LABOR LAW AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION

OUTLINE

Atty. Gefer R. Mancol

PART I
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

A. LABOR LAW AND SOCIAL LEGISLATIONS IN GENERAL

§ Rivera v. Genesis Transport Service, Inc., G.R. No. 215568, August 3, 2015
§ Pampanga Bus, Co. v. Pambusco Employees Union, Inc., 68 Phil. 541 (1939)

B. LEGAL BASIS

1. Police Power
§ People v. Reyes, G.R. No. 45748, April 5, 1939
§ Union of Filipro Employees v. Nestlé Philippines, Inc., G.R. Nos. 88710-13, December
19, 1990
§ Provincial Bus Operators Association of the Philippines v. DOLE, G.R. No. 202275,
July 17, 2018
§ GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, G.R. No. 176419, November 27, 2013
§ Euro-Linea, Phils., Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 75782, December 1, 1987
§ St. Luke’s Medical Center Employee’s Association-AFW v. NLRC, G.R. No. 162053,
March 7, 2007

2. 1987 Constitution [Art. II, S9, 10, 18, 20; Art. III, S1, 4, 8, 10, 11, 16, 18(2); Art. XIII, S1, 2, 3,
13, 14]

3. Civil Code (Arts. 1700-1703)

§ Servidad v. NLRC, G.R. No. 128682, March 18, 1999
§ Asia World Recruitment, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113363, August 24, 1999
§ Quisaba v. Sta. Ines-Melale Veneer & Plywood, Inc., G.R. No. L-38088, August 30,
1974
§ Centro Project Management Services Corporation v. Naluis, G.R. No. 160123, June
17, 2015
§ Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. v. Magtibay, Jr., G.R. No. 164532, July 27, 2007

4. Labor Code (Labor Code, Art. 6; Const., Art. IXB, S2[1])

§ PNOC-EDC v. Leogardo, G.R. No. L-58494, July 5, 1989
§ LRTA v. Venus, Jr., G.R. No. 163782, March 24, 2006
§ GSIS Family Bank Employees Union v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 210773, January 23, 2019
§ Alejandrino v. COA, G.R. No. 245400, November 12, 2019
§ Philippine Mining Development Corporation v. Aguinaldo, G.R. No. 245273, July 27,
2021

C. STATE POLICY TOWARDS LABOR

1. Social Justice (Const., Art. XIII, S3)

§ Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)
§ Del Rosario v. De los Santos, G.R. Nos. 20589-90, March 21, 1968
§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Santos, Jr., G.R. No. 77875, February 4, 1993
§ De Vera v. NLRC, G.R. No. 93212, November 22, 1990
§ Visayan Electric Company Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. Visayan Electric
Company, Inc., G.R. No. 205575, July 22, 2015
§ Agabon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004
§ Antolino v. Hanseatic Shipping Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 245917, February 26, 2020
§ Sime Darby Pilipinas, Inc. v. NLRC (2nd Division), G.R. No. 119205, April 15, 1998
§ Beralde v. Lapanday Agricultural and Development Corporation (Guihing Plantation
Operations), G.R. Nos. 205685-86, June 22, 2015
§ Gelos v. CA, G.R. No. 86186, May 8, 1992
§ Central Azucarera de Bais v. Heirs of Zuelo Apostol, G.R. No. 215314, March 14, 2018
§ Sosito v. Aguinaldo Development Corporation, G.R. No. 48926, December 14, 1987

2. Protection to Labor/Level of Protection to Labor (Const., Art. II, S18; Art. XIII, S3; Labor Code,
Art. 3)
§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Santos, Jr., G.R. No. 77875, February 4, 1993
§ Jaculbe v. Silliman University, G.R. No. 156934, March 16, 2007
§ Lopez v. MWSS, G.R. No. 154472, June 30, 2005

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 § Philippine Association of Service Exporters, Inc. v. Drilon, G.R. No. 81958, June 30,
1988
§ Fuji Television Network, Inc. v. Espiritu, G.R. Nos. 204944-45, December 3, 2014
§ GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, G.R. No. 176419, November 27, 2013
§ Regala v. Manila Hotel Corporation, G.R. No. 204684, October 5, 2020

3. Security of Tenure (Const., Art. XIII, S3; Labor Code, Arts. 3, 292(b) [277(b)], 294)
§ Distribution & Control Products, Inc. v. Santos, G.R. No. 212616, July 10, 2017
§ Imasen Philippine Manufacturing Corporation v. Alcon, G.R. No. 194884, October 22,
2014
§ Realda v. New Age Graphics, Inc., G.R. No. 192190, April 25, 2012
§ Sagales v. Rustan’s Commercial Corporation, G.R. No. 166554, November 27, 2008

4. Due Process (Const., Art. III, S1; Labor Code, 292(b) [277], 294 [279], 296 [281], 297 [282],
298 [283], 299 [284] & 300 [285]; DO 147-15)
§ Sagales v. Rustan’s Commercial Corporation, G.R. No. 166554, November 27, 2008
§ Agabon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004
§ Jaka Food Processing Corporation v. Pacot, G.R. No. 151378, March 28, 2005
§ Deoferio v. Intel Technology Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 202996, June 18, 2014
§ Abbott Laboratories, Philippines v. Alcaraz, G.R. No. 192571, July 23, 2013

5. Equal Protection (Const., Art. II, S14 & 18, Art. III, S1, Art. XIII, S3)
§ Pampanga Bus, Co. v. Pambusco Employees Union, Inc., 68 Phil. 541 (1939)
§ JMM Promotion and Management, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 120095, August 5, 1996
§ Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5,
2014
§ Yrasuegui v. Philippine Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 168081, October 17, 2008

6. Equal Work Opportunities and No Discrimination Policy (Const., Art. XIII, S3; Labor Code, Art.
3; RA 10911 [Anti-Age Discrimination in Employment Act]; RA 11166 [Philippine HIV and AIDS
Policy Act]; RA 7277 [Magna Carta for Persons with Disability], as amended; RA 11036 [Mental
Health Act]; RA 9710 [The Magna Carta of Women]; RAs 7432, 9257, 9994, 10645 [Expanded
Senior Citizen Act of 2010])
§ Star Paper Corporation v. Simbol, G.R. No. 164774, April 12, 2006
§ Yrasuegui v. Philippine Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 168081, October 17, 2008
§ Capin-Cadiz v. Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc., G.R. No. 187417, February 24, 2016
§ National Federation of Labor Unions v. NLRC, G.R. No. 90739, October 3, 1991
§ Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Company v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118978, May 23,
1997
§ International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 128845, June 1,
2000
§ MICTSI v. MICTSILU-FDLO, G.R. No. 245918, November 29, 2022 [In relation to wage
distortion]

7. Right to Self-Organization and Collective Bargaining (Const., Art. III, S4 & 8, Art. IXB, S2(1)(5),
Art. XIII, S3; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN General Assembly, December 10,
1948, Art. 23; Labor Code, Arts. 253 [243], 254 [244], 255 [245], 256 [245-A] & 257 [246]; PD
603 [The Child and Youth Welfare Code], Art. 111; RA 10911 [Anti-Age Discrimination in
Employment Act of 2016], S5[c])
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, G.R. No. 211145, October 14,
2015
§ Reyes v. Trajano, G.R. No. 84433, June 2, 1992
§ General Rubber and Footwear Corporation v. BLR, G.R. No. L-74262, October 29,
1987
§ Knitjoy Manufacturing, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, G.R. No. 81883, September 23, 1992
§ Katipunan ng mga Manggagawa sa Daungan v. Ferrer-Calleja, G.R. No. 104692,
September 5, 1997
§ Pan American World Airways, Inc. v. Pan American Employees Association, G.R. No.
L-25094, April 29, 1969
§ Union of Supervisors (RB) NATU v. Secretary of Labor, G.R. No. L-39889, March 29,
1984
§ Mendoza v. Officers of Manila Water Employees Union, G.R. No. 201595, January 25,
2016
§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, G.R. No. L-54334, January 22, 1986
§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Incorporated, G.R. Nos. 158930-31, March 3, 2008
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, G.R. No. 146728, February 11, 2004
§ Social Security System Employees Association v. CA, G.R. No. 85279, July 28, 1989

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 § Bangalisan v. CA, G.R. No. 124678, July 31, 1997
§ GSIS Family Bank Employees Union v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 210773, January 23,
2019
§ Alejandrino v. COA, G.R. No. 245400, November 12, 2019

8. Construction in Favor of Labor/Applies Only When There Is Doubt (Labor Code, Art. 4; Civil
Code, Art. 1702)
§ Hubilla v. HSY Marketing, Ltd., Co., G.R. No. 207354, January 10, 2018
§ Oikonomos Int’l. Resources Corporation (formerly Hilton Cebu Resort and Spa) v.
Navaja, Jr., G.R. No. 214915, December 7, 2015
§ PNB v. Bulatao, G.R. No. 200972, December 11, 2019
§ Asian Transmission Corporation v. CA, G.R. No. 144664, March 15, 2004
§ Land and Housing Development Corporation v. Esquillo, G.R. No. 152012, September
30, 2005
§ Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company v. NLRC, G.R. No. 152928, June 18, 2009
§ Leoncio v. MST Marine Services (Phils.), Inc., G.R. No. 230357, December 6, 2017
§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
G.R. No. 195297, December 5, 2018
§ Loadstar International Shipping, Inc. v. Erispe, Jr., G.R. No. 221227, February 19, 2020

9. Burden of Proof/Quantum of Evidence

§ JR Hauling Services v. Solamo, G.R. No. 214294, September 30, 2020

9.1. Termination Cases

§ Roxas v. Baliwag Transit, Inc., G.R. No. 231859, February 19, 2020

9.2. Fact of Dismissal

§ Doctor v. NII Enterprises, G.R. No. 194001, November 22, 2017

9.3. Constructive Dismissal and Resignation

§ Gan v. Galderma Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 177167, January 17, 2013
§ Doble, Jr. v. ABB, Inc., G.R. No. 215627, June 5, 2017
§ Cokia Industries Holdings Managements, Inc. v. Bug-os, G.R. No. 236322, November
27, 2019
§ St. Paul College, Pasig v. Mancol, G.R. No. 222317, January 24, 2018

9.4. Existence of Employment Relationship

§ Valencia v. Classique Vinyl Products Corporation, G.R. No. 206390, January 30, 2017

9.5. Monetary Claims

§ Asentista v. Jupp & Company, Inc., G.R. No. 229404, January 24, 2018
§ De Guzman v. NLRC, G.R. No. 167701, December 12, 2007
§ Powerhouse Staffbuilders International, Inc. v. Rey, G.R. No. 190203, November 7,
2016
§ Minsola v. New City Builders, Inc., G.R. No. 207613, January 31, 2018

D. EMPLOYER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP

1. Definition of Employer and Employee (Labor Code, Arts. 97[b][c], 173 [f][g], 219 [e][f]; DO 147-
15, S4[g][h])

2. Tests to Determine Employer-Employee Relationship

2.1. Four-Fold Test

§ Felicilda v. Uy, G.R. No. 221241, September 14, 2016
§ Royale Homes Marketing Corporation v. Alcantara, G.R. No. 195190, July 28, 2014

2.2. Two-Tiered Test

§ Francisco v. NLRC, G.R. No. 170087, August 31, 2006
§ Wahing v. Spouses Daguio, G.R. No. 219755, April 18, 2022

3. Kinds/Classifications of Employment
§ GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, G.R. No. 176419, November 27, 2013
§ Brent School, Inc. v. Zamora, G.R. No. L-48494, February 5, 1990

3.1. Regular (Labor Code, Arts. 295 [280], 296 [281])

§ Inocentes v. R. Syjuco Construction, Inc., G.R. No. 237020, July 29, 2019
§ De Leon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 70705, August 21, 1989

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 3.2. Project (Labor Code, Art. 295 [280])
§ Freyssinet Filipinas Corporation [now Frey-Fil Corporation] v. Lapuz, G.R. No. 226722,
March 18, 2019
§ Serrano v. Loxon Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 249092, September 30, 2020
§ Engineering Construction Corporation of Asia [now First Balfour, Incorporated] v. Palle,
G.R. No. 201247, July 13, 2020
§ Maraguinot, Jr. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 120969, January 22, 1998
§ Carpio v. Modair Manila Co. Ltd., Inc., G.R. No. 239622, June 21, 2021
§ Innodata Knowledge Services, Inc. v. Inting, G.R. No. 211892, December 6, 2017

3.3. Seasonal (Labor Code, Art. 295 [280])

§ Espina v. Highlands Camp/Rawlings Foundation, Inc., G.R. No. 220935, July 28, 2020
§ Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corporation v. Acibo, G.R. No. 186439, January 15,
2014

3.4. Casual (Labor Code, Art. 295 [280])

§ Del Rosario v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, G.R. No. 202481, September 8,
2020
§ Kimberly Independent Labor Union For Solidarity, Activism And Nationalism-
Organized Labor Association In Line Industries And Agriculture v. Drilon, G.R. No.
77629, May 9, 1990
§ E. Ganzon, Inc. (EGI) v. Ando, Jr., G.R. No. 214183, February 20, 2017

3.5. Fixed-Term
§ Brent School, Inc. v. Zamora, G.R. No. L-48494, February 5, 1990
§ Del Rosario v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, G.R. No. 202481, September 8,
2020
§ Regala v. Manila Hotel Corporation, G.R. No. 204684, October 5, 2020
§ Labayog v. M.Y. San Biscuits, Inc., G.R. No. 148102, July 11, 2006
§ Claret School of Quezon City v. Sinday, G.R. No. 226358, October 9, 2019
§ GMA Network, Inc. v. Pabriga, G.R. No. 176419, November 27, 2013
§ Fuji Television Network, Inc. v. Espiritu, G.R. Nos. 204944-45, December 3, 2014
§ Tuppil, Jr. v. LBP Service Corporation, G.R. No. 228407, June 10, 2020
§ University of St. La Salle v. Glaraga, G.R. No. 224170, June 10, 2020
§ Brazil v. STI Education Services Group, Inc., G.R. No. 233314, November 21, 2018
§ Samonte v. La Salle Greenhills, Inc., G.R. No. 199683, February 10, 2016

3.6. Probationary (Labor Code, Art. 296 [281])

§ Moral v. Momentum Properties Management Corporation, G.R. No. 226240, March 6,
2019
§ CALS Poultry Supply Corporation v. Roco, G.R. No.150660, July 30, 2002
§ Buiser v. Leogardo, Jr., G.R. No. L-63316, July 31, 1984
§ Mariwasa Manufacturing, Inc. v. Leogardo, Jr., G.R. No. 74246, January 26, 1989
§ Umali v. Hobbywing Solutions, Inc., G.R. No. 221356, March 14, 2018
§ Robinsons Galleria/Robinsons Supermarket Corporation v. Ranchez, G.R. No.
177937, January 19, 2011
§ Enchanted Kingdom, Inc. v. Verzo, G.R. No. 209559, December 9, 2015
§ Dusit Hotel Nikko v. Gatbonton, G.R. No. 161654, May 5, 2006
§ PNOC-EDC v. Buenviaje, G.R. Nos. 183200-01, June 29, 2016

3.7. Floating Status (Labor Code, Art. 301 [286]; DO 215-20)

§ Seventh Fleet Security Services, Inc. v. Loque, G.R. No. 230005, January 22, 2020
§ Airborne Maintenance and Allied Services, Inc. v. Egos, G.R. No. 222748, April 3, 2019
§ Telus International Philippines Services, Inc. v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 202676,
December 4, 2019
§ Superior Maintenance Services, Inc. v. Bermeo, G.R. No. 203185, December 5, 2018
§ Ibon v. Genghis Khan Security Services, G.R. No. 221085, June 19, 2017
§ Padilla v. Airborne Security Service, Inc., G.R. No. 210080. November 22, 2017
§ Mobile Protective & Detective Agency v. Ompad, G.R. No. 159195, May 9, 2005

3.8. Employment Subject to a Suspensive Condition (Civil Code, Art. 1181)

§ Sagun v. ANZ Global Services and Operations (Manila), Inc., G.R. No. 220399, August
22, 2016

4. Legitimate Contracting and Labor-Only Contracting (Labor Code, Arts. 106-109; DO 174-17)

4.1. Definition of terms (DO 174-17, S3)

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4.2. Distinction between legitimate job contractor and labor-only contractor
§ San Miguel Corporation v. MAERC Integrated Services, Inc., G.R. No. 144672, July
10, 2003

4.3. Contracting out services a management prerogative

§ Manila Electric Company v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 127598, January 27, 1999
§ Manggagawa sa Komunikasyon ng Pilipinas v. PLDT, Inc., G.R. No. 244695, February
14, 2024

4.4. Core activities may be contracted out

§ Aliviado v. Procter & Gamble Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 160506, March 9, 2010
§ Manggagawa sa Komunikasyon ng Pilipinas v. PLDT, Inc., G.R. No. 244695, February
14, 2024

4.5. Test to determine independent contractorship

§ AFP Mutual Benefit Association, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 102199, January 28, 1997

4.6. Permissible or legitimate job contracting/subcontracting (DO 174-17, S8)

§ San Miguel Foods, Inc. v. Rivera, G.R. No. 220103, January 31, 2018
§ Manggagawa sa Komunikasyon ng Pilipinas v. PLDT, Inc., G.R. No. 244695, February
14, 2024

4.7. Requirement of substantial capital or investment in the form of tools, equipment,

machineries, work premises, etc. explained
§ Neri v. NLRC, G.R. Nos. 97008-09, July 23, 1993
§ San Miguel Foods, Inc. v. Rivera, G.R. No. 220103, January 31, 2018

4.8. Proof that contractor carried on its own independent business

§ Alaska Milk Corporation vs. Paez, G.R. No. 237277, November 27, 2019

4.9. Principal’s right to control limited to the results

§ Mago v. Sun Power Manufacturing Limited, G.R. No. 210961, January 24, 2018

4.10. Trilateral relationship

§ Ortiz v. Forever Richsons Trading Corporation, G.R. No. 238289, January 20, 2021

4.11. Rights of the employees of the contractor/subcontractor (DO 174-17, S10)

4.12. Contracts required (DO 174-17, S11)

4.13. Effect of violation of the provisions on the rights of contractor’s employees and on
required contracts (DO 174-17, S12)

4.14. Effect of termination of employment (DO 174-17, S13; Labor Code, Arts. 297-299)

4.15. Labor-only contracting defined (Labor Code, Art. 106 [last par.]; DO 174-17, S3[h] & 5)
§ Consolidated Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Asprec, Jr., G.R. No. 217301, June 6, 2018
§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc. v. Agito, G.R. No. 179546, February 13, 2009

4.16. Totality of facts and circumstances to be considered

§ Petron Corporation v. Caberte, G.R. No. 182255, June 15, 2015

4.17. Burden of proof

§ Alilin v. Petron Corporation, G.R. No. 177592, June 9, 2014
§ San Miguel Foods, Inc. v. Rivera, G.R. No. 220103, January 31, 2018

4.18. Other illicit forms of employment arrangements (DO 174-17, S6)

4.19. Effect of a finding that a contractor is engaged in labor-only contracting (Labor Code,
Art. 106 [last par., last sentence]; DO 174-17, S7)
§ Aboitiz Haulers, Inc. v. Dimapatoi, G.R. No. 148619, September 19, 2006
§ Allied Banking Corporation v. Calumpang, G.R. No. 219435, January 17, 2018
§ Petron Corporation v. Caberte, G.R. No. 182255, June 15, 2015

