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Thales of Miletus
600 B. C.
- Discovered static electricity by
rubbing fur on amber.
 William Gilbert
1544-1603
- Wrote De Magnete Researched Magnetics & Static
Electricity Distinguished between Magnetism and
static electricity
- coined the word “electricus” that was later termed
as “Electricity” by Benjamin Franklin
- 'De Magnete' was published in 1600 and was quickly accepted as the
standard work on electrical and magnetic phenomena throughout Europe.
In it, Gilbert distinguished between magnetism and static (known as the
amber effect). He also compared the magnet's polarity to the polarity of the
Earth, and developed an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy.
Leyden Jar
-Was the first Capacitor Developed by
Pieter van Musscenbroek
 Benjamin Franklin
1706-1790
-Writer and Scientist
-Researched Electricity
-Researched Weather & Meteorology
-Defined Positive & Negative Charges
 Charles Coulomb
1736-1806
-Experimented in mechanical
resistance
-Developed Coulomb’s Law for
electrostatic charges

Forces between two electrically-charged objects can be

extremely large. Most things are electrically neutral; they
have equal amounts of positive and negative charge. If
this wasnıt the case, the world we live in would be a
much stranger place. We also have a lot of control over
how things get charged. This is because we can choose
the appropriate material to use in a given situation.
- Conductors, semi-conductors, insulators
Luigi Galvani 1737-
1798
-Studied effects of electricity on
Frogs!
-Revealed animals had and were
effected by electricity.

The leg of the dead frog twitched

when it was electrified.
Bioelectricity – Cells and tissues
have Ion flux that communicates
with electricity.
Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
-Very Interested in
Electrical experiments
going on in late 1700’s
- He repeated Galvani’s
frog leg experiment using
various types of
electrodes
-Invented the first electric
cell
What is the Difference Between a Battery
and a Capacitor?
• A battery stores energy in form of chemical
energy, where as the capacitor uses electrostatic
field.
• A battery generally has a better energy density,
which means you could store more energy per
volume.
• Capacitors although are superior when it comes
to internal resistance, which implies they can
supply a lot more current, but for a shorter
duration of time .
 Hans Christian
Oersted 1777-1851
-Demonstrated that electricity
effected magnetism
-Initiated the study of
Electromagnetism
-Discovered Aluminum
Electromagnetism -the interaction
of electric currents or fields and
magnetic fields.
ex. radio, microwaves,
cellphone
 Andre Ampere
1775-1836
-French Mathematician & physicist
-Invented the Solenoid
-Studied the Effects of electrical
currents.
Effects of electrical currents
-The flow of electric current causes
the following effects in a conductor:
heating effect, chemical effect,
magnetic effect.
Georg Simon Ohm
1789-1854
-Experimented with Electrical
circuits
-Made his own parts - including
the wire!
-Discovered OHMS law - a
relationship between current,
voltage & resistance.
Ohms Law and Power
The relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance in any
DC electrical circuit was firstly discovered by the German
physicist Georg Ohm.
 Michael Faraday
1791-1867
-Great pioneering experimenter in
electricity and magnetism
-Demonstrated electromagnetic
induction.
Electromagnetic Induction
-If the wire is then wound into a coil, the
magnetic field is greatly intensified
producing a static magnetic field around
itself forming the shape of a bar magnet
giving a distinct North and South pole.
Electromagnetic Induction by a Moving
Magnet
 James Prescott
Joule 1818-1889
-Discovered the Law of Conservation of
Energy
-The unit of energy, Joule, is named in
his honor
The law of conservation of energy is a law
of science that states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, but only changed
from one form into another or transferred
from one object to another.
 Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff 1824-1887
-Known for his work on the Spectroscope
-Developed Kirchhoff’s Laws
They quantify how current flows through a
circuit and how voltage varies around a loop in
a circuit. Kirchhoff's current law (1st Law)
states that current flowing into a node (or a
junction) must be equal to current flowing out
of it. This is a consequence of charge
conservation. Kirchhoff's voltage law (2nd Law)
states that the sum of all voltages around any
closed loop in a circuit must equal zero. This is
a consequence of charge conservation and
also conservation of energy.
Charles Wheatstone 1806-1876
Early Wheatstone Musical Instruments
Early Wheatstone Concertinas
 James Clerk
Maxwell 1831-1879
-Wrote Treatise on Electricity and
Magnetism in 1873
-The equations in it explained
Faraday’s Work and predicted
Hertz’s work
 Heinrich Rudolph
Hertz 1857-1894
-Demonstrated the electromagnetic
radiation predicted by Maxwell
-First to demonstrate the photoelectric
effect
Wilhelm Roentgen
1845-1923
Discovered X-Rays in 1895
-X-rays were used by doctors
within months
-Max von Laue proved they were
electromagnetic in nature later
(1940’s)
Samuel Morse
(1791 – 1872)
Guglielmo Marconi
1874-1937
-Patented Radio
Telegraphy in 1896
-1901 transmitted
signals across the
Atlantic Ocean
-Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1909
Marconi & an Early Radio Set
 Alexander
Graham Bell 1876
 Thomas Alva
Edison 1847-1931
Edison Effect
Edison 1882 Patent Lamp (carbon
filament)
Edison’s Kinetograph - the Motion picture
machine!
The Phonograph
 Nikola Tesla 1856-
1943
-

