EEE 439 Communication Systems II

(January 2021 Semester)

Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: [email protected]
 Course Overview (1/2)
Baseband digital transmission, Limitations,

Pulse shaping, Pulse equalization techniques

AWGN channel model, bit error rate of a baseband transmission system. channel
capacity theorem.

Digital modulation techniques

Detection and demodulation techniques, digital receivers, matched filter and correlator
receiver, bit error rate calculation of a digital link, digital link design.

Error correction coding: block codes, convolutional coding, cyclic codes, systematic
and nonsystematic cyclic codes, decoding techniques.
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 Course Overview (2/2)
Wireless digital communication system, wireless channel model, non-cellular
and cellular communication, cellular concept, frequency reuse techniques.

Introduction to 2G and 3G mobile communication systems.

Multiple access techniques: Review of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA.

Random access techniques, Aloha, slotted Aloha.

Introduction to optical fiber communication and Satellite communication.

Local area network, OSI model.

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 References
Text Books:
1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication System (4/E) - Lathi and Ding
2. Communication systems, (4/E) - Simon Haykin and M. Moher
3. Wireless Communications and Networking - Jon W. Mark and W. Zhuang
4. Wireless Communications and Networking - Vijay K. Garg
5. Satellite communications systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology – G.
Maral and M. Bousquet

Reference Books:
1. Communication Systems Engineering - J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi
2. Digital Communications (5/E) - J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi
3. Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes - A. Papoulis

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 Assessment
 Attendance: 10%
 Class Test and Assignment: 20%
 Final Exam: 70%

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 Required Background
 Probability, Random variables and Stochastic
Processes
 Basic Communication Theory
 Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and
Systems
 Fourier Transform

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 Class Periods

Saturday: 11:00 PM – 11:50 AM

Sunday: 03:00 PM – 03:50 PM

Wednesday: 11:00 AM – 11:50 AM

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Introduction

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 Basic Communication System

Speech
Music
Pictures
PC

 Communication involves the transfer of information from one

point to another through a succession of processes

 Three basic elements

– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for transmission
– Channel:
 the physical medium which transports the message signal and delivers it to a receiver
 introduces attenuation, distortion, noise, interference
– Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message
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 Digital Communication Systems
 Nowadays communication technology find its space in every sector of
society. From bed room to deep space, fast, reliable, spectrally efficient and
energy efficient information transmission is extremely important.
 In this era of information technology, it is argued that the prosperity and
sustainable development of modern nations will depend primarily on
communications.

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A Comprehensive System Model

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Digital System Components (1)

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Digital System Components (2)

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Digital System Components (3): Channel

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 Advantages of Digital Communications
1. Digital systems are less sensitive to noise and signal distortion. For long transmission line, the signal
may be regenerated effectively error-free at different points along the path.
2. With digital systems, it is easier to integrate different services, e.g., video and the accompanying
soundtrack, into the same transmission scheme
3. The transmission scheme can be relatively independent of the source
4. Circuitry for digital signals is easier to repeat and digital circuits are less sensitive to physical effects
such as vibration and temperature
5. Digital signals are simpler to characterize and typically do not have the same amplitude range and
variability as analog signals. This makes the associated hardware design easier.
6. Various media sharing strategies (known as multiplexing) are more easily implemented with digital
transmission strategies
7. Source coding techniques can be used for removing redundancy from digital transmission
8. Error-control coding can be used for adding redundancy, which can be used to detect and correct errors
at the receiver side
9. Digital communication systems can be made highly secure by exploiting powerful encryption
algorithms
10. Digital communication systems are inherently more efficient than analog communication systems in
the tradeoff between transmission bandwidth and energy consumption
11. Various channel compensation techniques, such as, channel estimation and equalization, are easier to
implement
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 Channel Capacity (1)
 Shannon's Capacity Formula (1948):
C = B log2 (1 + SNR), bps
C = capacity (bps), B = channel bandwidth (Hz),

 Capacity increases linearly with bandwidth, but only logarithmically with

signal strength
 Shannon's limit tells us what can be achieved. But, it tells nothing on
how to accomplish it

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 Baseband Transmission
 Two types:
 Baseband transmission
 Carrier Modulation/Passband transmission

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 Baseband Digital Transmission
 Baseband - frequency band of the original message signal from the source
or input transducer
 Most baseband signals (audio, video) contain significant low-frequency
component
 A baseband bandwidth is equal to the highest frequency of a signal or
system
 Baseband transmission refers to transmitting the signal directly, without
any modification to the spectral content
T

T sinc(Tf) Band unlimited

signal

rect(t/T)
Time-limited signal

-1/T 1/T
-T/2 T/2 -2/T 0 2/T f

Spectrum of a pulse
signal at baseband 18
 Baseband Digital Transmission
 Limitations of baseband transmissions:
 Baseband signals have overlapping band - results in severe interference if sharing a channel. Thus,
baseband communications leave much of the channel spectrum unused.
 Baseband transmission of digital data requires the use of a low-pass channel with a bandwidth large
enough to accommodate the essential frequency content of the data stream. However, the channel is
dispersive in that its frequency response deviates from that of an ideal LPF. Consequently, each
received pulse is affected somewhat by adjacent pulses, giving rise to a common form of interference
called ISI. ISI is a major source of bit errors in the reconstructed data stream at the receiver output.
 Cannot be effectively transmitted over the wireless channel
 Can be transmitted with copper or coaxial cable for dedicated transmitter-receiver pair

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 Passband Transmission / Carrier Modulation
 Baseband signal is imposed on a high frequency carrier.

 The amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier(s) is varied according to amplitude of baseband
signal, which is called modulation.

 Modulation shifts the baseband signal to a higher frequency range.

 By modulating several baseband signals and shifting their spectra to non-overlapping bands, many
users can share one channel by utilizing most o f the available bandwidth through FDM.

 Long-haul communication over a radio link also requires modulation to shift the signal spectrum to
higher frequencies in order to enable efficient power radiation using antennas of reasonable dimensions.

Modulating (message) Signal

Modulated Signal 20
 Mathematical Models of Channels
1. Additive noise channel

 Physically, n(t) arising from electronic components and amplifiers,

both at transmitter and receiver
 Statistically, n(t) is a random process
 Gaussian noise: n(t) follows Gaussian distribution
 When propagation happened, signal attenuation occurred

 It is a predominant model due to its mathematical tractability

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 Mathematical Models of Channels
2. Linear filter channel

 Filter ensures that transmitted signal do not exceed specified bandwidth

limitation
 c(t) is the impulse response of the linear filter
 Example: Wireline telephone channels

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 Mathematical Models of Channels
3. Linear time-variant (LTV) filter channel
Channel impulse response changes with time.

 c(τ ; t) is the response of the channel at time t due to an impulse applied at time (t − τ)
 Thus, τ represents the “age” (elapsed-time) variable
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 Mathematical Models of Channels
3. LTV filter channel (…cont)

t2
(t2)

t1
(t1)

t0
Time spreading property (t0)

Impulse response:
 Time-spreading: due to multi-path
 Time-variations: due to time-varying environment
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 Mathematical Models of Channels
3. LTV filter channel (…cont)

L(t): Number of propagation paths at time t

ak(t): Attenuation factors at time t
τk: Delay of kth path

L is assumed constant

Example:
 Underwater channels
 Multi-path wireless channel
 Ionospheric radio channels
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