4.20. Extent of principal’s solidary liability with contractor (Labor Code, Arts. 106, 107 & 109;
DO 174-17, S3[k] & 9)

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 § San Miguel Corporation v. MAERC Integrated Services, Inc., G.R. No. 144672, July
10, 2003
§ Meralco Industrial Engineering Services Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 145402,
March 14, 2008
§ Rosewood Processing, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. Nos. 116476-84, May 21, 1998
§ GSIS v. NLRC, G.R. No. 180045, November 17, 2010
§ Vigilla v. Philippine College of Criminology, Inc., G.R. No. 200094, June 10, 2013
§ Peak Ventures Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 190509,
July 20, 2022

4.21. Mandatory registration of contractors, and registration requirements under DO 174-17;

industries excluded from coverage (DO 174-17, S14-15; DC 1, Series of 2017)

4.22. Effect of failure to register as a legitimate contractor (DO 174-17, S14 [2nd par.])

4.23. Registration does not create a presumption that contractor is a legitimate contractor,
only presumption of regularity accorded to DOLE official
§ Mago v. Sun Power Manufacturing Limited, G.R. No. 210961, January 24, 2018

4.24. Grounds for cancellation of registration (DO 174-17, S23)

4.25. Due process requirements in the cancellation of registration; appeal; and effect of
cancellation of registration (DO 174-17, S24-26)

4.26. Contracting/subcontracting in construction and other industries (DO 174-17, S33)

E. MANAGEMENT PREROGATIVE

1. Definition, Concept, and Legal Basis (Const., Art. III, Sec. 1, Art. XIII, Sec. 3 [last par.])
§ St. Luke’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Sanchez, G.R. No. 212054, March 11, 2015
§ Moya v. First Solid Rubber Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 184011, September 18, 2013
§ Pampanga Bus, Co. v. Pambusco Employees Union, Inc., 68 Phil. 541 (1939)
§ Rural Bank of Cantilan, Inc. v. Julve, G.R. No. 169750, February 27, 2007
§ Manatad v. Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, G.R. NO. 172363, March
7, 2008
§ Automatic Appliances, Inc. v. Deguidoy, G.R. No. 228088, December 4, 2019
§ Imasen Philippine Manufacturing Corporation v. Alcon, G.R. No. 194884, October 22,
2014

2. Limitation
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ Morales v. Harbour Centre Port Terminal, Inc., G.R. No. 174208, January 25, 2012
§ Unicorn Safety Glass, Inc. v. Basarte, G.R. No. 154689, November 25, 2004
§ East Cam Tech Corporation v. Fernandez, G.R. No. 222289, June 8, 2020
§ Cavite Apparel, Incorporated v. Marquez, G.R. No. 172044, February 6, 2013

3. Management Prerogative v. Security of Tenure

§ Imasen Philippine Manufacturing Corporation v. Alcon, G.R. No. 194884, October 22,
2014
§ P.J. Lhuillier, Inc. v. Camacho, G.R. No. 223073, February 22, 2017
§ Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines v. Philippine Airlines,
Inc., G.R. No. 178083, March 13, 2018

4. Salient Management Prerogatives

4.1. Right to Hire

§ Pampanga Bus, Co. v. Pambusco Employees Union, Inc., 68 Phil. 541 (1939)
§ International Catholic Migration Commission v. NLRC, G.R. No. 72222, January 30,
1989
§ Intertrod Maritime, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 81087, June 19, 1991
§ Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. v. Magtibay, Jr., G.R. No. 164532, July 27, 2007
§ Minsola v. New City Builders, Inc., G.R. No. 207613, January 31, 2018

4.2. Right to Discipline [To dismiss, impose a lighter penalty, or condone an offense];
Reasonable Exercise Tempered with Compassion and Understanding; Waiver of Such
Rights
§ Philippine Span Asia Carriers Corporation (formerly Sulpicio Lines, Inc.) v. Pelayo,
G.R. No. 212003, February 28, 2018

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 § Del Rosario v. CW Marketing & Development Corporation, G.R. No. 211105, February
20, 2019
§ Philippine Airlines v. NLRC, G.R. No. 115785, August 4, 2000
§ Bicol Isarog Transport System, Inc. v. Relucio, G.R. No. 234725, September 16, 2020
§ Mamaril v. The Red System Company, Inc., G.R. No. 229920, July 4, 2018
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ Cavite Apparel, Incorporated v. Marquez, G.R. No. 172044, February 6, 2013
§ Tabuk Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Inc. v. Duclan, G.R. No. 203005, March 14, 2016
§ Santos v. Integrated Pharmaceutical, Inc., G.R. No. 204620, July 11, 2016

4.3. Right to Impose Preventive Suspension

§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ Mamaril v. The Red System Company, Inc., G.R. No. 229920, July 4, 2018
§ Consolidated Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Asprec, Jr., G.R. No. 217301, June 6, 2018
§ Every Nation Language Institute v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 225100, February 19, 2020
§ Premiere Development Bank v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114695, July 23, 1998

4.4. Right to Reassign Pending Investigation

§ Endico v. Quantum Foods Distribution Center, G.R. No. 161615, January 30, 2009
§ Mariano v. Martinez Memorial Colleges, Inc., G.R. No. 194119, April 13, 2016

4.5. Right to Transfer

§ Tinio v. CA, G.R. No. 171764, June 8, 2007
§ Peckson v. Robinsons Supermarket Corporation, G.R. No. 198534, July 3, 2013
§ Symex Security Services, Inc. v. Rivera, Jr., G.R. No. 202613, November 8, 2017
§ Marsman & Company, Inc. v. Sta. Rita, G.R. No. 194765, April 23, 2018
§ Bognot v. Pinic International (Trading) Corporation/CD-R King, G.R. No. 212471,
March 11, 2019
§ Automatic Appliances, Inc. v. Deguidoy, G.R. No. 228088, December 4, 2019

4.6. Right to Prescribe Reasonable Rules and Regulations [valid until amended by
competent authority]
§ St. Luke’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Sanchez, G.R. No. 212054, March 11, 2015
§ Lagatic v. NLRC, G.R. No. 121004, January 28, 1998
§ Aparente, Sr. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 117652, April 27, 2000
§ Bicol Isarog Transport System, Inc. v. Relucio, G.R. No. 234725, September 16, 2020

4.7. Right to Determine the Qualifications and Fitness of Workers [for hiring and firing,
promotion, or reassignment]
§ Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Employees Union v. NLRC, G.R. No.
125038, November 6, 1997
§ Galang v. Boie Takeda Chemicals, Inc., G.R. No. 183934, July 20, 2016

4.8. Right to Reorganize

§ Arrieta v. NLRC, G.R. No. 126230, September 18, 1997
§ Pantranco North Express, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 106516, September 21, 1999
§ Smart Communications, Inc. v. Astorga, G.R. No. 148132, January 28, 2008
§ Pantoja v. SCA Hygiene Products Corporation, G.R. No. 163554, April 23, 2010

4.9. Right to Contract-Out Services

§ Manila Electric Company v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 127598, February 22, 2000
§ Bankard, Inc. v. NLRC-First Division, G.R. No. 171664, March 6, 2013
§ Aliviado v. Procter & Gamble Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 160506, March 9, 2010
§ Mejila v. Wrigley Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 199469, September 11, 2019

4.10. Right to Reasonable Returns on Investment and To Expansion and Growth

§ Manatad v. Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, G.R. NO. 172363, March
7, 2008
§ Del Rosario v. CW Marketing & Development Corporation, G.R. No. 211105, February
20, 2019

4.11. Right to Grant Bonus

§ Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. v. Easter Telecoms Employees Union,
G.R. No. 185665, February 8, 2012
§ Mega Magazines Publications, Inc. v. Defensor, G.R. No. 162021, June 16, 2014

4.12. Right to Prohibit Employees from Marrying Employees of Competitor Company

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 § Duncan Association of Detailman-PTGWO v. Glaxo Wellcome Philippines, Inc., G.R.
No. 162994, September 17, 2004
§ Star Paper Corporation v. Simbol, G.R. No. 164774, April 12, 2006

4.13. Non-Compete Clause

§ Dai-Chi Electronics Manufacturing Corporation v. Villarama, G.R. No. 112940,
November 21, 1994
§ Rivera v. Solidbank Corporation, G.R. No. 163269, April 19, 2006
§ Tiu v. Platinum Plans Phil., Inc., G.R. No. 163512, February 28, 2007
§ Century Properties, Inc. v. Babiano, G.R. No. 220978, July 5, 2016

4.14. Right to Close establishment and Reduce Personnel

Installation of Labor-Saving Devices

§ Magnolia Dairy Products Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114952, January 29, 1996

Redundancy
§ Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines v. Macapagal, G.R. No. 232669, July 29, 2019

Retrenchment
§ International Management Services v. Logarta, G.R. No. 163657, April 18, 2012

Closure
§ Veterans Federation of the Philippines v. Montenejo, G.R. No. 184819, November 29,
2017
§ Manila Polo Club Employees’ Union (MPCEU) FUR-TUCP v. Manila Polo Club, Inc.,
G.R. No. 172846, July 24, 2013

4.15. Right to Impose Productivity Standards to Workers/Fix Quota

§ Leonardo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 125303, June 16, 2000
§ Aliling v. Feliciano, G.R. No. 185829, April 25, 2012
§ East Cam Tech Corporation v. Fernandez, G.R. No. 222289, June 8, 2020

4.16. Right to Change Work Schedule

§ Sime Darby Pilipinas, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 119205, April 15, 1998

4.17. Right to Reduce Work Assignment

§ Roxas v. Baliwag Transit, Inc., G.R. No. 231859, February 19, 2020

4.18. Right to (or not to) Schedule Work/Floating Status

§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
G.R. No. 195297, December 5, 2018
§ Samillano v. Valdez Security and Investigation Agency, Inc., G.R. No. 239396, June
23, 2020
§ Telus International Philippines, Inc. v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 202676, December 4,
2019

PART II
RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT

A. DEFINITION

1. Recruitment and Placement (Labor Code, Art. 13[b])

§ People v. Panis, G.R. Nos. L-58674-77, July 11, 1986

2. Accreditation (IRR-RA 11641, RII-S3[a])

3. Ethical Recruitment (RA 11641, S3[b])

4. License (RA 11641, S3[d])

5. Overseas Filipino Worker (RA 11641, S3[g])

6. Recruitment Agency (RA 11641, S3[h])

7. Manning Agency (RA 11641, S3[e])

8. Recruitment Agency (RA 11641, S3[h])

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9. Reintegration Program (RA 11641, S3[i])

10. Seafarer (RA 11641, S3[j])

11. Special Recruitment Authority (DMW-DC 1, PI-RII[48])

B. JURISDICTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MIGRANT WORKERS (RA 11641, S6)

C. ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT AND PROHIBITED PRACTICES (Local Employment – Labor Code,

Arts. 34, 38 & 39; DOLE-DO 141-14 [Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment
and Placement for Local Employment] S42; Overseas Employment – Labor Code, Arts. 34, 38
& 39; RA 8042, as amended by RAs 10022 & 11227, S6-7; Omnibus Rules [Omnibus Rules
and Regulations Implementing the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995, as
amended by Republic Act No. 10022] RIV, S1; RA 11641; IRR-RA 11641; DMW-DC 1, Series
of 2023 [2023 DMW Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of
Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers]; 2016 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the
Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers)

1. Definition
§ People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 214500, June 28, 2017
§ People v. Sison, G.R. No. 187160, August 9, 2017
§ People v. Estrada, G.R. No. 225730, February 28, 2018
§ People v. Espiritu, G.R. No. 226140, February 26, 2020
§ People v. Bautista, G.R. No. 218582, September 3, 2020

2. Types of Illegal Recruitment—Simple and Illegal Recruitment Constituting Economic Sabotage:

Syndicated and Large Scale—and Elements (Labor Code, Art. 38[b]; RA 8042, S6; Omnibus
Rules, RIV, S1)
§ People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 214500, June 28, 2017
§ People v. Sison, G.R. No. 187160, August 9, 2017
§ People v. Estrada, G.R. No. 225730, February 28, 2018

3. Illegal Recruitment v. Estafa

§ People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 214500, June 28, 2017
§ People v. Racho, G.R. No. 227505, October 2, 2017
§ People v. Espiritu, G.R. No. 226140, February 26, 2020
§ People v. Bautista, G.R. No. 218582, September 3, 2020

D. LIABILITY OF LOCAL RECRUITMENT AGENCY, FOREIGN EMPLOYER, DIRECTORS, AND

OFFICERS

1. Criminal/Civil Liabilities (RA 8042, S6 & 7; RPC, Arts. 100 & 104; Omnibus Rules, RIV)
§ People v. Velasco, G.R. No. 195668, June 25, 2014

2. Administrative Liability (RA 8042, S7, 10, 23[c.6], 37-A; Omnibus Rules, RIV, S5; Id., RVI, S15;
Id., RVII, S6; Id., RX, S10; Id., RXII, S2; Id., RXVI, S12; DMW-DC 1, PVI)

3. Solidary Liability of Principal/Employer and Recruitment/Placement Agency for Money Claims

(RA 8042, S10; Omnibus Rules, RII, S1[s], and RVII, S3)

4. Liability of Corporate Directors and Officers (RA 8042, S6, 10; Omnibus Rules, RIV, S4)
§ Meco Manning & Crewing Services, Inc. v. Cuyos, G.R. No. 222939, July 3, 2019
§ Cuartocruz v. Active Works, Inc., G.R. No. 209072, July 24, 2019
§ Prime Stars International Promotion Corporation v. Baybayan, G.R. No. 213961,
January 22, 2020
§ Joint Ship Manning Group, Inc. v. SSS, G.R. No. 247471, July 7, 2020

E. THEORY OF IMPUTED KNOWLEDGE

§ Sunace International Management Services, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 161757, January
25, 2006
§ APQ Shipmanagement Co., Ltd. v. Caseñas, G.R. No. 197303, June 4, 2014

F. TERMINATION OF CONTRACT OF MIGRANT WORKER WITHOUT JUST OR VALID

CAUSE (RA 8042, S10 & 37-A[d])

1. Rationale of RA 8042/Protection of OFWs/Security of Tenure/Due Process

§ Prieto v. NLRC, G.R. No. 93699, September 10, 1993

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 § Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5,
2014
§ Industrial Personnel & Management Services, Inc. v. De Vera, G.R. No. 205703, March
7, 2016
§ Gopio v. Bautista, G.R. No. 205953, June 6, 2018

2. Seafarers as Contractual Employees

§ Millares v. NLRC, G.R. No. 110524, July 29, 2002
§ Ravago v. Esso Eastern Marine, Ltd., G.R. No. 158324, March 14, 2005
§ Manansala v. Marlow Navigation Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 208314, August 23, 2017

3. Requisites When Foreign Law Governs the Overseas Employment Contract; International Law
Doctrine of Processual Presumption or Presumed-Identity Approach
§ Industrial Personnel & Management Services, Inc. v. De Vera, G.R. No. 205703, March
7, 2016

4. Substitution/Alteration of DMW-Approved Employment Contracts (RA 8042, S6[i]; Omnibus

Rules, RIV, S1[i]; DMW-DC 1, PVI-RI-S139[I][p], S140[I][j])
§ Placewell International Services Corporation v. Camote, G.R. No. 169973, June 26,
2006
§ Nisda v. Sea Serve Maritime Agency, G.R. No. 179177, July 23, 2009

5. Money Claims of OFWs (RA 8042, S10) When Applied; Unconstitutional Clause “or for three
months for every year of the unexpired term, whichever is less”
§ Poseidon International Maritime Services, Inc. v. Tamala, G.R. No. 186475, June 26,
2013
§ Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5,
2014

6. Compensable Disability – Elements

§ Guerrero v. Philippine Transmarine Carriers, Inc., G.R. No. 222523, October 3, 2018

7. Third Doctor Assessment

§ Pacific Ocean Manning, Inc. v. Castillo, G.R. No. 230527, June 14, 2021

8. Pre-Termination of Contract Without Due Process Violates Security of Tenure

§ Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5,
2014
§ Halili v. Justice for Children International, G.R. No. 194906, September 9, 2015

G. REGULATION OF RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT ACTIVITIES (Labor Code, Arts. 13,

25-39; DOLE-DO 141-14; RA 8042 & Omnibus Rules; RA 11641; IRR-RA 11641; DMW-DC 1;
2016 POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers)
§ Republic v. Humanlink Manpower Consultants, Inc. (Formerly MHY New Recruitment
International, Inc.), G.R. No. 205188, April 22, 2015

1. Accreditation (IRR-RA 11641, RII, S3[a]); License (Labor Code, Art. 13[d]; RA 11641, S3[d]);
Authority (Labor Code, Art. 13[f]) Special Recruitment Authority (DMW-DC 1, PI-RII[48])

2. Non-transferability of License/Authority (Labor Code, Art. 29; DMW-DC 1, PII-RII-S25)

§ C.F. Sharp Crew Management, Inc. v. Espanol, Jr., G.R. No. 155903, September 14,
2007

3. Transfer of Accreditation (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI-S114)

4. Action on Applications for Transfer of Accreditation of a Principal/Employer with Outstanding

Obligations (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI-S115)

5. Suspension/Cancellation of License or Authority (Labor Code, Art. 35; RA 11641; IRR-RA

11641; DMW-DC 1), Jurisdiction of DMW (RA 11641, S5-6; IRR-11641, RIII-S5-6, RXV-S57;
EO 247, s.1987; RA 8042, as amended) & Impleading Surety
§ Trans Action Overseas Corp. v. Secretary of Labor, G.R. No. 109583, September 5,
1997
§ Romero v. People, G.R. No. 171644, November 23, 2011
§ Republic v. Humanlink Manpower Consultants, Inc. (Formerly MHY New Recruitment
International, Inc.), G.R. No. 205188, April 22, 2015
§ Finman General Assurance Corporation v. NLRC (POEA), G.R. No. 94588, July 2,
1992

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 5.1. Suspension of Accreditation by the MWO (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI-S108)

5.2. Procedure for Suspension of Accreditation (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI-S109)

5.3. Termination of Accreditation and Registration (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI-S110)

6. Licensing and Regulation (DMW-DC 1, PII)

6.1. Private Sector Participation in the Overseas Employment Program (DMW-DC 1, PII-
RI)

6.2. Issuance of License (DMW-DC 1, PII-RII)

6.3. Overseas Employment and Labor Laws Compliance System (DMW-DC 1, PII-RIII)

6.4. Licensing of Companies Registered with Philippine Overseas Construction Board

(POCB) (DMW-DC 1, PII-RIV)

6.5. Fees, Costs and Contributions (DMW-DC 1, PII-RV)

6.6. Skills Test and Medical Examination for Overseas Employment (DMW-DC 1, PII-RVI)

6.7. Recruitment Outside Registered Office (DMW-DC 1, PII-RVII)

6.8. Advertisement for Overseas Employment (DMW-DC 1, PII-RVIII)

6.9. Departure and Arrival of OFW (DMW-DC 1, PII-RIX)

6.10. Illegal Recruitment (DMW-DC 1, PII-RX)

6.11. Anti-Illegal Recruitment and Anti-Trafficking in Persons Program (DMW-DC 1, PII-RXI)

6.12. Complaints and Reports filed with the Department (DMW-DC 1, PII-RXII)

6.13. Proceedings Before the Department (DMW-DC 1, PII-RXIII)

6.14. Accommodation Facilities (DMW-DC 1, PII-RXV)

H. DEPLOYMENT OF OFWs (RA 8042, S4-5; Omnibus Rules, RIII; DMW-DC 1, PIII [Placement
by the Private Sector], PIV [Placement by the Department]; 2016 POEA Rules and Regulations
Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers)