Rivalry. Edison wanted his(or so called his)

inventions to be more popular so he can get
more profit. On other hand Tesla wanted
inventions for masses, invention that can power
up everyone's life without class or creed. So
Edison hated Tesla because he was giving things
free which he could easily capitalized.
Menlo Park Laboratory World’s First
Industrial Lab
 John Ambrose
Fleming 1849-1945
-Student of Maxwell’s
Worked for Edison then
Marconi
-Invented the Fleming
Valve - the first electronic
rectifier or diode (1904)
The Fleming Valve
Lee De Forest
1873-1961
Held 300+ patents 1906 -
invented the Audion tube, the first
Triode vacuum tube
-1912 cascade his tubes to
increase amplification
Lee De Forest’s Triode ‘Valve
Walter Schottky
1886-1976
Had multiple Doctorates
-Defined ‘shot noise’ -
random electron noise in
thermionic tubes(vacuum
tubes)(static noise)
-1919 invented the
multiple grid vacuum
tube
 Edwin Howard
Armstrong 1890-1954
-Invented regenerative feedback and
electronic oscillators.
ex. Radio, tv
-1917 invented the superheterodyne radio
-1933 patented FM radio (wideband)
Amplitude Modulation(AM)
-overall signal
Frequency Modulation(FM)
-number of each second that the current
changes direction
 Harold Stephen
Black 1898-1983
-1927 invented the
idea of negative
feedback to improve
distortion
characteristics in
amplifiers
Philo Taylor Farnsworth
1906-1971
1922 (age 14!) invented an
electronic TV system
-1927 patented his TV
system
-Litigation with RCA ended in
1939
-RCA agreed he won!
 John Bardeen
1908-1991
-Developed a theory of
quantum surface states of
electrons which led to the
invention of the junction
transistor
-Shared in the 1956 Nobel
Prize with Shockley and
Brattain
 Konrad Zuse
1941
-Developed the first
programmable
computer
 Eisler
1943
-Invented the Printed Circuit
Board (PCB)
 Jack Kilby
1958
-Invented the
Integrated Circuit
(IC)
Gordon Earle Moore
1929
Theodore Harold Maiman
1960
-Invented the LASER
 Nick Holonyak Jr.
1962
-Invented the LED (Light
Emitting Diode)
 Kemeny and Kurtz
1964
-Introduced the BASIC
programming language
 Ted Hoff (INTEL)
1970
-Introduced the first
microprocessor
(with 2,300 transistors
in one silicon chip)
After the invention of the first microprocessor 4004
in 1971 in Intel, everyone in the microelectronic
industries thought that microprocessors can help
in the rapid growth of computers.
They started many new projects in inventing new
microprocessors and the forth generation of
computers started. The first personal computer
built was the Altair 8800 of MITS which came
around 1975. At the same time Apple computer
was started and the first Apple machines hit the
market in 1976.
John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin
Cooper
1973

-They work for Motorola

and invented the
first mobile phone.
 Apple
2007

-Introduced the first

iPhone