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07A3EC04Notes 2

EMF

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7 views

07A3EC04Notes 2

EMF

Uploaded by

Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

6 The Co-ordinate Systems


A coordinate System is a structure that allows the unique definition of a point in
space by three variables known as coordinates of that point. If the coordinates are
mutually orthogonal at all points in space, the coordinate system is called an Orthogonal
coordinate system.

1.6.1 Cartesian co-ordinate Systems

Fig 1.6

Represented by two coordinates i.e P(x, y)

Fig. 1.7
Represented by three coordinates i.e. P(x,y,z)
Cartesian Co-ordinate System

Fig. 1.8

Three Orthogonal Planes meet at a common point called origin. Any Point P is
presented by three coordinates as P(x, y, z). These are the distances from origin to
intersection of a perpendicular dropped from the Point to the x, y, and z axes
respectively.
The directions of the three axes are given by unit vectors ax, ay and az which are
orthogonal to the appropriate planes. These have same direction at all points, this is true
only for the Cartesian coordinate systems. A vector A is represented by

A = Ax ax + Ay ay + Az az

A differential volume element in Cartesian coordinates is obtained by increasing x,y, and


z by differential increments dx, dy and dz as shown in the fig. 1.9. The two planes x and
x+dx, the two planes y and y+dy and the two planes z and z+dz enclose a small volume
as shown in the figure1.9. The different surface areas, the volume and the differential
lengths are also shown in the figure 1.9 below.
Cartesian Co-ordinate System - Differential lengths and surface Areas
And Differential Volume

Fig. 1.9
Differential Lengths dx, dy, dz

Differential surface areas


dsx = ± dy dz ax
dsy = ± dx dz ay
dsz = ± dx dy az

Differential volume dv = dx dy dz

Unit vectors
ax ay az

ax x ay = az

ay x az = ax

az x ax = ay

1.6.2 Cylindrical Co-0rdinate System


Fig. 1.10
The three orthogonal planes are : 1. A Cylinder with z – axis as its axis
(ρ
ρ(r)=constant), Z=Constant plane and a φ = constant plane. Any point P is
at the intersection of these three planes and represented as P(ρ
ρ, φ, z).

Cylindrical Co-ordinate system


The unit vector aρ ρ at a point
P(ρ
ρ,φφ,z) is directed radially
Outward normal to the Cylindrical
surface. The unit Vector aφ φ is
normal to the φ Plane and points in
the Direction of increasing φ and
Tangential to cylindrical surface.
The unit vector az is same as in
Cartesian Coordinate system.
aρ x aφ = az
aφ x az = aρ
Az x aρ = aφ
Fig. 1.11 Unit vectors are aρ, aφ, az

Cylindrical Co-ordinate system – Differential lengths and surface Areas


And Differential Volume
A differential volume element in cylindrical coordinates is obtained by increasing ρ,φ,
and z by differential increments dρ, dφ and dz. The two cylinders of radius ρ and ρ+dρ,
the two radial planes at angles φ, and φ+dφ and the two planes z and z+dz enclose a a
small volume as shown in the figure1.12. It can be noted that dρ, dz are dimensionally
lengths but dφ is not and from the figure dφ is converted to length as ρdφ. The different
surface areas, the volume and the differential lengths are also shown in the figure 1.12
below.

Fig. 1.12
Differential lengths dρ
ρ, ρdφ
φ, dz

Differential Surface Areas Differential Volume


dsρ = ± ρdφφ dz aρ dv = ρ dρ
ρ dφφ dz
dsφ = ± dρρ dz aφ
dsz = ± ρ dρ
ρ dφφ az

Default limits
ρ -> 0 to ∞
φ -> 0 to 2π π
z -> -∞ ∞ to +∞∞

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