1. Placement by the Private Sector (DMW-DC 1, PIII)

1.1. Accreditation and Registration of Principals/Employers (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RI)

1.2. Documentation and Deployment of OFW (DMW-DC 1, PIII-RII)

2. Direct Hires (IRR-RA 11641, RII-S3[h]; Omnibus Rules, RII-S1[i]; DMW-DC 1, PI-RII[6])

3. Ban on Direct Hiring; Exemptions and Requirements (Labor Code, Art. 18; DMW-DC 1, PIII-
RII-S126)
§ Dagasdas v. Grand Placement and General Services Corporation, G.R. No. 205727,
January 18, 2017

4. Suability of Foreign Corporations Directly Hiring Filipinos

§ Facilities Management Corporation v. De la Rosa, G.R. No. 38649, March 26, 1979

5. Placement by the Department (DMW-DC 1, PIV)

6. Employment Standards (DMW-DC 1, PV)

I. RECRUITMENT VIOLATIONS AND DISCIPLINARY ACTION CASES (DMW-DC 1, PVI)

1. Jurisdiction (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RI-S138)

2. Recruitment Violation Cases, Classification of Offenses and Penalties (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RII)

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 2.1. Grounds for Imposition of Administrative Sanctions Against Licensed Recruitment
Agency (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RII-S139)

2.2. Grounds for Disciplinary Action Against Principals/Employers and Penalties (DMW-DC
1, PVI-RII-S140)

3. Disciplinary Action Against OFW, Classification of Offense and Penalties (DMW-DC 1, PVI-
RIII)

3.1. Grounds for Disciplinary Action and their Penalties (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RIII-S141)

4. Complaints (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RIV)

4.1. Filing and Venue of Complaints (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RIV-S142)

4.2. Preventive Suspension (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RIV-S143)

4.3. Resolution of the Case (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RIV-S144)

5. Appeals and Execution of Judgment (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RV)

5.1. Jurisdiction (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RV-S145)

5.2. Execution of Judgments (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RV-S146)

5.3. Effect of Petition for Certiorari on Execution (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RV-S147)

6. Clemency (DMW-DC 1, PVI-RVI-S148)

7. Remedy of Injunction
§ Republic v. Principalia Management and Personnel Consultants, Inc., G.R. No.
198426, September 2, 2015

J. ASSISTANCE TO OFW (DMW-DC 1, PVII-RI)

K. REINTEGRATION (RA 11641, S3[i], 17; DMW-DC 1, PVII-RI-S157)

L. REPATRIATION (RA 8042, S15, 16, 23[a][b.2][c.6], 36 & 37-A[d][i]; Omnibus Rules, RXIII, S1-
9; DMW-DC 1, PVII-RII)

M. OBLIGATIONS OF OFWs (DMW-DC 1, PVIII-RVII-S181)

N. INCENTIVES AND AWARDS (DMW-DC 1, PIX)

O. ONE COUNTRY-TEAM APPROACH (RA 8042, S28; RA 11641, S15; IRR-RA 11641, S30)

P. AKSYON FUND (RA 11641, S3[a], 14; IRR-RA 11641, S39; DMW-DO 4, Series of 2023
[Guidelines on the Implementation of the Agarang Kalinga at Saklolo para sa mga OFWs na
Nangangailangan (AKSYON) Fund])

Q. MIGRANT WORKERS OFFICE (RA 11641, S15; IRR-RA 11641, S22)

R. SEAFARERS PROTECTION ACT (RA 10706)

1. Declared Policy (RA 10706, S2)

2. Prohibition on Ambulance Chasing (RA 10706, S3)

S. OVERSEAS WORKERS WELFARE ADMINISTRATION ACT (RA 10801, repealing LOI 537,
PDs 1694 & 1809; RA 11641, S20)

1. Nature of the OWWA, its Objectives and Functions (RA 10801, S4-6)

2. Membership (RA 10801, S8)

3. Amount of Contribution and Effectivity of Membership (RA 10801, S9)

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4. Dependent (RA 10801, S7[c])

5. OWWA Fund, Purpose, Source and Disbursement (RA 10801, S37-40; RA 11641, S20)

6. Attached to DMW for Policy and Program Implementation (RA 11641, S20)

T. REGULATORY AND VISITORIAL POWERS (Labor Code, Arts. 36-37; RA 8042, S23; RA
11641, S6[b][j] & 8)
§ Phil. Association of Service Exporters, Inc. v. Torres, G.R. No. 101279, August 6, 1992

1. Distinguish from Other Visitorial Powers (Labor Code, Arts. 128 & 289 [274])

2. Obstruction or Attempt to Obstruct Inspection Constitutes Illegal Recruitment (Labor Code, Art.
34[b]; RA 8042, S6[g])

U. EMPLOYMENT OF NON-RESIDENT ALIENS (Labor Code, Arts. 40-42; DOLE-DO 221,

Series of 2021 [Revised Rules and Regulations for the Issuance of Employment Permits to
Foreign Nationals]; DOLE, DOJ, BI, and BIR Joint Guidelines No. 01, Series of 2019
[Guidelines on the Issuance of Work and Employment Permits to Foreign Nationals dated May
1, 2019])

1. Definition of Terms (DO 221, S1)

2. Coverage (DO 221, S2)

3. Requirements and Processing of Application for AEP (DO 221, S3)

4. Labor Market Test (DO 221, S5)

5. Validity and Issuance of AEP; Effects of Transfer and Change of Position (DO 221, S8)

6. Renewal (DO 221, S9)

7. Expired AEP/Without Valid AEP/Fraudulent AEP (DO 221, S10)

8. Denial of application for new or renewal of AEP (DO 221, S11)

9. Cancellation of AEP (DO 221, S12)

10. Revocation of AEP (DO 221, S13)

11. Procedure in Resolving Denial or Revocation (DO 221, S14)

12. Appeal (DO 221, S15)

13. Effect of Denial or Revocation of AEP (DO 221, S16)

14. Filing of fraudulent applications of AEP by the employer, authorized representative, and/or
Accredited Agents (DO 221, S17)

15. Exemption (DO 221, S18; Labor Code, Art. 40)

16. Requirements and Processing of Certificate of Exemption (DO 221, S19)

17. Exclusion (DO 221, S20)

18. Requirements and Processing of Certificate of Exclusion (DO 221, S21)

19. Issuance and Validity of Certificates (DO 221, S22)

20. Prohibited Acts and Penalties (DO 221, S23)

21. Applicability of the Rules of Court (DO 221, S24)

22. Duties of the Employer (DO 221, S25)

23. Accreditation (DO 221, S26)

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24. Manual on Rules and Regulations on AEP Issuance (DO 221, S27)

25. Monitoring and Evaluation (DO 221, S28)

26. Online Alien Employment Permit Management System (DO 221, S29)

PART III
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

A. RA 7796 – TESDA ACT OF 1994 (Substantially modified and superseded the Labor Code,
Arts. 43-56)

B. TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT OF SPECIAL WORKERS (Labor Code, Arts. 57-81)

1. Apprentices (Labor Code, Arts. 57-72; DOLE DO 65-04; TESDA Circular No. 120, Series of
2020 [Revised Guidelines in the Implementation of Apprenticeship and Learnership Programs])
§ Century Canning Corporation v. CA, G.R. No. 152894, August 17, 2007
§ Atlanta Industries, Inc. v. Sebolino, G.R. No. 187320, January 26, 2011

1.1. Definition – apprenticeship, apprentice, apprenticeable occupation, and apprenticeship

agreement (Superseded by RA 7796, S4[j][k][l][m])

1.2. Qualification of apprentice (Labor Code, Art. 59; For Art. 59[a], see RA 7610, S12, as
amended by RA 9231; DOLE DO 65-04)

1.3. Employment of apprentices (Labor Code, Art. 60)

1.4. Contents of apprenticeship agreements (Labor Code, Art. 61)

1.5. Signing of apprenticeship agreement (Labor Code, Art. 62)

1.6. Venue of apprenticeship programs (Labor Code, Art. 63)

1.7. Sponsoring of apprenticeship program (Labor Code, Art. 64)

1.8. Investigation of violation of apprenticeship agreement (Labor Code, Art. 65)

1.9. Appeal to the Secretary of Labor and Employment (Labor Code, Art. 66)

1.10. Exhaustion of administrative remedies (Labor Code, Art. 67)

1.11. Aptitude testing of applicants (Labor Code, Art. 68)

1.12. Responsibility for theoretical instruction (Labor Code, Art. 69)

1.13. Voluntary organization of apprenticeship programs; exemptions (Labor Code, Art. 70)

1.14. Deductibility of training costs (Labor Code, Art. 71)

1.15. Apprenticeship without compensation – required by school or training program

curriculum or as requisite for graduation or board examination (Labor Code, Art. 72;
Civil Code, Art. 2180 on liability of school)

2. Learners (Labor Code, Arts. 73-77; DOLE DO 65-04; TESDA Circular No. 120)

2.1. Definition (Superseded by RA 7796, S4[n])

2.2. Distinctions between apprenticeship and learnership

3. Handicapped Workers/Persons with Disability (Labor Code, Arts. 78-81; RA 7277, as amended
by RAs 9442, 10070, 10524, 10754 and 11228)
§ Drugstores Association of the Philippines, Inc. v. NCDA, G.R. No. 194561, September
14, 2016
§ Southern Luzon Drug Corporation v. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017

3.1. Definition (Labor Code, Art. 78; RA 7277, as amended by RA 10070, S4[a])

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 3.2. Equal opportunity for employment (RA 7277, as amended by RA 10524, S5,
superseding Labor Code, Art. 79)

3.3. Eligibility for apprenticeship/learnership (Labor Code, Art. 81; RA 7277, S7)

3.4. Incentives for employers (RA 7277, S8)

3.5. Discrimination on Employment (RA 7277, S32)

3.6. Distinction between handicapped worker and PWD

PART IV
LABOR STANDARDS

A. CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT

1. Coverage (Labor Code, Arts. 82-96; IRR-BIII-RI-VI)

Exemption

1.1. Government employees (Const., Art. IXB, Sec. 2[1]; IRR-BIII-RI-S2[a])

§ PNOC-EDC v. Leogardo, G.R. No. L-58494, July 5, 1989
§ LRTA v. Venus, Jr., G.R. No. 163782, March 24, 2006
§ GSIS Family Bank Employees Union v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 210773, January 23, 2019
§ Alejandrino v. COA, G.R. No. 245400, November 12, 2019
§ Philippine Mining Development Corporation v. Aguinaldo, G.R. No. 245273, July 27,
2021

1.2. Managerial employees (Labor Code, Art. 82, par. 2; Id., Art. 219 [212] (m); IRR-BIII-
RI-S2[b]; Id., S2[c] – on officers or members of a managerial staff)
§ National Sugar Refineries Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 101761, March 24, 1993
§ Clientlogic Philippines, Inc. (now known as SITEL) v. Castro, G.R. No. 186070, April
11, 2011

1.3. Field personnel (Labor Code, Art. 82, par. 3; IRR-BIII-RI-S2[f])

§ David v. Macasio, G.R. No. 195466, July 2, 2014

1.4. Members of the family of the employer who are dependent on him for support

1.5. Domestic helpers (RA 10361 – Domestic Workers Act or Batas Kasambahay)

1.6. Persons in the personal service of another (IRR-BIII-RI-S2[d])

1.7. Workers who are paid by results as determined by the Secretary of Labor in
appropriate regulations (IRR-BIII-RI-S2[e])
§ Lambo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 111042, October 26, 1999

1.8. Personal/family driver

§ Atienza v. Saluta, G.R. No. 233413, June 17, 2019

2. Hours of Work
§ Sime Darby Pilipinas, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 119205, April 15, 1998

2.1. Normal hours of work (Labor Code, Art. 83)

§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
G.R. No. 195297, December 5, 2018

2.2. Hours worked (Labor Code, Art. 84; IRR-BIII-RI-S3; Id., S4 – on principles in
determining hours worked; Id., S5 – on waiting time; Id., S6 – on lectures, meetings,
training programs)
§ Durabuilt Recapping Plant & Company v. NLRC, G.R. No. 76746, July 27, 1987
§ Arica v. NLRC, G.R. No. 78210, February 28, 1989
§ Robina Farms Cebu v. Villa, G.R. No. 175869, April 18, 2016

2.3. Meal periods (Labor Code, Art. 85; IRR-BIII-RI-S7)

§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 132805, February 2, 1999

2.4. Night-shift differential (Labor Code, Art. 86; IRR-BIII-RII)

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 § National Semiconductor (HK) Distribution, Ltd. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 123520, June 26,
1998

2.5. Overtime work (Labor Code, Art. 87; IRR-BIII-RI-S8; Id., S9 – on premium and overtime
pay for holiday and rest day work)
§ Rada v. NLRC, G.R. No. 96078, January 9, 1992
§ Damasco v. NLRC, G.R. No. 115755, December 4, 2000
§ PCL Shipping Philippines, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 153031, December 14, 2006
§ San Miguel Corporation v. Layoc, Jr., G.R. No. 149640, October 19, 2007
§ Ocean East Agency, Corporation v. Lopez, G.R. No. 194410, October 14, 2015
§ Robina Farms Cebu v. Villa, G.R. No. 175869, April 18, 2016

2.6. Undertime not offset by overtime (Labor Code, Art. 88)

2.7. Compressed work week; Flexible work arrangements and exemption from nightwork
prohibition for women employees in BPO industry (Department Advisory Nos. 02,
Series of 2004; 02, Series of 2009; and 04, Series of 2010); RA 8972, or the “Solo
Parents' Welfare Act of 2000,” as amended by RA 11861, or the “Expanded Solo
Parents Welfare Act”; RA 11165, or the “Telecommuting Act”; and DO 202, Series of
2019; Exception on health services, etc.– DO 182, Series of 2017, S9)
§ Linton Commercial Co., Inc. v. Hellera, G.R. No. 163147, October 10, 2007
§ Bisig Manggagawa sa Tryco v. NLRC, G.R. No. 151309, October 15, 2008

2.8. Emergency overtime work (Labor Code, Art. 89; IRR-BIII-RI-S10)

§ Realda v. New Age Graphics, Inc., G.R. No. 192190, April 25, 2012

2.9. Computation of additional compensation (Labor Code, Art. 90)

3. Weekly Rest Periods

3.1. Right to weekly rest day (Labor Code, Art. 91; IRR-BIII-RIII-S1-5)

3.2. When employer may require work on a rest day (Labor Code, Art. 92; IRR-BIII-RIII-S6)

3.3. Compensation for rest day, Sunday, or holiday work (Labor Code, Art. 93; IRR-BIII-
RIII-S7)

4. Holidays, Service Incentive Leaves, and Service Charges

4.1. Right to holiday pay (Labor Code, Art. 94; IRR-BIII-RIV [S2 declared void])
§ Odango v. NLRC, G.R. No. 147420, June 10, 2004
§ A. Nate Casket Maker v. Arango, G.R. No. 192282, October 5, 2016

4.2. Right to service incentive leave (Labor Code, Art. 95; IRR-BIII-RV)
§ Serrano v. Severino Santos Transit, G.R. No. 187698, August 9, 2010
§ A. Nate Casket Maker v. Arango, G.R. No. 192282, October 5, 2016

4.3. Service charges (Labor Code, Art. 96, as amended by RA 11360 – distributed
“completely and equally among the covered workers except managerial employees”;
DO 242, Series of 2024)
§ National Union of Workers in Hotel Restaurant and Allied Industries v. Philippine Plaza
Holdings, Inc., G.R. No. 177524, July 23, 2014

5. 13th Month Pay (PD 851 and its IRR)

§ Agabon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004
§ Petroleum Shipping Limited v. NLRC, G.R. No. 148130, June 16, 2006
§ Central Azucarera de Tarlac v. Central Azucarera de Tarlac Labor Union-NLU, G.R.
No. 188949, July 26, 2010
§ David v. Macasio, G.R. No. 195466, July 2, 2014

6. Leaves

6.1. Service Incentive Leave (Labor Code, Art. 95)

6.2. Expanded maternity Leave (RA 11210)

6.3. Paternity Leave (RA 8187)

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 6.4. Parental Leave for Solo Parents (RA 8972 [Solo Parents’ Welfare Act], as amended
by RA 11861 [Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act])

6.5. Special leave benefit for women (RA 9710; DOs 112 & 112-A)

6.6. VAWC leave (RA 9262)

B. WAGES

1. Preliminary Matters

1.1. Definition of wage (Labor Code, Art. 97[f]; IRR-BIII-RVII-S1[n])

§ Chavez v. NLRC, G.R. No. 146530, January 17, 2005

1.2. Salary v. Wage

§ Equitable Banking Corporation (now known as Equitable-PCI Bank) v. Sadac, G.R.
No. 164772, June 8, 2006

1.3. Facilities v. Supplements

§ States Marine Corporation v. Cebu Seamen’s Association, Inc., G.R. No. L-12444,
February 28, 1963
§ Our Haus Realty Development Corporation v. Parian, G.R. No. 204651, August 6, 2014

1.4. Fair day’s wage for a fair day’s labor

§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
G.R. No. 195297, December 5, 2018

1.5. Equal pay for equal work

§ Philex Gold Philippines, Inc. v. Philex Bulawan Supervisors Union, G.R. No. 149758,
August 25, 2005

1.6. Discrimination
§ International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, G.R. No. 128845, June 1,
2000
§ Bankard Employees Union-Workers Alliance Trade Unions v. NLRC, G.R. No. 140689,
February 17, 2004

1.7. Tips
§ Ace Navigation Co., Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 140364, August 15, 2000

1.8. Commissions
§ Iran v. NLRC, G.R. No. 121927, April 22, 1998
§ Reyes v. NLRC, G.R. No. 160233, August 8, 2007

1.9. Gratuity Pays

§ Plastic Town Center Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 81176, April 19, 1989

1.10. Bonus
§ American Wire and Cable Daily Rated Employees Union v. American Wire and Cable
Co., Inc., G.R. No. 155059, April 29, 2005

1.11. 13th Month Pay – non-inclusion in regular wage

§ Agabon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004
§ Petroleum Shipping Limited v. NLRC, G.R. No. 148130, June 16, 2006
§ Central Azucarera de Tarlac v. Central Azucarera de Tarlac Labor Union-NLU, G.R.
No. 188949, July 26, 2010
§ David v. Macasio, G.R. No. 195466, July 2, 2014

1.12. 14th Month Pay

§ Kamaya Point Hotel v. NLRC, G.R. No. 75289, August 31, 1989

1.13. Application of title – (Labor Code, Art. 98, in relation to Arts. 97-129 [covering Title II of
Book III]; RA 9178, or the “Barangay Micro Business Enterprises (BMBE’s) Act of
2002,” as amended by RA 10644, or the “Go Negosyo Act” – exempts BMBEs from
the coverage of the Minimum Wage Law)

2. Minimum Wage Determination

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2.1. Regional minimum wages (Labor Code, Art. 99, as amended by RA 6727, or the “Wage
Rationalization Act”; IRR-RA 6727-CIII-S1)
§ Employers Confederation of the Philippines v. NWPC, G.R. No. 96169, September 24,
1991

2.2. Definition - basic wage, statutory-minimum wage, monthly-paid employees, daily-paid

employees (IRR-RA 6727)

