LECTURE 1

Type of Systems of Linear Equations

a. Two Variables

b. Three Variables
Solving Linear Equations by Elimination (3 variables)
How to solve a system of equations by elimination.
1. Write all the equations in standard form cleared of decimals or fractions.
2. Choose a variable to eliminate; then choose any two of the three equations and eliminate the
chosen variable.
3. Select a different set of two equations and eliminate the same variable as in Step 2.
4. Solve the two equations from steps 2 and 3 for the two variables they contain.
5. Substitute the answers from Step 4 into any equation involving the remaining variable.
6. Check the solution with all three original equations.

Example:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 2𝑥 +
𝑦+𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −1

Practice: 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0

2𝑥2 − 8𝑥3 = 8

5𝑥1 − 5𝑥3 = 10

3𝑥 − 4𝑧 = 0
3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −3
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −5
LECTURE II

MATRICES

Matrix, a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array. The numbers are
called the elements, or entries, of the matrix.

TYPES OF MATRICES
1. Row Matrix: Any matrix which possesses one row and n columns is said to be a row matrix.
2. Column Matrix: Any matrix which possesses m rows and one column is stated to be a column matrix.
3. Zero Matrix or Null Matrix: Any matrix in which all the components are zero is termed a zero matrix. It
is also recognized as the null matrix and is denoted by O.
4. Singleton Matrix: Any matrix is stated to be a singleton matrix if the matrix has only one element.
5. Square Matrix: Any matrix in which the number of rows is equivalent to the number of columns say
“A” is termed as a square matrix of order n.

• A square matrix is said to be a lower triangular matrix if all the elements above its main
diagonal are zero.
• A square matrix is said to be an upper triangular matrix if all the elements below the main
diagonal are zero.

6. Rectangular Matrix: A matrix is identified as a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not identical
to the number of columns.
7. Diagonal Matrix: Any square matrix in which all the components are zero excluding those in the
principal diagonal is called a diagonal matrix.
8. Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the principal diagonal components are
identical to 1 is called an identity matrix. It is also recognized as a unit matrix. An identity matrix of
order n is denoted by I or In.
9. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are non-zero and the same is called a
Scalar Matrix. Scalar Matrix is a kind of diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are the same.
Identity Matrix is a special case of Scalar Matrix.
SOLVING USING ROW OPERATIONS

Example:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 2𝑥 +
𝑦+𝑧 = 4

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −1
Using Back-Substitution:

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 (1)
5𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 (2)
2𝑧 = −6 (3)

Now,
2𝑧/2 = (−6)/2
𝑧 = −3

Substitute z to (2): 5𝑦 − (−3) = −2

5𝑦/5 = (−5)/( 5)
𝑦 = −1
Substitute z and y to (1): 𝑥 − 2(−1) + (−3) = 3
𝑥+2−3=3
𝑥=4
Soln: (4,-1,-3)
Examples:
3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −5
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −6
SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

Examples:

1.

Infinitely many solutions

2.

No Solutions

LECTURE III

MATRIX OPERATIONS

Matrix Addition

If A[aij]mxn and B[bij]mxn are two matrices of the same order, then their sum A + B is a matrix, and each element of
that matrix is the sum of the corresponding elements, i.e. A + B = [aij + bij]mxn

Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2. Then, the sum is given by:

Properties of Matrix Addition: If a, B and C are matrices of the same order, then

(a) Commutative Law: A + B = B + A

(b) Associative Law: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(c) Identity of the Matrix: A + O = O + A = A, where O is a zero matrix which is the additive identity of the matrix,
(d) Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of A,
which is the additive inverse of the matrix.
Subtraction of Matrices

If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then we define

A - B= A + (-B)
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2. Then, the difference is given by:

We can subtract the matrices by subtracting each element of one matrix from the corresponding element of the
second matrix, i.e. A – B = [aij – bij]mxn.

Multiplication of Matrices

If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when the number of columns in A is
equal to the number of rows in B.

If

will be a matrix of order m×p where

Properties of matrix multiplication

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general, i.e., in general

AB≠BA.
(b) Matrix multiplication is associative, i.e. (AB)C = A(BC).

(c) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition,

i.e. A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C and (A + B)C = AC + BC.
(d) If A is an m × n matrix, then

(e) The product of two matrices can be a null matrix while neither of them is null, i.e., if AB = 0, it is not
necessary that either A = 0 or B = 0.
(f) If A is an m × n matrix and O is a null matrix, then

, i.e. the product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix.

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

Refers to the product of a real number and a matrix.

Let r and s be real numbers and A and B be matrices. Then

1. Associative : r(sA) = (rs)A

2. Right Distributive : (r + s)A = rA + sA

3. Left Distributive: r(A + B) = rA + rB

4. A(rB) = r(AB) = (rA)B

Transpose of a Matrix

The transpose of a matrix is found by interchanging its rows into columns or columns into rows. The transpose
of the matrix is denoted by using the letter “T” in the superscript of the given matrix. For example, if “A” is the
given matrix, then the transpose of the matrix is represented by A’ or AT.

Let r be a real number and A and B be matrices. Then

1. (AT)T = A

2. (A + B)T = AT + BT

3. (AB)T = BTAT

4. (rA)T = rAT