperature (ºC) -82.5 32.3 96.8 135.0 152.0
Critical Pressure (Bar) 46.8 49.5 43.7 37.5 36.5 -144.3
Latent Heat of Vaporisation (Kcal/Kg) 121.9 116.9 101.8 87.56 92.09 47.7
Range of Flammability in Air LEL 5.3 3.12 2.37 1.6 1.86
UEL 13.9 15.0 9.5 8.5 8.41
Gross Calorific Value (Kcal/m3) 9.52 16.82 24.32 31.53 23.01
(KCal Kg) 13.27 12.4 12.03 11.81 11.84
Net Calorific Value (Kcal/m3) 8.55 15.37 22.35 29.05 29.51
(Kcal/Kg) 11.95 11.35 11.08 10.90 10.93
Gas Specific Heat (25ºC @ 1atm)
CP (KCal/KgºC) 0.534 0.442 0.404 0.404 0.407
CV (Kcal/KgºC) 0.401 0.356 0.359 0.370 0.373
Ratio CP/CV 1.308 1.198 1.133 1.097 1.094
Vapour Pressure (Bar) 287.4 36.3 7.9 2.8 1.96
Theoretical Amount of Air for Perfect Combustion 9.55 16.7 23.86 31.03 31 03
Minimum ignition energy (milli-Joules) 0.3
Spontaneous Ignition Temperature (632) (472) (481) (544) 441
(ºC) 537 515 466 462 405
Hot gas ignition temperature 325
Gas Density (Kg/m3 0ºC @ 1 atm) 0.7173 1.335 2.0082 2.696
Amount of Gasification 418.4 281 258.7 218.7 223.7
Volume Ratio Vapour/Liquid @ Boiling Point 228 264 240 222 175
Volume Ratio Vapour/Liquid (@ 20ºC) 619 431 811 242 694
8. DATA SHEET FOR METHANE

Definition of terms used in the data sheet Data Sheet for Methane
Toxicity the ability of a substance to cause injury or harm once it reaches
a susceptible site in or on the body Synonyms: Marsh Gas, methyl hydride
Hazard the probability that injury will result from handling or use of a
substance in the quantity, frequency and manner proposed Hazard analysis
Acute Refers to a single or sudden event or response; thus, an acute
exposure or an acute illness Toxic hazard rating
Chronic refers to a repeated or prolonged event or response; thus, a Acute local 0
chronic exposure or a chronic illness Acute systemic Inhalation 1
Local reference to a limited, well-defined area or injury or response and
Chronic local 0
means that the action takes place at the point of area of contact.
Chronic systemic Inhalation 1
Systemic this is a reference to the organ systems of the body. The term
refers to a site of action, other than the point of contact and
presupposes that absorption has taken place. Methane is not considered a toxic gas. Its action physiologically is as a
Absorption a material is said to have been absorbed only when it has gained simple asphyxiant, where, in high concentrations, it displaces the oxygen
entry into the blood stream and consequently may be carried to to sustain life.
all parts of the body.
Fire hazard: Highly dangerous when exposed to heat or flame.
Spontaneous heating: No
Minimum Ignition This gives the level of energy required to produce ignition
Explosion hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame.
Energy in the presence of sufficient air.
Spontaneous Ignition The minimum temperature of ignition by a hot surfaces. Disaster hazard: Dangerous.

Temperature To fight fire: Dry chemicals or carbon dioxide.

Hot Gas Ignition The temperature at which ignition can be made to occur
Temperature by jets of heated gas. Leak detection
Flammable This is expressed in terms of the lower and upper limits of Apply a soapy solution to all fittings and joints to detect leaks by bubble
percent by volume of gas in air which is required to formation.
support combustion.
Materials of construction
Since methane is a non-corrosive gas, any available metal may be used
Toxic Hazard Rating Code for tank construction or fittings. However, piping systems or vessels to
0 None a) No harm under any conditions contain methane should be designed according to regulations specified by
b) Harmful only under unusual conditions or regulatory bodies particularly those applicable to cryogenic applications.
overwhelming dosage
1 Slight Causes readily reversible changes which disappear after the Cold hazard of LNG
end of exposure Materials for LNG service must maintain notch ductility or toughness at
2 Moderate May involve both irreversible and reversible changes; not service temperatures. Human contact with small quantities of LNG may
severe enough to cause death or permanent injury cause pain. Maintained contact results in frostbite. Short duration
3 High May cause death or permanent injury after very short exposure exposure to large quantities of LNG can cause severe tissue damage.
to small quantities
U Unknown No information on humans considered valid by authors