2.3. Coverage of minimum wage (IRR-RA 6727; RA 10361)

2.4. Exemption (RA 6727; RA 9178; RA 10361; IRR-BIII-RVII-S3)

2.5. NWPC [National Wages and Productivity Commission] and RTWPB [Regional
Tripartite Wages and Productivity Boards] (RA 6727; Rules Implementing RA 6727;
Labor Code, Arts. 99, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126 and 127; and NWPC Guidelines
No. 3, Series of 2020 [Omnibus Rules on Minimum Wage Determination])
§ Nasipit Lumber Company, Inc. v. NWPC, G.R. No. 113097, April 27, 1998
§ Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, Inc. v. NWPC, G.R. No. 144322, February 6,
2007
§ Nasipit Integrated Arrastre and Stevedoring Services, Inc. v. Nasipit Employees
Labor Union (NELU)-ALU-TUCP, G.R. No. 162411, June 30, 2008
§ NWPC v. The Alliance of Progressive Labor, G.R. No. 150326, March 12, 2014

2.6. Minimum Wage Determination (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020)

§ Employers Confederation of the Philippines v. NWPC, G.R. No. 96169, September 24,
1991
§ Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, Inc. v. NWPC, G.R. No. 144322, February 6,
2007
§ Nasipit Integrated Arrastre and Stevedoring Services, Inc. v. Nasipit Employees Labor
Union (NELU)-ALU-TUCP, G.R. No. 162411, June 30, 2008

2.7. Conduct of Wage and Productivity Studies (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020,
RII-S1)

2.8. Standards/Criteria for Minimum Wage Determination (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series
of 2020, RII-S2)

2.9. Commencement of Minimum Wage Determination (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of

2020, RII-S3)

2.10. Conduct of Consultation and Public Hearing (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020,
RIII)
§ Cagayan Sugar Milling Company v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No.
128399, January 15, 1998

2.11. Wage Order (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RI-S5[u], RIV)

2.12. Correction of Error in a Wage Order (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RIX-S1)

2.13. Appeal on the Wage Order (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RV)

2.14. Wages of special group of workers (IRR-RA 6727-CI-S10)

2.15. Complaints for non-compliance (IRR-RA 6727-CI-S17)

2.16. Discrimination in wage increase

§ LMG Chemicals Corporation v. Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment,
G.R. No. 127422, April 17, 2001
§ SONEDCO Workers Free Labor Union v. Universal Robina Corporation, Sugar
Division-Southern Negros Development Corporation, G.R. No. 220383, July 5, 2017

2.17. Freedom to bargain (Labor Code, Art. 125) and creditability to wage order
§ National Federation of Labor v. NLRC, G.R. No. 103586, July 21, 1994
§ Meycauayan College v. Drilon, G.R. No. 81144, May 7, 1990
§ Producers Bank of the Philippines v. NLRC, G.R. No. 100701, March 28, 2001
§ Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 99858, June 19,
1995
§ Filipinas Golf & Country Club Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. L-62918, August 23, 1989

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 2.18. Prohibition against injunction (Labor Code, Art. 126; IRR-RA 6727-CIII-S9)

2.19. Non-diminution of benefits (Labor Code, Art. 127; IRR-RA 6727-CIII-S8)

§ Mindanao Terminal and Brokerage Service, Inc. v. Roldan-Confesor, G.R. No. 111809,
May 5, 1997

2.20. Minimum wage non-negotiable, non-waivable

§ Philippine American Management Company, Inc. v. Philippine American Management
Employees Association (PAMEA-FFW), G.R. No. L-35254, May 25, 1973

2.21. Policy of encouraging employers to grant wage and allowance increases to their
employees higher than the minimum rates of increases prescribed by statute or
administrative regulation
§ P.I. Manufacturing Incorporated v. P.I. Manufacturing Supervisors and Foreman
Association, G.R. No. 167217, February 4, 2008

2.22. Penalty, Double indemnity (RA 6727, S12, as amended by RA 8188; DO 238, Series
of 2023, RII-S1[h]; DO 10, Series of 1998; NLRC En Banc Resolution Nos. 01-19 & 9-
20)
§ Philippine Hoteliers, Inc. v. National Union of Workers in Hotel, Restaurant, and Allied
Industries (NUWHRAIN-APL-IUF)-Dusit Hotel Nikko Chapter, G.R. No. 181972,
August 25, 2009
§ Grand Asian Shipping Lines v. Valdez, G.R. No. 178184, January 29, 2014

2.23. Exemption for Workers in Private Establishments (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of
2020, VII)

3. Wage Distortion (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RVI)

3.1. Definition, General Principles, Existence (Labor Code, Art. 124; RA 6727; IRR-RA
6727, Definition of Terms, par. [p]; NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RVI-S1)
§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, G.R. No. 108556, November 19, 1996
§ MICTSI v. MICTSILU-FDLO, G.R. No. 245918, November 29, 2022 [In relation to equal
for equal pay]

3.2. Elements (NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series of 2020, RVI-S2)

§ Prubankers Association v. Prudential Bank & Trust Company, G.R. No. 131247,
January 25, 1999
§ Bankard Employees Union-Workers Alliance Trade Unions v. NLRC, G.R. No. 140689,
February 17, 2004

3.3. Burden of proof

§ Supra Multi-Services, Inc. v. Labitigan, G.R. No. 192297, August 3, 2016

3.4. Correction of Wage Distortion (IRR-RA 6727-CIII-S7; NWPC Guidelines No. 3, Series
of 2020, RVI-S3)
§ Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. Balinang, G.R.
No. 102636, September 10, 1993
§ National Federation of Labor v. NLRC, G.R. No. 103586, July 21, 1994
§ Associated Labor Unions-TUCP v. NLRC, G.R. No. 109328, August 16, 1994
§ Metro Transit Organization, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 116008, July 11, 1995
§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, G.R. No. 108556, November 19, 1996
§ P.I. Manufacturing, Incorporated v. P.I. Manufacturing Supervisors and Foreman
Association, G.R. No. 167217, February 4, 2008

3.5. Issues involving wage distortion not a ground for a strike/lockout (IRR-RA 6727-CI-
S16)
§ Ilaw at Buklod ng Manggagawa v. NLRC, G.R. No. 91980, June 27, 1991

4. Non-Diminution of Benefits

4.1. Basis (Const., Art. II, S18 and Art. XIII, S3)
§ Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., v. Eastern Telecoms Employees Union,
G.R. No. 185665, February 8, 2012

4.2. “Benefits” defined

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 § Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
G.R. No. 195297, December 5, 2018

4.3. Overtime pay, not within the definition of “benefits” under Art. 100 of the Labor Code
§ San Miguel Corporation v. Layoc, Jr., G.R. No. 149640, October 19, 2007

4.4. “Diminution of benefits” defined

§ Supreme Steel Corporation v. Nagkakaisang Manggagawa ng Supreme Independent
Union (NMS-IND-APL), G.R. No. 185556, March 28, 2011

4.5. When there is diminution of benefits – requisites

§ Vergara, Jr. v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 176985, April 1, 2013

4.6. When considered a regular company practice

§ Vergara, Jr. v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 176985, April 1, 2013

4.7. No specific rule on length of time when company practice may ripen into benefit
§ Sevilla Trading Company v. Semana, G.R. No. 152456, April 28, 2004

4.8. Application to benefits enjoyed not only “at the time of,” but also “after the,”
promulgation of the Labor Code [Kamaya Point Hotel v. NLRC, G.R. No. 75289, August
31, 1989; and Apex Mining Company, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 86200, February 25,
1992]
§ Sevilla Trading Company v. Semana, G.R. No. 152456, April 28, 2004
§ Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., v. Eastern Telecoms Employees Union,
G.R. No. 185665, February 8, 2012

5. Payment by Results (Labor Code, Art. 101; IRR-RA 6727, S9)

§ Toon City Animation, Inc. v. Nieva, G.R. No. 166318, March 7, 2005
§ David v. Macasio, G.R. No. 195466, July 2, 2014

6. Payment of Wages

6.1. Form of payment (Labor Code, Art. 102; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S1)

§ Congson v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114250, April 5, 1995

6.2. Payment of wages through ATM (Explanatory Bulletin issued by DOLE Secretary
Leonardo Quisumbing dated November 25, 1996)

6.3. Payment of wages and other monetary benefits through transaction accounts (Labor
Advisory No. 26, Series of 2020 dated August 3, 2020)

6.4. Payment of wages by bank checks, postal checks, or money orders (Labor Code, Art.
102; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S2)

6.5. Pay slips

§ Kar Asia, Inc. v. Corona, G.R. No. 154985, August 24, 2004
§ G & M (Phils.), Inc. v. Cruz, G.R. No. 140495, April 15, 2005

6.6. Payroll (IRR-BIII-RX-S6[a])

§ Chavez v. NLRC, G.R. No. 146530, January 17, 2005

6.7. Time of payment (Labor Code, Art. 103; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S3)

6.8. Place of payment (Labor Code, Art. 104; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S4; RA 6727, S7)

6.9. Duty of bank – issuance of certification of record of payment of wages (RA 6727, S8;
IRR-RA 6727, S20)

6.10. Direct payment of wages (Labor Code, Art. 105; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S5)

6.11. Burden of proof depends on monetary claim sought

§ Minsola v. New City Builders, Inc., G.R. No. 207613, January 31, 2018

6.12. Worker preference in case of bankruptcy (Labor Code, Art. 110)

§ DBP v. NLRC, G.R. No. 108031, March 1, 1995

6.13. Attorney’s fees, existence of malice or bad faith not required (Labor Code, Art. 111)

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 § Montierro v. Rickmers Marine Agency Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 210634, January 14, 2015

7. Prohibition Regarding Wages

7.1. Non-interference in disposal of wages (Labor Code, Art. 112; RA 10361, S27)

7.2. Wage deduction (Labor Code, Art. 113; Civil Code, Art. 1706; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S10;
Labor Advisory No. 11, Series of 2014; DO 195-18)
§ SHS Perforated Materials, Inc. v. Diaz, G.R. No. 185814, October 13, 2010
§ Niña Jewelry Manufacturing of Metal Arts, Inc. v. Montecillo, G.R. No. 188169,
November 28, 2011
§ Bluer Than Blue Joint Ventures Company v. Esteban, G.R. No. 192582, April 7, 2014
§ Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company v. Estranero, G.R. No. 192518, October
15, 2014
§ Milan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 202961, February 4, 2015

7.3. Deposits for loss or damage (Labor Code, Art. 114; IRR-BIII-RVIII-S11; Labor Advisory
No. 11, Series of 2014)
§ Dentech Manufacturing Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 81477, April 19, 1989
§ Five J Taxi v. NLRC, G.R. No. 111474, August 22, 1994
§ Niña Jewelry Manufacturing of Metal Arts, Inc. v. Montecillo, G.R. No. 188169,
November 28, 2011

7.4. Limitations (Labor Code, Art. 115; Labor Advisory No. 11, Series of 2014)
§ Niña Jewelry Manufacturing of Metal Arts, Inc. v. Montecillo, G.R. No. 188169,
November 28, 2011

7.5. Withholding of wages and kickbacks prohibited (Labor Code, Art. 116)
§ Special Steel Products, Inc. v. Villareal, G.R. No. 143304, July 8, 2004
§ Milan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 202961, February 4, 2015

7.6. Deduction to ensure employment (Labor Code, Art. 117)

§ Commando Security Agency v. NLRC, G.R. No. 95844, July 20, 1992

7.7. Retaliatory measures; May constitute ULP (Labor Code, Art. 118, Art. 259[f] [248(f)])
§ Panaligan v. Phyvita Enterprises Corporation, G.R. No. 202086, June 21, 2017

7.8. False reporting (Labor Code, Art. 119; Payroll – IRR-BIII-RX-S6; Time records – IRR-
BIII-RX-S8; Time records of executives – IRR-BIII-RX-S9; Time records of workers
paid by results – IRR-BIII-RX-S10; Place of records – IRR-BIII-RX-S11; Preservation
of records – IRR-BIII-RX-S12)

7.9. Payment of Final Pay and Issuance of Certificate of Employment (Labor Advisory No.
6, Series of 2020 dated January 31, 2020)

C. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

1. Visitorial and Enforcement Power (Labor Code, Art. 128 in relation to Art. 303; DO 238, Series
of 2023 [amending DO 183, Series of 2017])

1.1. Nature and Scope

§ DOLE Philippines, Inc. v. Esteva, G.R. No. 161115, November 30, 2006
§ Bay Haven, Inc. v. Abuan, G.R. No. 160859, July 30, 2008
§ Maternity Children’s Hospital v. Secretary of Labor, G.R. No. 78909, June 30, 1989
§ Peak Ventures Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 190509,
July 20, 2022

1.2. Visitorial Powers under Art. 128, in relation to Arts. 37 & 289 [274], of the Labor Code

1.3. Determination of the existence of employer-employee relationship by DOLE

§ People's Broadcasting Service (Bombo Radyo Phils., Inc.) v. Secretary of the
Department of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 179652, March 6, 2012
§ South Cotabato Communications Corporation v. Sto. Tomas, G.R. No. 217575, June
15, 2016

1.4. Enforcement Power and Exception Clause under Art. 128(b) of the Labor Code
§ Bay Haven, Inc. v. Abuan, G.R. No. 160859, July 30, 2008
§ Meteoro v. Creative Creatures, Inc., G.R. No. 171275, July 13, 2009

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 1.5. Amount not a limitation to the exercise of visitorial and enforcement powers
§ Balladares v. Peak Ventures Corporation, G.R. No. 161794, June 16, 2009
§ Tiger Construction and Development Corporation v. Abay, G.R. No. 164141, February
26, 2010
§ People's Broadcasting Service (Bombo Radyo Phils., Inc.) v. Secretary of the
Department of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 179652, March 6, 2012

1.6. Approaches, Priority Establishments, Employer-Employee Representatives,

Employment Records, Special Inspection Team, and Participation of Labor, Employer,
and Other Organizations (DO 238, RII-S1-6)

1.7. Procedures for the Conduct of Technical and Advisory Visit (Id., RIV)

1.8. Procedures for the Conduct of Labor Inspection (Id., RV)

1.9. Procedures for the Conduct of OSH Investigation (Id., RVI)

1.10. Refusal of Access (Id., RVII)

1.11. Procedures for the Disposition of Cases (Id., RVIII)

1.12. Appeal (Id., RIX)

1.13. Compromise Agreement (Id., RX)

1.14. Execution (Id., RXI)

1.15. Monitoring and Evaluation (Id., RXII)

1.16. Penalties (Id., RXIII)

2. Adjudicatory Powers of DOLE Regional Director

§ People's Broadcasting Service (Bombo Radyo Phils., Inc.) v. Secretary of the
Department of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 179652, March 6, 2012
§ Peak Ventures Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 190509,
July 20, 2022

2.1. Requisites
§ South Motorists Enterprises v. Tosoc, G.R. No. 87449, January 23, 1990
§ Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. Dela Serna, G.R. No. 88538, April 25, 1990

2.2. When requisites do not concur, but still arising from employer-employee relationship
§ South Motorists Enterprises v. Tosoc, G.R. No. 87449, January 23, 1990
§ Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. Dela Serna, G.R. No. 88538, April 25, 1990

2.3. When no employer-employee relationship exists

§ Urbanes, Jr. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 122791, February 19,
2003
2.4. Appeal to NLRC (Labor Code, Art. 129, in relation to Art. 229 [223])

D. WORKING CONDITIONS FOR SPECIAL GROUP OF EMPLOYEES

1. Employment of Women (Labor Code, Art. 130 [132] – 136 [138]; RA 9710)

1.1. Constitutional Basis (Const., Art. XIII, S14)

1.2. The Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)

1.3. Facilities for Women (Labor Code, Art. 130 [132])

1.4. Maternity Leave Benefits (Labor Code, Art. 131 [133]; RA 11199 [Social Security Act
of 2018], repealing RAs 1161 and 8282; RA 11210 [105-Day Expanded Maternity
Leave Law])

1.5. Family Planning Services; Incentives for Family Planning (Labor Code, Art. 132 [134])

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 1.6. Discrimination Prohibited (Labor Code, Art. 133 [135]; RA 9710, S4(b) on definition of
“Discrimination Against Women”)

1.7. Stipulation Against Marriage (Labor Code, Art. 134 [136]; Concept of Bona Fide
Occupational Qualification [BFOQ])
§ Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Company v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118978, May 23,
1997
§ Duncan Association of Detailman-PTGWO v. Glaxo Wellcome Philippines, Inc., G.R.
No. 162994, September 17, 2004
§ Star Paper Corporation v. Simbol, G.R. No. 164774, April 12, 2006
§ Capin-Cadiz v. Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc., G.R. No. 187417, February 24, 2016

1.8. Prohibited Acts (Labor Code, Art. 135 [137], in relation to Arts. 118 & 259[f] [248(f)])
§ Lakpue Drug, Inc. v. Belga, G.R. No. 166379, October 20, 2005
§ Del Monte Philippines, Inc. v. Velasco, G.R. No. 153477, March 6, 2007
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, G.R. No. 144315,
July 17, 2006
§ Bisig Manggagawa sa Tryco v. NLRC, G.R. No. 151309, October 15, 2008

1.9. Classification of Certain Women Workers (Labor Code, Art. 136 [138])

1.10. Sexual Harassment in the Work Environment (RA 7877 [Anti-Sexual Harassment Act
of 1995]; RA 11313 [Safe Spaces Act])
§ Libres v. NLRC, G.R. No. 123737, May 28, 1999
§ Domingo v. Rayala, G.R. No. 155831, February 18, 2008
§ Floralde v. CA, G.R. No. 123048, August 8, 2000
§ Philippine Aeolus Automotive v. NLRC, G.R. No. 124617, April 28, 2000
§ CSC v. Nierras, G.R. No. 165121, February 14, 2008
§ Villarama v. NLRC, G.R. No. 106341, September 2, 1994
§ Buban v. Dela Peña, G.R. No. 268399, January 24, 2024 [Solidary liability of employer]

2. Employment of Minors (Labor Code, Arts. 137 [139] – 138 [140]; Id., Art. 137[a] repealed by
RA 7610, as amended by RAs 7658 & 9231; DO 65-04; DC 2-17, as amended by DC 2-18)

2.1. State’s Role as Parens Patriae

§ Nery v. Lorenzo, G.R. No. L-23096, April 27, 1972
§ Samahan Ng Mga Progresibong Kabataan (SPARK) v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442,
August 8, 2017

2.2. Salient definitions of “child labor” (DO 65-04, S3[b]); working child (Id., S3[c]); “forced
labor and slavery” (Id., S3[q])

2.3. Employment of children below 15 years of age when allowed, requirements (RA 7610,
as amended by RA 9231, S12)

2.4. Requirements to Avail of Exceptions to Employment Prohibition (DO 65-04, S8-14)

2.5. Guidelines on the Issuance of Work Permit for Children Below 15 Years of Age
Engaged in Public Entertainment or Information (DC 2-17, as amended by DC 2-18)

2.6. Hours of work of a working child (RA 7610, as amended by RA 9231, S12-A)

2.7. Ownership, Usage, and Administration of the Working Child’s Income (Id., S12-B)

2.8. Trust Fund to Preserve Part of the Working Child’s Income (Id., S12-C)

2.9. Prohibition Against Worst Forms of Child Labor (Id., S12-D)

2.10. Access to Education and Training for Working Children (Id., S13)

2.11. Prohibition on the Employment of Children in Certain Advertisements (Id., S14)

2.12. Who May File a Complaint (Id., S27)

2.13. Penal Provisions (Id., S16) and Trust Fund from Fines and Penalties (Id., S16-A)

3. Employment of Househelpers (Labor Code, Arts. 139 [141] – 150 [152] repealed by RA 10361
[Domestic Workers Act or Batas Kasambahay])

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 3.1. Declared Policies (RA 10361, S2)

3.2. Coverage (RA 10361, S3; IRR-RA 10361-RI-S2) and Definition of Domestic Worker or
“Kasambahay” RA 10361, S4[d])
§ Apex Mining Company, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 94951, April 22, 1991
§ Barcenas v. NLRC, G.R. No. 87210, July 16, 1990
§ Remington Industrial Sales Corporation v. Castaneda, G.R. Nos. 169295-96,
November 20, 2006
§ Atienza v. Saluta, G.R. No. 233413, June 17, 2019

3.3. Employment Age of Domestic Workers (RA 10361, S16) or Standards for Employment
of Working Children (IRR-RA 10361-RVI)

3.4. Hiring of Kasambahay (IRR-RA 10361-RII)

3.5. Recruitment and Deployment of Kasambahay (Id., RIII)

3.6. Rights of the Kasambahay (Id., RIV)

3.7. Rights and Obligations of the Employer (Id., RV)

3.8. Post Employment (Id., RVII)

3.9. TESDA Skills Training, Assessment and Certification (Id., RVIII)

3.10. Registration System for Kasambahay (Id., RIX)

3.11. Rescue and Rehabilitation of Abused Kasambahay (Id., RX)

3.12. Settlement/Disposition of Labor-Related Disputes (Id., RXI)

3.13. Unlawful Acts and Penalties (Id., RXII)

3.14. Special and Miscellaneous Provisions (Id., RXIII-XIV)

3.15. Civil Code Provisions on Household Service (Civil Code, Arts. 1689 – 1699)

4. Employment of Homeworkers (Labor Code, Arts. 151 [153] – 153 [155]; DO 05-92)

4.1. Definition of “Industrial Homework” and “Industrial Homeworker” (DO 05-92, S2[a][b])

4.2. Employment of minor as homeworkers (Id., S12)

4.3. Prohibitions for homework (Id., S13)

4.4. Right to self-organization (Id., S3-4)

4.5. Payment for homework (Id., S6)

4.6. Standard rates (Id., S7)

4.7. Deductions (Id., S8)

4.8. Conditions for payment of work (Id., S9)

4.9. Enforcement power (Id., S10)

4.10. Duties of employer, contractor, and subcontractor (Id., S11)

4.11. Assistance to Registered Homeworkers’ Organizations, Employers, Contractor, and

Subcontractors (Id., S14)

5. Employment of Nightworkers (Labor Code, Arts. 154 – 161 [inserted by RA 10151]; DO 119-
12)

5.1. Coverage (Labor Code, Art. 154; DO 119-12, S1)

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 5.2. Definition of “night worker” (DO 119-12, S2)

5.3. Health assessment (Id., S3)

5.4. Mandatory facilities (Id., S4)

5.5. Transfer (Id., S5)

5.6. Alternative measures to night work for pregnant and nursing employees (Id., S6)

5.7. Non-diminution of maternity leave benefits under existing laws (Id., S7)

5.8. Protection against dismissal and loss of benefits attached to employment status,
seniority, and access to promotion (Id., S8)

5.9. Compensation (Id., S9)

5.10. Night work schedules (Id., S10)

5.11. Penalties (Id., S11)

6. Persons with Disability (RA 7277 [Magna Carta for Persons with Disability], as amended by
RAs 9442, 10070, 10524, 10754 and 11228; RA 11036 [Mental Health Act])

7. Migrant Workers (RA 8042, as amended by RAs 10022 & 11227; RA 11641)

PART V
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS

A. MEDICAL, DENTAL, AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

1. Medical and Dental Service (Labor Code, Art. 162 [156] – 167 [161])
§ Philippine Global Communications v. De Vera, G.R. No. 157214, June 7, 2005
§ Escasinas v. Shangri-La’s Mactan Island Resort, G.R. No. 178827, March 4, 2009

1.1. First-Aid Treatment (Id., Art. 162 [156])

1.2. Emergency Medical and Dental Services (Id., Art. 163 [157])

1.3. When Emergency Hospital Not Required (Id., Art. 164 [158])

1.4. Health Program (Id., Art. 165 [159])

1.5. Qualification of Health Personnel (Id., Art. 166 [160])

1.6. Assistance of Employer (Id., Art. 167 [161])

2. Occupational Health and Safety (Labor Code, Art. 168 [162] – 171 [165]; RA 11058; DO 198-
18)
§ Royal Plant Workers Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc.-Cebu Plant, G.R.
No. 198783, April 15, 2013

2.1. Declared Policy (RA, 11058, S1)

2.2. Coverage (Id., S2; DO 198-18, S2)

2.3. Duties of Employers (DO 198-18, S4[a])

2.4. Duties of Workers (Id., S4[b])

2.5. Duties of Other Persons (Id., S4[c])

2.6. Workers’ Right to Know (Id., S5)

2.7. Workers’ Right to Refuse Unsafe Work (Id., S6)

2.8. Workers’ Right to Report Accidents (Id., S7)

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 2.9. Workers’ Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Id., S8)

2.10. Safety Signage and Devices (Id., S9)

2.11. Safety in the Use of Equipment (Id., S10)

2.12. Occupational Safety and Health Information (Id., S11)

2.13. Covered workplaces OSH Program (Id., S12)

2.14. OSH Committee (Id., S13)

2.15. Safety Officer Duties and Responsibilities (Id., S14)

2.16. OH Personnel and Facilities (Id., S15)

2.17. Safety and Health Training (Id., S16)

2.18. OSH Reports (Id., S17)

2.19. Workers’ Competency Certification (Id., S18)

2.20. Workers’ Welfare Facilities (Id., S19)

2.21. All Other OSH Standards in the 1978 DOLE OSH Standards, as amended (Id., S20)

2.22. Cost of Safety and Health Program (Id., S21)

2.23. Employer’s Responsibility and Liability (Id., S22)

2.24. Visitorial and Enforcement Power of SOLE (Id., S23)

2.25. Payment of Workers During Stoppage Due to Imminent Danger (Id., S24)

2.26. Delegation of Authority (Id., S25)

2.27. Standards Setting Power of SOLE (Id., S26)

2.28. Employee’s Compensation Claim (Id., S27)

2.29. Incentives to Employers and Workers (Id., S28)

2.30. Prohibited Acts and its Corresponding Penalties (Id., S29)

2.31. Inter-Government Coordination and Cooperation (Id., S31)

B. EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION AND STATE INSURANCE FUND

1. Policy and Definitions (Labor Code, Art. 172 [166] – 173 [167])

2. Coverage and Liability (Labor Code, Art. 174 [168] – 181 [175])
§ Oceanmarine Resources Corporation v. Nedic, G.R. No. 236263, July 19, 2022
§ Heirs of Andag v. DMC Construction, G.R. No. 244361, July 13, 2020

2.1. Compulsory Coverage (Id., Art. 174 [168])

2.2. Foreign Employment (Id., Art. 175 [169])

2.3. Effective Date of Coverage (Id., Art. 176 [170])

2.4. Registration (Id., Art. 177 [171])

2.5. Limitation of Liability (Id., Art. 178 [172])

2.6. Extent of Liability (Id., Art. 179 [173])

2.7. Liability of Third Parties (Id., Art. 180 [174])

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 2.8. Deprivation of the Benefits (Id., Art. 181 [175])

3. Administration (Labor Code, Art. 182 [176] – 188 [182])

3.1. Employees Compensation Commission (Id., Art. 182 [176])

3.2. Powers and Duties (Id., Art. 183 [177])

3.3. Management of Funds (Id., Art. 184 [178])

3.4. Investment of Funds (Id., Art. 185 [179])

3.5. Settlement of Claims (Id., Art. 186 [180])

3.6. Review (Id., Art. 187 [181])

3.7. Enforcement of Decisions (Id., 188 [182])

4. Contributions (Labor Code, Arts. 189 [183] – 190 [184])

4.1. Employers’ Contributions (Id., Art. 189 [183])

4.2. Government Guarantee (Id., Art. 190 [184])

5. Medical Benefits (Labor Code, Arts. 191 [185] – 196 [190])

5.1. Medical Services (Id., Art. 191 [185])

5.2. Liability (Id., Art. 192 [186])

5.3. Attending Physician (Id., Art. 193 [187])

5.4. Refusal of Examination or Treatment (Id., Art. 194 [188])

5.5. Fees and Other Charges (Id., Art. 195 [189])

5.6. Rehabilitation Services (Id., Art. 196 [190])

6. Disability Benefits (Labor Code, Arts. 197 [191] – 199 [193])

6.1. Temporary Total Disability (Id., Art. 197 [191])

6.2. Permanent Total Disability (Id., Art. 198 [192])

6.3. Permanent Partial Disability (Id., Art. 199 [193])

7. Death Benefits (Labor Code, Art. 200 [194])

8. Provisions Common to Income Benefits (Labor Code, Arts. 201 [195] – 210 [204])

8.1. Relationship and Dependency (Id., Art. 201 [195])

8.2. Delinquent Contributions (Id., Art. 202 [196])

8.3. Second Injuries (Id., Art. 203 [197])

8.4. Assignment of Benefits (Id., Art. 204 [198])

8.5. Earned Benefits (Id., Art. 205 [199])

8.6. Safety Devices (Id., Art. 206 [200])

8.7. Prescriptive Period (Id., Art. 207 [201])

8.8. Erroneous Payment (Id., Art. 208 [202])

8.9. Prohibition (Id., Art. 209 [203])

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 8.10. Exemption from Levy, Tax, etc. (Id., Art. 210 [204])

9. Records, Reports and Penal Provisions (Labor Code, Arts. 211 [205] – 215 [208-A])

9.1. Record of Death or Disability (Id., Art. 211 [205])

9.2. Notice of Sickness, Injury or Death (Id., Art. 212 [206])

9.3. Penal Provisions (Id., Art. 213 [207])

9.4. Applicability (Id., Art. 214 [208])

9.5. Repeal (Id., Art. 215 [208-A])

C. MEDICARE (Labor Code, Art. 216 [209]; RA 7875, as amended by RAs 9241, 10351, 10606
and 11223)

D. ADULT EDUCATION (Labor Code, Art. 217 [210]; RA 9155 – DepEd)

E. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 2018 (RA 11199, repealing RAs 1161 and 8282)

1. Social Security System (SSS)

1.1. Creation (RA 11199, S3[a] 1st par.)

1.2. Powers and Duties (RA 11199, S4[b])

2. Social Security Commission

2.1. Composition (RA 11199, S3[a] 2nd par.)

2.2. Fiduciary Duties of the Members of the Commission (RA 11199, S3[a] 3rd par.)

2.3. Powers and Duties (RA 11199, S4[a])

3. Definition of Terms

3.1. Employer (RA 11199, S8[c])

3.2. Employee (RA 11199, S8[d])

3.3. Dependents (RA 11199, S8[e])

3.4. Contribution (RA 11199, S8[i])

3.5. Employment (RA 11199, S8[j])

3.6. Beneficiaries (RA 11199, S8[k])

3.7. Member (RA 11199, S8[r])

3.8. Self-Employed (RA 11199, S8[s])

4. Compulsory Coverage

4.1. Employees and their Employers (RA 11199, S9[a])

4.2. Self-Employed [(a) All self-employed professionals; (b) Partners and single proprietors
of businesses; (c) Actors and actresses, directors, scriptwriters and news
correspondents who do not fall within the definition of the term "employee" in Section
8(d) of RA 11199; (d) Professional athletes, coaches, trainers and jockeys; and (e)
Individual farmers and fishermen] (RA 11199, S9-A)

4.3. OFWs (RA 11199, S9-B)

5. Voluntary Coverage

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 5.1. Spouse of a member who devotes full time to managing the household and family
affairs, but does not engage in other vocation or employment which is subject to
compulsory or mandatory coverage (RA 11199, S9[b])

5.2. OFW upon termination of his/her employment overseas (RA 11199, S9-B[f])

5.3. Covered employee who was separated from employment who continues to pay his/her
contributions (RA 11199, S11)

5.4. Self-employed member who realizes no income in any given month who continues to
pay his/her contributions (RA 11199, S11-A)

6. Excluded from coverage

6.1. Excluded employer – Government and any of its political subdivisions, branches or
instrumentalities, including corporations owned or controlled by the Government with
original charter (RA 11199, S8; Const., Art. IXB, S2[1])

6.2. Excluded employees (RA 11199, S8[j])

7. Effective Date of SSS Coverage

7.1. Employer (RA 11199, S10)

7.2. Employee (RA 11199, S10)

7.3. Self-Employed (RA 11199, S10 proviso)

7.4. OFWs (IRR-RA 11199, R15-S4)

8. Effect of Separation from Employment (RA 11199, S11; IRR-RA 11199, R16)

9. Effect of Interruption of Business or Professional Income (RA 11199, S11-A; IRR-RA 11199,
R17)

10. Dependents (RA 11199, S8[e])

11. Beneficiaries (RA 11199, S8[k])

12. Benefits

12.1. Retirement benefits (RA 11199, S12-B; IRR-RA 11199, R21)

Monthly pension (RA 11199, S12[a][b]; IRR-RA 11199, R18)

Additional benefit allowance (RA 11199, S12[c]; IRR-RA 11199, R19)

Dependent’s pension (RA 11199, S12-A; IRR-RA 11199, R20)

12.2. Death benefits (RA 11199, S13; IRR-RA 11199, R22)

12.3. Permanent disability benefits (RA 11199, S13-A; IRR-RA 11199, R23)

12.4. Funeral benefit (RA 11199, S13-B; IRR-RA 11199, R24)

12.5. Sickness benefit (RA 11199, S14[a]; IRR-RA 11199, R25)

12.6. Maternity leave benefit (RA 11199, S14-A; IRR-RA 11199, R26; RA 11210 [105-Day
Expanded Maternity Leave Law] [Note that RA 11199 was approved on February 7,
2019, while RA 11210 was approved on February 20, 2019.])

12.7. Unemployment Insurance or Involuntary Separation Benefits (RA 11199, S14-B; IRR-
RA 11199, R27)

13. Non-Transferability of Benefits (RA 11199, S15; IRR-RA 11199, R28)

14. Exemption from Tax, Legal Process and Lien (RA 11199, S16; IRR-RA 11199, R29)

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15. Fee of Agents, Attorney’s, Etc. (RA 11199, S17; IRR-RA 11199, R30)

16. Employee’s Contributions (RA 11199, S18; IRR-RA 11199, R31)

17. Employer’s Contributions (RA 11199, S19; IRR-RA 11199, R32)

18. Contributions of the Self-Employed Member (RA 11199, S20; IRR-RA 11199, R33)

19. Remittance of Contributions (RA 11199, S22; IRR-RA 11199, R36)

20. Remittance of Contributions of Self-Employed Member (RA 11199, S22-A; IRR-RA 11199,
R37)

21. Method of Collection and Payment Remittance of Contributions (RA 11199, S23; IRR-RA
11199, R38)

22. Employment Records and Reports Remittance of Contributions (RA 11199, S24; IRR-RA
11199, R39)

23. Report and Registration of Self-Employed Member (RA 11199, S24-A; IRR-RA 11199, R40)

24. Penal Clause Remittance of Contributions (RA 11199, S28; IRR-RA 11199, R46)

F. THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM ACT OF 1997 (RA 8291)

1. Powers and Functions of the GSIS (RA 8291, S41)

2. GSIS Board of Trustees, Powers and Functions (RA 8291, S42-43)

3. Definition of Terms

3.1. Employer (RA 8291, S2[c])

3.2. Employee or Member (RA 8291, S2[d])

3.3. Dependents (RA 8291, S2[f])

3.4. Primary beneficiaries (RA 8291, S2[g])

3.5. Secondary beneficiaries (RA 8291, S2[h])

3.6. Compensation (RA 8291, S2[i])

3.7. Gainful occupation (RA 8291, S2[p])

3.8. Disability (RA 8291, S2[q])

3.9. Total disability (RA 8291, S2[r])

3.10. Permanent total disability (RA 8291, S2[s])

3.11. Temporary total disability (RA 8291, S2[t])

3.12. Permanent partial disability (RA 8291, S2[u])

4. Compulsory Membership (RA 8291, S3)

4.1. All government personnel, whether elective or appointive, irrespective of status of

appointment, provided they are receiving fixed monthly compensation and have not
reached the mandatory age of 65 years, are compulsorily covered as members of the
GSIS and shall be required to pay contributions. (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S2.1)

4.2. An employee who is already beyond the mandatory age of 65 shall be compulsorily
covered and be required to pay both the life and retirement premiums under the
following situations: (1) An elective official who at the time of election to public office is
below 65 years of age and will be 65 years or more at the end of his term of office,
including the period/s of his re-election to public office thereafter without interruption.
(2) Appointive officials who, before reaching the mandatory age of 65, are appointed

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 to government position by the President of the Republic of the Philippines and shall
remain in government service at age beyond 65. (3) Contractual employees including
casuals and other employees with an employee-government agency relationship are
also compulsorily covered, provided they are receiving fixed monthly compensation
and rendering the required number of working hours for the month. (IRR-RA 8291, RII-
S2.2, 2.3)

4.3. Classes of membership (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S2.4 [type and status])

4.4. Effectivity of membership (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S5)

4.5. Effect of separation from the service (RA 8291, S4)

5. Exclusion from Compulsory Coverage (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S3)

5.1. Uniformed personnel of the AFP, PNP, BFP and BJMP (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S3.1.1)

5.2. Barangay and sanggunian officials who are not receiving fixed monthly compensation
(IRR-RA 8291, RII-S3.1.2)

5.3. Contractual employees who are not receiving fixed monthly compensation (IRR-RA
8291, RII-S3.1.3)

5.4. Employees who do not have monthly regular hours of work and are not receiving fixed
monthly compensation (IRR-RA 8291, RII-S3.1.4)

6. Sources of Funds

6.1. Contributions (RA 8291, S5)

6.2. Collection and remittance of contributions (RA 8291, S6)

6.3. Interest on delayed remittances (RA 8291, S7)

6.4. Government guarantee (RA 8291, S8)

7. Dependents (RA 8291, S2[f], in relation to S2[p] on gainful occupation)

8. Beneficiaries – Primary and Secondary (RA 8291, S2[g][h])

9. Benefits

9.1. Compulsory Life Insurance Policy under the Life Endowment Policy (LEP) (IRR-RA
8291, RIV-S18; RA 8291, S24)

9.2. Compulsory Life Insurance Benefit under the Enhanced Life Policy (ELP) (IRR-RA
8291, RIV-S19; RA 8291, S24)

9.3. Retirement Benefits (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S20; RA 8291, S13, 13-A, 14)

9.4. Separation Benefit (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S21; RA 8291, S11)

9.5. Unemployment Benefit (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S22; RA 8291, S12)

9.6. Disability Benefits (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S23; RA 8291, S15-19)

9.7. Survivorship Benefits (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S24; RA 8291, S20-22)

9.8. Funeral Benefits (IRR-RA 8291, RIV-S25; RA 8291, S23)

10. Adjudication of Claims and Disputes (IRR-RA 8291, RV)

10.1. Prescription (RA 8291, S28)

10.2. Facility of payment (RA 8291, S29)

10.3. Settlement of disputes (RA 8291, S30)

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 10.4. Appeals (RA 8291, S31)

10.5. Execution of decision (RA 8291, S32)

10.6. Oaths, Witnesses, and Production of Records (RA 8291, S33)

11. Penal Provisions (RA 8291, S52)

G. LIMITED PORTABILITY LAW (RA 7699)

1. Policy (RA 7699, S1)

2. Definition of Terms

2.1. Contributions (RA 7699, S2[a])

2.2. Portability (RA 7699, S2[b])

2.3. Sector (RA 7699, S2[c])

2.4. System (RA 7699, S2[d])

2.5. Totalization (RA 7699, S2[e])

3. Creditable Services (IRR-RA 7699, RIII-S1[f])

4. Totalization (IRR-RA 7699, RV)

PART VI
LABOR RELATIONS

A. POLICY, FORMULATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

§ Associacion de Agricultores de Talisay-Silay, Inc. v. Talisay-Silay Milling Co., Inc., G.R.
No. L-19937, February 19, 1979
§ PAL v. PALEA, G.R. No. L-24626, June 28, 1974
§ National Service Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. L-69870, November 29, 1988

1. Legal Basis

1.1. 1987 Constitution (Art. II, S18; Art. III, S1, 8, 11, 16 & 18[2]; Art. IXB, S2[1][5]; Art. XII,
S12; Art. XIII, S1, 2, 3, 13 & 14)

1.2. Labor Code (Arts. 3, 218 [211] & 290 [275], as amended by RA 10395)

2. Statutory Source and Interpretation

§ B.F. Goodrich Philippines, Inc. v. B.F. Goodrich (Marikina Factory) Confidential &
Salaried Employees Union-NATU, G.R. Nos. L-34069-70, February 28, 1973
§ Caltex Filipino Managers and Supervisors Association v. CIR, G.R. Nos. L-30632-33,
April 11, 1972

3. Definition (Labor Code, Art. 219 [212]; Implementing Rules and Regulations [IRR] of Book V of
the Labor Code, BVRIS1 [Note: IRR under DO 40-03, as amended by A-I & DO 40J-22])

3.1. Employer and employee (Labor Code, Art. 219(e)(f) [212])

§ Feati University v. Bautista, G.R. No. L-21278, December 27, 1966

3.2. Labor organization and legitimate labor organization (Labor Code, Art. 219(g)(h) [212])
§ Air Line Pilots Association of the Philippines v. CIR, 76 SCRA 274 (1977)
§ Lopez Sugar Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 247 SCRA 1 (1995)

3.3. Labor dispute (Labor Code, Art. 219(l) [212])

Definition
§ San Miguel Corp. Employees Union-PTGWO v. Bersamira, 186 SCRA 496 (1990)
§ Gold City Integrated Port Service, Inc. v. NLRC, 245 SCRA 627 (1995)

Test for determining labor dispute

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 § Radio Communications of the Phil. v. Phil. Communications Electronics & Electricity
Workers’ Federation, 65 SCRA 82 (1975)

4. Labor Relations Policy

4.1. Dispute settlement methodology (Labor Code, Art. 218(a) [211])

4.2. Collective bargaining

§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, G.R. No. L-54334, January 22, 1986

4.3. Trade unionism (Labor Code, Arts. 218(b)(c) [211], 219(g) [212])

4.4. Worker enlightenment (Labor Code, Arts. 218(d) [211], 250(p) [241] on rights and
conditions of membership in a labor organization, 292(a) [277] on miscellaneous
provisions; IRR, BVRXXS1-3)
§ Davao Integrated Port and Stevedoring Services Corporation v. Olvida, 210 SCRA 553
(1992)
§ Victoria v. Inciong, 157 SCRA 339 (1988)

4.5. Machinery dispute settlement (Labor Code, Art. 218(e) [211])

4.6. Industrial peace (Labor Code, Arts. 218(f) [211], 288(a)(i) [273] on study of labor
management relations)

4.7. Worker participation in decision-making (Labor Code, Arts. 218(g) [211], 292(g) [277]
on miscellaneous provisions)

4.8. Wage fixing (Labor Code, Arts. 218(b) [211], 278(g) [263] on strikes, picketing &
lockouts)

4.9. Labor injunction (Labor Code, Arts. 266 [254] on injunction prohibited, 255(e) [218] on
powers of the commission, 281 [266] on requirement for arrest & detention)
§ Caltex Filipino Managers and Supervisors Association v. CIR, G.R. Nos. L-30632-33,
April 11, 1972

4.10. Tripartism (Labor Code, Art. 290(a)(b) [275])

PART VII
RIGHT TO SELF-ORGANIZATION

A. LEGAL BASIS

1. 1987 Constitution (Art. III, S8; Art. XIII, S3)

2. Statutory (Labor Code, Arts. 253 [243], 254 [244] & 255 [245]; RA 10911 [Anti-Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 2016])
§ Vassar Industries Employees Union v. Estrella, 82 SCRA 280 (1978)
§ Singer Sewing Machine Company v. Drilon, 193 SCRA 182 (1991)
§ Metrolab Industries, Inc. v. Roldan-Confesor, 254 SCRA 182 (1996)

B. EXTENT AND SCOPE OF RIGHT

1. Non-Abridgement of Right to Self-Organization (Labor Code, Art. 257 [246])

§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, 772 SCRA 613 (2015)
§ Reyes v. Trajano, 209 SCRA 484 (1992)
§ General Rubber and Footwear Corporation v. BLR, 155 SCRA 283 (1987)
§ Knitjoy Manufacturing, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 214 SCRA 174 (1992)
§ Katipunan ng mga Manggagawa sa Daungan v. Ferrer-Calleja, 278 SCRA 531 (1997)
§ Pan American World Airways, Inc. v. Pan American Employees Association, 27 SCRA
1202 (1969)
§ Union of Supervisors (RB) NATU v. Secretary of Labor, 128 SCRA 442 (1984)
§ Mendoza v. Officers of Manila Water Employees Union, 781 SCRA 631 (2016)

C. PERSONS WHO CAN EXERCISE THE RIGHT

1. All Persons Employed in Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Enterprises (Labor Code, Art.
253 [243])

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 § Alliance of Nationalist and Genuine Labor Org. v. Samahan ng mga Manggagawang
Nagkakaisa sa Manila Bay Spinning Mills, 258 SCRA 371 (1996)
§ Bautista v. Inciong, 158 SCRA 665 (1988)
§ Kapatiran sa Meat and Canning Division v. Ferrer-Calleja, 162 SCRA 367 (1988)

2. Employees in Religious, Charitable, Medical, or Educational Institutions, Whether Operating

for Profit or Not (Labor Code, Art. 253 [243])
§ FEU-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, Inc. v. Trajano, 152 SCRA 725 (1987)
§ Kapatiran sa Meat and Canning Division v. Ferrer-Calleja, 162 SCRA 367 (1988)

3. Employees of Government Corporations Established Under the Corporation Code (Const., Art.
IXB, S2[1]; Labor Code, Arts. 6, 254 [244])
§ PNOC-EDC v. Leogardo, 175 SCRA 26 (1989)
§ LRTA v. Venus, Jr., 485 SCRA 361 (2006)
§ Alejandrino v. COA, 925 SCRA 403 (2019)
§ GSIS Family Bank Employees Union v. Villanueva, 891 SCRA 206 (2019)

4. Supervisors Only (Labor Code, Arts. 219(m) [212], 255 [245] & 256 [245-A])

4.1. Test to determine supervisory status

§ De La Salle University Medical Center and College of Medicine v. Laguesma, 294
SCRA 141 (1998)
§ Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., 559 SCRA 386 (2008)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines
for Empowerment and Reforms v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation, 645
SCRA 538 (2011)
§ Filoil Refinery Corporation v. Filoil Supervisory & Confidential Employees Association,
46 SCRA 512 (1972)
§ Philippine Phosphate Fertilizer Corp. v. Torres, 231 SCRA 335 (1994)
§ Pagkakaisa ng mga Manggagawa sa Triumph Int’l.-United Lumber and General
Workers of the Phils. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 181 SCRA 119 (1990)
§ Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines v. Laguesma, 330 SCRA 295 (2000)

5. Aliens with Valid Permit Issued by DOLE, and Nationals of a Country which Grant the Same or
Similar Rights to Filipino Workers (Labor Code, Art. 284 [269])

6. Working Children (PD 603 [The Child and Youth Welfare Code], Art. 111; RA 10911 [Anti-Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 2016], Sec. 5[c])

7. Security Guards (DOLE DO 150-016, S6[e] – Revised Guidelines Governing the Employment
and Working Conditions of Security Guards and Other Private Security Personnel in the Private
Security Industry)
§ United Pepsi-Cola Supervisory Union (UPSU) v. Laguesma, 288 SCRA 15 (1998)

8. Employees of Cooperatives Who are Not Members/Owners Thereof

§ Cooperative Rural Bank of Davao City, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 165 SCRA 725 (1988)
§ Central Negros Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Sec. of DOLE, 201 SCRA 584 (1991)

9. Employees of Contractors/Subcontractors (DOLE DO 174-17, S10[e] – Rules Implementing

Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code, As Amended)

10. Workers Who May Form Labor Organizations for Their Mutual Aid and Protection (Labor Code,
Art. 253 [last sentence] [243])

11. Public Sector Employees (EO 292, Book V, Title I, Subtitle A, Chapter 6, S38[1] [All government
employees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations with original
charters, can form, join or assist employees’ organizations of their own choosing for the
furtherance and protection of their interests. They can also form, in conjunction with appropriate
government authorities, labor-management committees, work councils and other forms of
workers’ participation schemes to achieve the same objectives.])

D. PERSONS WHO CANNOT EXERCISE THE RIGHT

1. Managerial Employees (Labor Code, Arts. 255 [245] & 82)

§ Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines v. Laguesma, 330 SCRA 295 (2000)
§ United Pepsi-Cola Supervisory Union v. Laguesma, 288 SCRA 15 (1998)
§ Southern Philippines Federation of Labor v. Calleja, 172 SCRA 676 (1989)
§ Philtranco Service Enterprises v. BLR, 174 SCRA 388 (1989)

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 § Golden Farms, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 175 SCRA 471 (1989)
§ Pier 8 Arrastre & Stevedoring Services, Inc. v. Roldan-Confesor, 241 SCRA 294 (1995)
§ San Miguel Corp. Supervisors and Exempt Employees Union v. Laguema, 277 SCRA
370 (1997)
§ Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 312 SCRA 104 (1999)

2. Confidential Employees

2.1. Criteria
§ Tunay na Pagkakisa ng Manggagawa sa Asia Brewery v. Asia Brewery, Inc., 626
SCRA 376 (2010)
§ San Miguel Corp. Supervisors and Exempt Employees Union v. Laguema, 277 SCRA
370 (1997)

2.2. Doctrine of Necessary Implication as legal basis for ineligibility

§ Standard Chartered Bank Employees Union v. Standard Chartered Bank, 552 SCRA
284 (2008)
§ Chua v. CSC, 206 SCRA 65 (1992)

2.3. When allowed

§ Southern Philippines Federation of Labor v. Calleja, 172 SCRA 676 (1989)
§ Filoil Refinery Corporation v. Filoil Supervisory & Confidential Employees Association,
46 SCRA 512 (1972)
§ San Miguel Corp. Supervisors and Exempt Employees Union v. Laguema, 277 SCRA
370 (1997)

3. Employees of Cooperatives Who are Members/Owners Thereof

§ Cooperative Rural Bank of Davao City, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 165 SCRA 725 (1988)
§ Central Negros Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Sec. of DOLE, 201 SCRA 584 (1991)

4. Non-Employees (Labor Code, Art. 253 [243])

§ Singer Sewing Machine Company v. Drilon, 193 SCRA 182 (1991)
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, 772 SCRA 613 (2015)

E. PARTY PROTECTED BY RIGHT

§ Mactan Workers Union v. Aboitiz, 45 SCRA 577 (1972)

F. SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF RIGHT (Labor Code, Arts. 257 [246], 259 [248], 260 [249],
303 [288] & 304 [289])

PART VIII
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS

A. POLICY, RATIONALE, MIXED MEMBERSHIP (Labor Code, Art. 218(b)(c)(g) [211])

§ Mactan Workers Union v. Aboitiz, 45 SCRA 577 (1972)
§ Guijarno v. CIR, 52 SCRA 307 (1973)
§ Heirs of Teodolo M. Cruz v. CIR, 30 SCRA 917 (1969)
§ United Seamen's Union of the Phil. v. Davao Shipowners Association, 20 SCRA 1226
(1967)

1. Definition (Labor Code, Art. 219(g)(h)(i) [212]; IRR, BVRIS1[x][dd][ee][ll][ccc])

§ Air Line Pilots Association of the Philippines v. CIR, 76 SCRA 274 (1977)
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, 772 SCRA 613 (2015)

2. Legitimate Labor Organization [DOLE registration as basis]

§ Cebu Seamen's Association, Inc. v. Ferrer-Calleja, 212 SCRA 50 (1992)
§ Progressive Development Corporation v. Secretary, DOLE, 205 SCRA 802 (1992)

3. Mixed Membership (Labor Code, Art. 256 [245-A]; IRR, BVRXIVS6)

§ Republic v. Kawashima Textile Mfg., Philippines, Inc., 559 SCRA 386 (2008)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Charter Chemical Solidarity of Unions in the Philippines
for Empowerment and Reforms v. Charter Chemical and Coating Corporation, 645
SCRA 538 (2011)

B. ESTABLISHMENT AND REGISTRATION

1. Modes of Establishing a Labor Organization–Independent Registration and Chartering of Local

Chapter/Chartered Local (Labor Code, Arts. 240 [234] & 241 [234-A])

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 1.1. Only a duly registered federation or national union may create a local chapter/chartered
local (Labor Code, Art. 241 [234-A]; IRR, BVRIIS1E)

1.2. Trade union center not allowed to charter a local chapter/chartered local
§ San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-Phil. Transport and General Workers Org.
v. San Miguel Packaging Products Employees Union-Pambansang Diwa ng
Manggagawang Pilipino, 533 SCRA 125 (2007)

2. Registration of Labor Organizations (Labor Code, Arts. 240 [234], 241 [234-A] & 244 [237];
IRR, BVRIII&IV)

2.1. Where to file, requirements and rationale (Labor Code, Arts. 240 [234] & 241 [234-A];
IRR, BVRIIIS1-2, BVRIVS1-3)
§ Progressive Development Corporation v. Secretary, DOLE, 205 SCRA 802 (1992)
§ Phoenix Iron and Steel Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 244 SCRA
173 (1995)
§ Protection Technology, Inc. v. Secretary, DOLE, 242 SCRA 99 (1995)
§ San Miguel Foods, Inc.-Cebu B-Meg Feed Plant v. Laguesma, 263 SCRA 68 (1996)
§ San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-Phil. Transport and General Workers Org.
v. San Miguel Packaging Products Employees Union-Pambansang Diwa ng
Manggagawang Pilipino, 533 SCRA 125 (2007)

2.2. Action on application, denial of registration, and appeal (Arts. 242 [235] & 243 [236];
IRR, BVRIVS4-7)
§ Vassar Industries Employees Union v. Estrella, 82 SCRA 280 (1978)

2.3. Effect of registration (IRR, BVRIVS8)

§ San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-Phil. Transport and General Workers Org.
v. San Miguel Packaging Products Employees Union-Pambansang Diwa ng
Manggagawang Pilipino, 533 SCRA 125 (2007)
§ Pambansang Kapatiran Ng Mga Anak Pawis Sa Formey Plastic National Workers
Brotherhood v. Secretary of Labor, 253 SCRA 96 (1996)
§ Furusawa Rubber Philippines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 282
SCRA 635 (1997)

2.4. Effect of non-registration

§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)
§ Tropical Hut Employees' Union-CGW v. Tropical Hut Food Market, Inc., 181 SCRA 173
(1990)
§ Progressive Development Corporation v. Secretary, DOLE, 205 SCRA 802 (1992)
§ Lakas ng Manggagawang Makabayan v. Marcelo Enterprises, 118 SCRA 422 (1982)

3. Affiliation (IRR, BVRIS1[b] & BVRIIIS6-7)

§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)

4. Merger or Consolidation (IRR, BVRIIIS8-12, BVRIVS10)

5. Reporting Requirements of Labor Unions and Workers Associations (Labor Code, Art. 252
[242-A]; IRR, BVRVS1)

C. CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION (Labor Code, Arts. 245 [238], 246 [238-A], 247 [239] &
248 [239-A]; IRR, BVRXIV)
§ Alliance of Democratic Free Labor Organization v. Laguesma, 254 SCRA 565 (1996)
§ National Union of Bank Employees v. Minister of Labor, 110 SCRA 274 (1981)
§ Tablante-Tungol Enterprises v. Noriel, 84 SCRA 738 (1978)

1. Procedure and Grounds

1.1. Where to file, and who may file (IRR, BVRXIVS1-2)

1.2. Grounds for cancellation (IRR, BVRXIVS3)

1.3. Voluntary cancellation of registration (IRR, BVRXIVS4)

1.4. Action on the petition/application (IRR, BVRXIVS5)

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 1.5. Prohibited grounds for cancellation of registration (Labor Code, Art. 256 [245-A]; IRR,
BVRXIVS6)

D. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF UNION – PROHIBITION AND REGULATION (Labor Code,

Arts. 284 [269], 285 [270] & 286 [271])

E. RIGHT TO UNION MEMBERSHIP

1. Right Not Absolute (Labor Code, Art. 250(e) [241])

§ Local 7, Press & Printing Free Workers v. Tabigne, G.R. No. 16093, November 29,
1960
§ Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers’ Union, 59 SCRA 54 (1974)
§ Basa v. Federacion Obrera de la Industria Tabaquera y Otros Trabajadores de
Filipinas, 61 SCRA 93 (1974)
§ Dela Salle University v. Dela Salle University Employees Association, 330 SCRA 363
(2000)

2. Right Acquired From First Day of Employment (Labor Code, Art. 292(c) [277])

3. Inapplicability to Non-Employees (Labor Code, Art. 253 [243])

§ Singer Sewing Machine Company v. Drilon, 193 SCRA 182 (1991)

F. UNION-MEMBER RELATIONS (Labor Code, Arts. 250 [241] & 249 [240])

1. Union Constitution
§ UST Faculty Union v. Bitonio, Jr., 318 SCRA 185 (1999)

2. Nature of Relationship
§ Heirs of Teodolo M. Cruz v. CIR, 30 SCRA 917 (1969)

3. Admission and Discipline

3.1. Admission
§ Salanga v. CIR, 21 SCRA 216 (1967)

3.2. Right to discipline

§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)

3.3. Due process rule

§ Bugay v. Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa sa Manila Railroad Company, 4 SCRA 487
(1962)

4. Election of Officers of Labor Unions and Workers Associations (Labor Code, Art. 250(c)(f)(k)
[241]; IRR, BVRXIIS1-5)

4.1. Voter’s list

§ Tancinco v. Ferrer-Calleja, 157 SCRA 203 (1988)

4.2. Disqualification of candidate

§ Manalad v. Trajano, 174 SCRA 322 (1989)

4.3. Expulsion remedy

§ Kapisanan ng Manggagawang Pinagyakap v. Trajano, 134 SCRA 236 (1985)

4.4. Invalid election

§ Rodriguez v. Director, BLR, 165 SCRA 239 (1988)

5. Major Policy Matters (Labor Code, Art. 250(c) [241])

5.1. Legal counsel

§ Halili v. CIR, 136 SCRA 112 (1985)

5.2. Union funds (Labor Code, Arts. 250(b)(g)(h)(i)(j)(l)(m)(n)(o) [241] & 289 [274])

5.3. Source of payment of attorney’s fees (Labor Code, Arts. 250(o)(n) [241] & 228(b) [222])
§ Pacific Banking Corporation v. Clave, 128 SCRA 112 (1984)

5.4. Examination of books (Labor Code, Art. 250(g)(h)(n)(o) [241])

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 § Duyag v. Inciong, 98 SCRA 522 (1980)

5.5. Deposit of union dues

§ Consolidated Workers Union v. CIR, 27 SCRA 438 (1969)

5.6. Union dues

§ Rodriguez v. Director, BLR, 165 SCRA 239 (1988)

5.7. Source of payment of special assessments

§ Gabriel v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 328 SCRA 247 (2000)

5.8. Mandatory activity (Labor Code, Art. 250(o) [241])

§ Vengco v. Trajano, 173 SCRA 155 (1989)

5.9. CBA negotiation

§ Galvadores v. Trajano, 144 SCRA 138 (1986)

5.10. Union information (Labor Code, Art. 250(p) [241])

5.11. Union officer – obligation

§ Continental Cement Corporation Labor Union v. Continental Cement Corporation, 189
SCRA 134 (1990)

6. Employee Individual Rights

§ Aldovino v. NLRC, 298 SCRA 526 (1998)

6.1. Enforcement and remedies (Labor Code, Art. 250 (last par.) [241]; IRR, BVRXI)

6.2. Test for existence of rights

§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)

6.3. Jurisdiction – exhaustion of internal remedies

§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)

6.4. Remedies
§ Kapisanan ng Manggagawang Pinagyakap v. Trajano, 134 SCRA 236 (1985)

6.5. Invalidity
§ Rodriguez v. Director, BLR, 165 SCRA 239 (1988)

G. AFFILIATION (IRR, BVRIS1[b] & BVRIIIS6-7)

1. Purpose/Nature of Relations

1.1. Nature of relationship

§ Sugbuanon Rural Bank, Inc. v. Laguesma, 324 SCRA 425 (2000)

1.2. Effect on legal personality

§ St. Luke’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Torres, 223 SCRA 779 (1993)
§ Pambansang Kapatiran Ng Mga Anak Pawis Sa Formey Plastic National Workers
Brotherhood v. Secretary of Labor, 253 SCRA 96 (1996)
§ Malayang Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa M. Greenfield v. Ramos, 326 SCRA 428
(2000)

2. Supervisor – Rank and File Union Affiliation

2.1. Rule on affiliation

§ Atlas Lithographic Services, Inc. v. Laguesma, 205 SCRA 12 (1992)
§ Adamson & Adamson, Inc. v. CIR, 127 SCRA 268 (1984)

2.2. Local union disaffiliation/Nature of right of disaffiliation

§ Volkschel Labor Union v. BLR, 137 SCRA 42 (1985)

2.3. Rules on legality of act of disaffiliation

§ Ferrer v. NLRC, 224 SCRA 410 (1993)
§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)
§ Liberty Cotton Mills Workers Union v. Liberty Cotton Mills, Inc., 66 SCRA 512 (1975)
§ Philippine Skylanders, Inc. v. NLRC, 375 SCRA 369 (2002)

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 2.4. Minority disaffiliation
§ Philippine Labor Alliance Council v. BLR, 75 SCRA 162 (1977)

2.5. Period
§ Alliance of Nationalist and Genuine Labor Org. v. Samahan ng mga Manggagawang
Nagkakaisa sa Manila Bay Spinning Mills, 258 SCRA 371 (1996)

PART IX
APPROPRIATE BARGAINING UNIT

A. LEGAL BASIS AND DEFINITION

§ Belyca Corporation v. Ferrer-Calleja, 168 SCRA 184 (1988)
§ International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, 333 SCRA 13 (2000)
§ Sta. Lucia East Commercial Corporation v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 596
SCRA 92 (2009)

B. DETERMINATION OF APPROPRIATE BARGAINING UNIT

1. Factors – Unit Determination

1.1. In General
§ UP v. Ferrer-Calleja, 211 SCRA 451 (1992)
§ International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, 333 SCRA 13 (2000)

1.2. Will of employees (Globe Doctrine)

§ Mechanical Dept. Labor Union sa Phil. National Railways v. CIR, 24 SCRA 925 (1968)
§ Democratic Labor Association v. Cebu Stevedoring Company, Inc., G.R. No. 10321,
February 28, 1958

1.3. Affinity and unity of the employees' interest, such as substantial similarity of work and
duties, or similarity of compensation and working conditions (Substantial Mutual
Interests Rule)
§ San Miguel Corporation v. Laguesma, 236 SCRA 595 (1994)
§ San Miguel Corp. Supervisors and Exempt Employees Union v. Laguema, 277 SCRA
370 (1997)
§ UP v. Ferrer-Calleja, 211 SCRA 451 (1992)
§ St. James School of Quezon City v. Samahang Manggagawa sa St. James School of
Quezon City, 476 SCRA 12 (2005)

1.4. Prior collective bargaining history

§ San Miguel Corporation v. Laguesma, 236 SCRA 595 (1994)

1.5. Similarity of employment status

§ Belyca Corporation v. Ferrer-Calleja, 168 SCRA 184 (1988)

1.6. Corporate entities

§ Indophil Textile Mill Workers Union v. Calica, 205 SCRA 697 (1992)

1.7. Management
§ Philippine Scout Veterans Security and Investigation Agency v. Torres, 224 SCRA 682
(1993)

2. Size of Unit and Effect on Self-Organization

2.1. Unit scope and self-organization

§ Filoil Refinery Corporation v. Filoil Supervisory & Confidential Employees Association,
46 SCRA 512 (1972)

2.2. Supervisor unit

§ Negros Oriental Electric Cooperative 1 v. Secretary of the DOLE, 357 SCRA 668
(2001)

3. Effect of Prior Agreements

3.1. Non-parties effect

§ General Rubber and Footwear Corporation v. BLR, 155 SCRA 283 (1987)

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 § Dela Salle University v. Dela Salle University Employees Association, 330 SCRA 363
(2000)

4. Determining Agency (Labor Code, Arts. 232 [226] & 267 [255])

4.1. Agency and finality of order

§ Filoil Refinery Corporation v. Filoil Supervisory & Confidential Employees Association,
46 SCRA 512 (1972)

PART X
DETERMINATION OF REPRESENTATION STATUS

A. LEGAL BASIS (Labor Code, Arts. 219(j) [212], 267 [255], 268 [256], 269 [257], 270 [258], 271
[258-A] & 272 [259]; IRR, BVRIS1[i][u][tt][uu] & BVRVI-X)

B. POLICY (IRR, BVRVIS1)

C. MODES OF DETERMINING AN EXCLUSIVE BARGAINING AGENT (IRR, BVRVIS2)

1. Request for Sole and Exclusive Bargaining Agent (SEBA) Certification (IRR, BVRVIS2 &
BVRVII) [Note: BVRVII, as amended by DO 40J-22]

1.1. Organized establishment (IRR, BVRIS1[mm])

1.2. Who may file (IRR, BVRVIIS1)

1.3. Requirements for request of SEBA certification (IRR, BVRVIIS2)

1.4. Action on the request (IRR, BVRVIIS3)

1.5. Request for certification in unorganized establishment with only one (1) legitimate labor
organization; valid proceedings; action on the submission (IRR, BVRVIIS4,4.1)

2. Certification Election (Labor Code, Arts. 268 [256], 269 [257], 270 [258], 271 [258-A] & 272
[259]; IRR, BVRIS1[i], BVRVIS2 & BVRVIII-IX)

2.1. Definition (IRR, BVR1S1(i)

2.2. Nature and Purpose

§ PALEA v. Ferrer-Calleja, G.R. No. 76673, June 22, 1988
§ Federation Obrera de la Industria Tabaquera y Otros Trabajadores de Filipinas v.
Noriel, 72 SCRA 24 (1976)
§ Confederation of Citizens Labor Union v. Noriel, 116 SCRA 694 (1982)
§ Trade Unions of the Philippines v. Laguesma, 233 SCRA 565 (1994)
§ Heritage Hotel Manila v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 730 SCRA 400 (2014)
§ Associated Labor Unions v. Ferrer-Calleja, 175 SCRA 490 (1989)
§ National Federation of Labor v. The Secretary of Labor, 287 SCRA 599 (1998)

2.3. Who may file (Labor Code, Arts. 241 [234-A], 268 [256], 269 [257] & 270 [258]; IRR,
BVRVIIIS1)
§ Progressive Development Corp.-Pizza Hut v. Laguesma, 271 SCRA 593 (1997)
§ Tagaytay Highlands International Golf Club Incorporated v. Tagaytay Highlands
Employees Union-PTGWO, 395 SCRA 699 (2003)

2.4. Where to file (IRR, BVRVIIIS2)

2.5. When to file (IRR, BVRVIIIS3)

2.6. Certification election in unorganized establishment (Labor Code, Art. 269 [257])
§ Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company v. Lepanto Capataz Union, 691 SCRA 11
(2013)

2.7. Certification election in organized establishment (Labor Code, Art. 268 [256]);
Requisites: (1) Filing of PCE within the 60-day freedom period; (2) PCE must be
verified; and (3) PCE should be supported by written consent of at least 25% of all
employees in the CBU
§ Trade Unions of the Philippines v. Laguesma, 233 SCRA 565 (1994)
§ Phil. Association of Free Labor Unions v. Ferrer-Calleja, 169 SCRA 491 (1989)

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 § Samahang Manggagawa Ng Pacific Mills, Inc. v. Noriel, 134 SCRA 152 (1985)
§ Atlas Free Workers Union—PSSLU Local v. Noriel, 104 SCRA 565 (1981)
§ Federation of Free Workers v. Noriel, 86 SCRA 132 (1978)
§ National Mines and Allied Workers Union v. Luna, 83 SCRA 607 (1978)
§ California Manufacturing Corporation v. Laguesma, 209 SCRA 606 (1992)
§ Eastland Manufacturing Company, Inc. v. Noriel, 111 SCRA 674 (1982)
§ Oriental Tin Can Labor Union v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 294 SCRA 640
(1998)

2.8. Order/Decision on the petition, release within 10 days from last hearing (IRR,
BVRVIIIS14,18)

2.9. Grounds for Denial/Dismissal of PCE (IRR, BVRVIIIS15)

§ Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa Samma-Lakas sa Industriya ng Kapatirang Haligi
ng Alyansa (Samma-Likha) v. Samma Corporation, 581 SCRA 211 (2009)

2.10. Prohibited ground for the denial of the petition (IRR, BVRVIIIS16)

2.11. Ancillary issues (IRR, BVRVIIIS17)

2.12. Appeal, Decision of the Secretary, No motion for reconsideration, implementation not
stayed unless restrained by appropriate court (IRR, BVRVIIIS19-24)

2.13. Effect of consent election (IRR, BVRVIIIS25)

2.14. Effect of early agreements (IRR, BVRVIIIS26)

2.15. When to file; exceptions [bar rules] (IRR, BVRVIIIS3)

Contract-Bar Rule (IRR, BVRVIIIS1)

§ Foamtex Labor Union-Tupas v. Noriel, 72 SCRA 371 (1976)
§ Buklod ng Saulog Transit v. Casalla, et al., G.R. No. 8049, May 9, 1956
§ Associated Trade Unions-ATU v. Noriel, 88 SCRA 96 (1979)
§ Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Employees Union v. Estrella, 81 SCRA 49 (1978)
§ PLDT Employees' Union v. PLDT Co. Free Tel. Workers' Union, 97 Phil. 424 (1955)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Permex v. Secretary of Labor, 286 SCRA 692 (1998)
§ Associated Labor v. Ferrer-Calleja, 175 SCRA 490 (1989)

Statutory Bar Rule (IRR, BVRVIIIS3[a])

Certification Year Bar Rule (IRR, BVRVIIS4.2)

§ Kaisahan ng Manggagawang Pilipino v. Trajano, 201 SCRA 453 (1991)

Negotiations Bar Rule (Labor Code, Art. 261 [250]; IRR, BVRVIIIS3[b])

Bargaining Deadlock Bar Rule (IRR, BVRVIIIS1, S3[c])

§ San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 304 SCRA 1 (1999)
§ Capitol Medical Center Alliance of Concerned Employees-Unified Filipino Service
Workers v. Laguesma, 267 SCRA 503 (1997)
§ Kaisahan ng Manggagawang Pilipino v. Trajano, 201 SCRA 453 (1991)

2.16. Double Majority Rule (Labor Code, Art. 268 [256]; IRR, BVR1S1[r], BVRIXS6 &
BVRIXS16)
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Pacific Plastic v. Laguesma, 267 SCRA 303 (1997)
§ Isaac Peral Bowling Alley v. United Emp. Welfare Assn., et al., 102 Phil. 219 (1957)

2.17. Eligible voters, qualification, inclusion-exclusion (IRR, BVR1S1[r] & BVRIXS6)

§ Yokohama Tire Philippines, Inc. v. Yokohama Employees Union, 539 SCRA 556
(2007)
§ Philippine Fruits and Vegetables Industries, Inc. v. Torres, 211 SCRA 95 (1992)
§ Samahang Manggagawa ng Via Mare v. Noriel, 98 SCRA 507 (1980)

2.18. Casting of votes, spoiled ballot, member of bargaining unit who is unintentionally
omitted in the master list of voters (IRR, BVRIXS10 [last par.] & BVRIS1[ww])
§ Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions v. BLR, G.R. No. 43760, August 21, 1976

2.19. Employer as by-stander (Labor Code, Art. 271 [258-A]; IRR, BVRIXS1)

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 2.20. Posting of notices (IRR, BVRIXS7)

2.21. Procedure in the challenge of votes, on-the-spot questions, protest (IRR, BVRIXS11-
13)
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Pacific Plastic v. Laguesma, 267 SCRA 303 (1997)
§ GOP-CCP Workers Union v. CIR, 93 SCRA 116 (1979)
§ Reyes v. Ople, 89 SCRA 279 (1979)
§ Philippine Fruits and Vegetables Industries, Inc. v. Torres, 211 SCRA 95 (1992)
§ National Federation of Labor v. The Secretary of Labor, 287 SCRA 599 (1998)

2.22. Conduct of election and canvassing (IRR, BVRIXS14-15)

2.23. Certification of collective bargaining agent (IRR, BVRIXS16)

2.24. Failure of election, effect, action on the motion (IRR, BVRIXS17,19-20)

2.25. Proclamation and certification of the results of the election (IRR, BVRIXS21)

2.26. Appeal, Decision of the Secretary, No motion for reconsideration, implementation not
stayed unless restrained by appropriate court (IRR, BVRIXS22-26)

3. Consent Election (IRR, BVRIS1[i], BVRVIS2, BVRVIIIS11,15[d],25 & BVRIXS17-20)

3.1. Nature and Purpose

§ Algire v. De Mesa, 237 SCRA 647 (1994)

3.2. Distinguished from certification election

§ Warren Manufacturing Workers Union v. BLR, 159 SCRA 387 (1988)

4. Run-Off Election (Labor Code, Art. 268 [256]; IRR, BVRIS1[uu], BVRVIS2 & BVRX)

4.1. When proper (IRR, BVRXS1)

4.2. Qualification of voters (IRR, BVRXS2)

5. Re-Run Election (IRR, BVRIS1[tt] & BVRIXS18)

§ Confederation of Citizens Labor Union v. Noriel, 116 SCRA 694 (1982)
§ National Federation of Labor v. The Secretary of Labor, 287 SCRA 599 (1998)

PART XI
RIGHTS OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS

A. LEGAL BASIS (Const., Arts. II, S18 & XIII, S3; Labor Code, Arts. 250 [241], 251 [242] & 292(a)
[277])

B. CHECK OFF, ASSESSMENT, AGENCY FEES

1. Check Off (Labor Code, Arts. 250(g)(n)(o) [241], in relation to 228(b) [222] & 292(a) [277])
§ ABS-CBN Supervisors Employees Union Members v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation, 304 SCRA 489 (1999)
§ Gabriel v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 328 SCRA 247 (2000)
§ Del Pilar Academy v. Del Pilar Academy Employees Union, 553 SCRA 590 (2008)
§ Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. v. Joaquin, 263 SCRA 358 (1996)

2. Assessment (Labor Code, Arts. 250(n)(o) [241], in relation to 228(b) [222] & 259(e) [248])
§ Palacol v. Ferrer-Calleja, G.R. No. 85333, February 26, 1990, 182 SCRA 710
§ Galvadores v. Trajano, G.R. No. 70067, September 15, 1986, 144 SCRA 138
§ Gabriel v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 115949, March 16, 2000, 328
SCRA 247

3. Agency Fees (Labor Code, Arts. 259(e) [3rd sentence] [248], in relation to 250(o) [241]; IRR,
BVRXXVS4
§ ABS-CBN Supervisors Employees Union Members v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation, 304 SCRA 489 (1999)
§ Gabriel v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 328 SCRA 247 (2000)
§ Del Pilar Academy v. Del Pilar Academy Employees Union, 553 SCRA 590 (2008)
§ Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. v. Joaquin, 263 SCRA 358 (1996)
§ Peninsula Employees Union v. Esquivel, 811 SCRA 506 (2016)

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C. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING (Const., Art. XIII, S3; Labor Code, Arts. 261 [250] to 264 [253],
259 [248])

1. Policy (IRR, BXVIS1)

2. Definition
§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)

3. Purpose
§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Incorporated, 547 SCRA 323 (2008)

4. Nature (Non-Adversarial)
§ Caltex Refinery Employees Association v. Brillantes, 279 SCRA 218 (1997)

5. Duty to Bargain Collectively

5.1. Meaning (Labor Code, Art. 263 [252])

§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Guagua National Colleges v. Guagua National Colleges Faculty Labor Union, 796
SCRA 609 (2016)

5.2. Requires existence of employer-employee relationship

§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, 772 SCRA 613 (2015)
§ Allied Free Workers Union v. Compañia Maritima, 19 SCRA 258 (1967)

5.3. Good faith required

§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Incorporated, 547 SCRA 323 (2008)

5.4. Duty to bargain does not include the obligation to reach an agreement
§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Incorporated, 547 SCRA 323 (2008)

5.5. Duty to bargain exists only with the SEBA

§ Lakas ng Manggagawang Makabayan v. Marcelo Enterprises, 118 SCRA 422 (1982)
§ Philippine Diamond Hotel and Resort, Inc. (Manila Diamond Hotel) v. Manila Diamond
Hotel Employees Union, 494 SCRA 195 (2006)

5.6. Violation of duty to bargain constitutes ULP (Labor Code, Arts. 259(g) [248] & 260(c)
[249])
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Ren Transport Corp. v. NLRC (2nd Division), 794 SCRA 498 (2016)

6. Kinds

6.1. Single enterprise bargaining (IRR, BVRXVIS3-4)

6.2. Multi-employer bargaining (IRR, BVRXVIS5-6)

7. Procedure (Labor Code, Art. 261 [250]; IRR, BVRXVIS3-6)

§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Colegio De San Juan De Letran v. Association of Employees and Faculty of Letran,
340 SCRA 587 (2000)

8. Duty to Bargain Collectively in the Absence of CBA (Labor Code, Art. 262 [251])

9. Duty to Bargain Collectively When There Exists a CBA (Labor Code, Art. 264 [253])

9.1. The 60-day Freedom Period

§ Slord Development Corporation v. Noya, 891 SCRA 598 (2019)
§ PICOP Resources, Incorporated v. Tañeca, 627 SCRA 56 (2010)
§ Tanduay Distillery Labor Union v. NLRC, 149 SCRA 470 (1987)
§ FVC Labor Union-Philippine Transport and General Workers Organization v. Sama-
Samang Nagkakaisang Manggagawa sa FVC-Solidarity of Independent and General
Labor Organizations, 606 SCRA 198 (2009)

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 9.2. Automatic Renewal Clause – Pertains only to economic provisions of the CBA/New
CBA only prospective effect/Deemed incorporated in all CBAs/May be invoked by the
employer (Labor Code, Arts. 264 [last sentence] [253] & 253-A [265])
§ PICOP Resources, Incorporated v. Tañeca, 627 SCRA 56 (2010)
§ New Pacific Timber & Supply Company, Inc. v. NLRC, 328 SCRA 404 (2000)
§ Faculty Association of Mapua Institute of Technology v. CA, 524 SCRA 709 (2007)
§ Villar v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 444 (1983)
§ Lopez Sugar Corporation v. Federation of Free Workers, 189 SCRA 179 (1990)

9.3. When proposed CBA may be adopted as the new CBA

§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Divine Word University of Tacloban v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 213 SCRA
759 (1992)

D. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT (CBA)

1. Definition/Policy (IRR, BVRIS1[k], BVRXVI)

§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Iloilo Coca-Cola Plant Employees Labor Union,
888 SCRA 236 (2018)

2. Purpose
§ Rivera v. Espiritu, 374 SCRA 351 (2002)
§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)

3. Construction
§ Rivera v. Espiritu, 374 SCRA 351 (2002)
§ Davao Integrated Port Stevedoring Services v. Abarquez, 220 SCRA 197 (1993)
§ Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. v. Holy Cross of Davao Faculty Union-KAMAPI, 461
SCRA 319 (2005)
§ Supreme Steel Corporation v. Nagkakaisang Manggagawa ng Supreme Independent
Union, 646 SCRA 501 (2011)

4. Nature
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Top Form Manufacturing United Workers of the
Philippines v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 171 (1998)
§ Faculty Association of Mapua Institute of Technology v. CA, 524 SCRA 709 (2007)
§ Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. v. Holy Cross of Davao Faculty Union-KAMAPI, 461
SCRA 319 (2005)
§ Dole Philippines, Inc. v. Pawis ng Makabayang Obrero, 395 SCRA 112 (2003)

5. Binding Effect (Labor Code, Art. 237 [231]; IRR, BVRXVII)

§ Manalang v. Artex Development Co., Inc., 21 SCRA 561 (1967)

6. Standard Stipulations – Economic and Non-Economic Provisions

7. CBA Subjects – Mandatory, Permissive/Voluntary and Illegal Subjects

8. Format – (1) Title, (2) Description of the parties, (3) Preliminary statement of principles, (4)
Description of the bargaining unit, (5) Exclusionary clause, (6) Union security clause, (7)
Management rights and prerogatives, (8) Check-off of union dues, special assessments and
agency fees, (9) Union commitment, (10) Economic and fringe benefits, (11) Grievance
machinery, (12) Voluntary arbitration, (13) Labor-Management Council, (14) No-strike, No-
lockout clause, (15) Family planning, health and safety, cooperative, recreation and sports,
etc., and (16) Waiver and completeness.

9. Employees Entitled to CBA Benefits

9.1. Members of the SEBA

9.2. Non-members of the SEBA but are members of the collective bargaining unit
§ New Pacific Timber & Supply Company, Inc. v. NLRC, 328 SCRA 404 (2000)
§ Philippine Airlines, Incorporated v. Philippine Airlines Employees Association, 548
SCRA 117 (2008)

9.3. Members of the minority union/s who paid agency fees to the SEBA (Labor Code, Art.
259(e) [248])

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 9.4. New employees hired after the conclusion of the CBA and during its effectivity or even
after its expiration (Labor Code, Art. 259(e) [248])
§ New Pacific Timber & Supply Company, Inc. v. NLRC, 328 SCRA 404 (2000)

10. Effect of CBA Stipulation on Wage Orders

§ Capitol Wireless, Inc. v. Bate, 246 SCRA 289 (1995)

11. Effect of Business Losses on Employer’s Financial Commitments in the CBA

§ Benson Industries Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. Benson Industries, Inc., 732 SCRA
318 (2014)
§ Lepanto Ceramics, Inc. v. Lepanto Ceramics Employees Association, 614 SCRA 63
(2010)
§ Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. v. Eastern Telecoms Employees Union,
665 SCRA 516 (2012)

E. PROCEDURE

1. Essential Requisites of Collective Bargaining

1.1. Employer-employee relationship between the employer and members of the

bargaining unit being represented by the SEBA
§ Samahan ng Manggagawa sa Hanjin Shipyard v. BLR, 772 SCRA 613 (2015)
§ Allied Free Workers Union v. Compañia Maritima, 19 SCRA 258 (1967)

1.2. Majority status of the SEBA duly established

§ Lakas ng Manggagawang Makabayan v. Marcelo Enterprises, 118 SCRA 422 (1982)

1.3. Bargaining unit sought to be represented by the SEBA validly constituted and
established

1.4. Lawful written demand to bargain and clear statement of proposal and counter-
proposal (Labor Code, Art. 261 [250])

2. Mandatory Procedure (Labor Code, Arts. 261 [250] & 259(g) [248]; IRR, BVRXVIS3-6)
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Colegio De San Juan De Letran v. Association of Employees and Faculty of Letran,
340 SCRA 587 (2000)
§ Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)

2.1. Collective bargaining can be conducted, and a new CBA may be entered into, during
the effectivity of a temporary suspension of operations
§ San Pedro Hospital of Digos, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 263 SCRA 98 (1996)

3. Steps in the Collective Bargaining Process (Labor Code, Arts. 237 [231], 261 [250], 262 [251],
263 [252], 264 [253] & 265 [253-A]; IRR, BVRXVI to VIII, BVRXXII)

3.1. Preliminary Process

3.2. Negotiation Process (Labor Code, Arts. 261 [250], 262 [251] & 263 [252])

3.3. Execution Process

3.4. Publication Process (Labor Code, Art. 237 [231]; IRR, BVRXVIS7)
§ Associated Trade Unions v. Trajano, 162 SCRA 318 (1988)
§ Associated Labor Union v. Ferrer-Calleja, 173 SCRA 178 (1989)

3.5. Ratification Process (Labor Code, Art. 237 [231])

§ Associated Labor Union v. Ferrer-Calleja, 173 SCRA 178 (1989)
§ Planters Products, Inc. v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 328 (1989)

3.6. Registration Process (Labor Code, Art. 237 [231])

3.7. Administration Process (Labor Code, Art. 265 [253-A])

3.8. Interpretation and Application Process

4. CBA Negotiations

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 4.1. Good faith required
§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Incorporated, 547 SCRA 323 (2008)

4.2. Making a promise during CBA negotiations not indication of bad faith/Proposal not
embodied in the CBA is not part thereof
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Top Form Manufacturing United Workers of the
Philippines (SWTFM-UWP) v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 171 (1998)

4.3. Signing of the CBA negates bad faith, but cannot constitute as waiver of ULP claim
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Top Form Manufacturing United Workers of the
Philippines (SWTFM-UWP) v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 171 (1998)
§ Standard Chartered Bank Employees Union (NUBE) v. Confesor, 432 SCRA 308
(2004)

5. CBA Deadlock (Labor Code, Arts. 259 [248], 260 [249], 261(c) [250], 265 [253-A], 275 [262],
276 [262-A] & 278(c) [263]; IRR, BVRXXII)
§ Divine Word University of Tacloban v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 213 SCRA
759 (1992)
§ San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 304 SCRA 1 (1999)
§ Tabangao Shell Refinery Employees Association v. Pilipinas Shell Petroleum
Corporation, 720 SCRA 631 (2014)

6. CBA Signing Bonus

§ Caltex Refinery Employees Association v. Brillantes, 279 SCRA 218 (1997)

F. CBA ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

1. Grievance Procedure/Dispute Settlement (Labor Code, Art. 273 [260]; IRR, BVRXIX)
§ Caltex Refinery Employees Association v. Brillantes, 279 SCRA 218 (1997)
§ Master Iron Labor Union v. NLRC, 219 SCRA 47 (1993)
§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Santos, Jr., 218 SCRA 415 (1993)

2. Contract Infirmity
§ Associated Labor Union v. Ferrer-Calleja, 173 SCRA 178 (1989)
§ Planters Products, Inc. v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 328 (1989)

3. Effectivity, Duration, Retroactivity and Renewals (Labor Code, Art. 265 [253-A])
§ Lopez Sugar Corporation v. Federation of Free Workers, 189 SCRA 179 (1990)
§ Mindanao Terminal and Brokerage Service, Inc. v. Roldan-Confesor, 272 SCRA 161
(1997)
§ San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-PTGWO v. Confesor, 262 SCRA 81 (1996)
§ Manila Electric Company v. Quisumbing, 326 SCRA 172 (2000) [See Resolution pro
hac vice on retroactivity of new CBA, 337 SCRA 90]
§ Union of Filipro Employees v. NLRC, 192 SCRA 414 (1990)
§ St. Luke’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Torres, 223 SCRA 779 (1993)

4. CBA Applicability to Third Party

§ Sundowner Development Corporation v. Drilon, 180 SCRA 14 (1989)

5. Substitutionary Doctrine
§ Benguet Consolidated, Inc. v. BCI Employees & Workers Union-PAFLU, 23 SCRA 465
(1968)
§ Elisco-Elirol Labor Union (NAFLU) v. Noriel, 80 SCRA 681 (1977)

6. Effect of CBA Expiration

§ New Pacific Timber & Supply Company, Inc. v. NLRC, 328 SCRA 404 (2000)
§ Pier 8 Arrastre & Stevedoring Services, Inc. v. Roldan-Confesor, 241 SCRA 294 (1995)

PART XII
UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE

A. DEFINITION, NATURE, CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTION (Labor Code, Arts. 219(k) [212],
258 [247], 259 [248], 260 [249], 274 [261] & 278(c) [263])
§ Nueva Ecija I Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. NLRC, 323 SCRA 86 (2000)
§ Galaxie Steel Workers Union (GSWU-NAFLU-KMU) v. NLRC, 504 SCRA 692 (2006)

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 § Adamson University Faculty and Employees Union v. Adamson University, 934 SCRA
610 (2020)
§ Caltex Filipino Managers and Supervisors Association v. CIR, 44 SCRA 350 (1972)
§ Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Employees Union v. NLRC, 281 SCRA
509 (1997)

1. Only ULP Not Related to the Exercise of Right to Self-Organization and Observance of
Collective Bargaining (Labor Code, Art. 259(f) [238])
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)
§ Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines, Inc. v. Molon, 691 SCRA 113 (2013)

2. Elements – (1) Employer-employee relationship between the offended party and the offender;
and (2) Act complained of must be expressly mentioned and defined in the Labor Code as ULP

3. Allegation and Burden of Proof

§ Delfin v. Inciong, 192 SCRA 151 (1990)
§ Bankard, Inc. v. NLRC-First Division, 692 SCRA 459 (2013)
§ UST Faculty Union v. University of Santo Tomas, 584 SCRA 648 (2009)

4. Person Liable

4.1. Employer (Labor Code, Arts. 259 [248], except par. (i) involving violation of CBA and
qualified by 274 [261], & 278(c) [263] on union busting)

4.2. Labor Organizations (Labor Code, Art. 260 [249], except par. (f) involving violation of
CBA and qualified by 274 [261])

5. ULPs Common to Both Employers and Labor Organizations

5.1. Restraint, or coercion of employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization

(Labor Code, Arts. 259(a) [248] & 260(a) [249])

5.2. Discrimination committed by the employer in regard to wages, hours of work and other
terms and conditions of employment in order to encourage or discourage membership
in any labor organization and discrimination committed by the labor organization in its
act of causing or attempting to cause an employer to discriminate against an employee
(Labor Code, Arts. 259(e) [248] [first sentence] & 260(b) [249])

5.3. Violation of CBA, when gross in character (Labor Code, Arts. 259(i) [248] & 260(f)
[249])

5.4. Violation of the duty to bargain collectively (Labor Code, Arts. 259(g) [248] & 260(c)
[249])

5.5. Payment by employer of negotiation or attorney’s fees and acceptance thereof by the
union or its officers or agents as party of the settlement of any issue in collective
bargaining or any other dispute (Labor Code, Arts. 259(h) [248] & 260(e) [249])

6. Persons Criminally Liable (Labor Code, Arts. 259 [248] & 260 [249])
§ Itogon-Suyoc Mines, Inc. v. Baldo, 12 SCRA 599 (1964)
§ Lopez v. Chronicle Publications Employees Asso., 12 SCRA 694 (1964)

7. Compromise of ULP Cases

§ National Power Corporation v. National Power Corporation Employees and Workers
Association, 89 SCRA 1 (1979)
§ Reformist Union of R.B. Liner, Inc. v. NLRC, 266 SCRA 713 (1997)

8. Civil Aspect of ULP (Labor Code, Art. 258 [247])

8.1. Jurisdiction of Labor Arbiter; exceptions (Labor Code, Arts. 278 (g) [263] & 279 [264],
and 275 [262])

8.2. Illegally dismissed employee tainted with ULP entitled to moral and exemplary
damages
§ Hacienda Fatima v. National Federation of Sugarcane Workers-Food and General
Trade, 396 SCRA 518 (2003)
§ Nueva Ecija I Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. NLRC, 323 SCRA 86 (2000)

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 § Purefoods Corporation v. Nagkakaisang Samahang Manggagawa ng Purefoods Rank-
and-File, 563 SCRA 471 (2008)
§ Quadra v. CA, 497 SCRA 221 (2006)
§ Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. v. Digitel Employees Union, 683 SCRA
466 (2012)

9. Criminal Aspect of ULP (Labor Code, Arts. 303 [288] & 305 [290], in relation to 224 [217], 275
[262] & 278(g) [263])

B. ULP OF EMPLOYERS (Labor Code, Art. 259 [248])

1. Interference With, Restraint or Coercion of Employees in the Exercise of Their Right to Self-
Organization (Labor Code, Art. 259(a) [248])
§ The Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., Employees Association-NATU v. The Insular Life
Assurance Co., Ltd., 37 SCRA 244 (1971)
§ Republic Savings Bank v. CIR, 21 SCRA 226 (1967)
§ T & H Shopfitters Corporation/Gin Queen Corporation v. T & H Shopfitters
Corporation/Gin Queen Corporation Workers Union, 717 SCRA 410 (2014)
§ Carmelcraft Corporation v. NLRC, 186 SCRA 393 (1990)
§ Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa Bandolino-LMLC v. NLRC, 275 SCRA 633 (1997)
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Hacienda Fatima v. National Federation of Sugarcane Workers-Food and General
Trade, 396 SCRA 518 (2003)
§ De Leon v. NLRC, 358 SCRA 274 (2001)
§ Litex Employees Association v. CIR, 116 SCRA 459 (1982)
§ Velez v. PAV Watchmen’s Union, 107 Phil. 689 (1960)
§ Phil. Steam Navigation Co. v. Phil. Marine Officers Guild, 15 SCRA 174 (1965)
§ Ren Transport Corp. v. NLRC (2nd Division), 794 SCRA 498 (2016)
§ Arellano University Employees and Workers Union v. CA, 502 SCRA 219 (2006)
§ Tunay ns Pagkakisa ng Manggagawa sa Asia Brewery v. Asia Brewery, Inc., 626
SCRA 376 (2010)
§ Bisig Manggagawa sa Tryco v. NLRC, 569 SCRA 122 (2008)
§ Cainta Catholic School v. Cainta Catholic School Employees Union, 489 SCRA 468
(2006)
§ SCIPSI v. Montefalco, Jr., G.R. No. 235569, December 13, 2023 [Jurisdiction of Labor
Arbiter v. Med-Arbiter]

2. Yellow Dog Contract (Labor Code, Art. 259(b) [248])

3. Contracting Out Services or Functions (Labor Code, Art. 259(c) [248]; DO 174-17)
§ Aliviado v. Procter & Gamble Philippines, Inc., 614 SCRA 563 (2010)
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)
§ Bankard, Inc. v. NLRC-First Division, 692 SCRA 459 (2013)
§ Cagayan Electric Power & Light Company, Inc. v. CEPALCO Employee’s Labor Union-
Associated Labor Unions-Trade Union Congress of the Philippines, 794 SCRA 95
(2016)

4. Company Union (Labor Code, Art. 259(d) [248])

§ Oceanic Air Products, Inc. v. CIR, 7 SCRA 208 (1963)
§ Rivera v. Espiritu, 374 SCRA 351 (2002)

5. Discrimination, Union Security Clause, Agency Fee (Labor Code, Art. 259(e) [248])

5.1. Discrimination (Labor Code, Art. 259(e) [first sentence] [248])

§ Sugue v. Triumph International (Phils.), Inc., 577 SCRA 323 (2009)
§ Wise and Co., Inc. v. Wise & Co., Inc. Employees Union, 178 SCRA 536 (1989)
§ Great Pacific Life Employees Union v. Great Pacific Life Assurance Corporation, 303
SCRA 113 (1999)
§ Bondoc v. CIR, 169 SCRA 379 (1989)
§ AHS/Philippines Employees Union (FFW) v. NLRC, 149 SCRA 5 (1987)
§ Manila Railroad Co. v. Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa sa Manila Railroad Co., 11
SCRA 546 (1964)
§ Manila Hotel Company v. CIR, 47 SCRA 88 (1972)
§ AC Ransom Labor Union-CCLU v. NLRC, 150 SCRA 498 (1987)

5.2. Union security clause (Labor Code, Art. 259(e) [second sentence] [248])
§ Victoriano v. Elizalde Rope Workers’ Union, 59 SCRA 54 (1974)

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 § Bank of the Philippine Island v. BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-Federation of
Union in BPI UniBank, 627 SCRA 590 (2010)
§ National Union of Workers in Hotels, Restaurants and Allied Industries-Manila Pavillion
Hotel Chapter v. NLRC, 567 SCRA 291 (2008)
§ Alabang Country Club, Inc. v. NLRC, 545 SCRA 351 (2008)
§ Inguillo v. First Philippine Scales, Inc., 588 SCRA 471 (2009)
§ PICOP Resources, Incorporated v. Tañeca, 627 SCRA 56 (2010)
§ PICOP Resources, Incorporated v. Dequilla, 661 SCRA 732 (2011)
§ Caltex Refinery Employees Association v. Brillantes, 279 SCRA 218 (1997)
§ Confederated Sons of Labor v. Anakan Lumber Co., et al., 107 Phil. 915 (1960)
§ Tanduay Distillery Labor Union v. NLRC, 149 SCRA 470 (1987)
§ General Milling Corporation v. Casio, 615 SCRA 13 (2010)
§ Cariño v. NLRC, 185 SCRA 177 (1990)
§ Rance v. NLRC, 163 SCRA 279 (1988)
§ Liberty Cotton Mills Workers Union v. Liberty Cotton Mills, Inc., 66 SCRA 512 (1975)
§ Malayang Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa M. Greenfield v. Ramos, 326 SCRA 428
(2000)
§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, 154 SCRA 368 (1987)

Closed-shop agreement
§ Del Monte Philippines, Inc. v. Saldivar, 504 SCRA 192 (2006)
§ Victorias Milling Co., Inc. v. Victorias-Manapla Workers Organization-PAFLU, 9 SCRA
154 (1963)
§ Confederated Sons of Labor v. Anakan Lumber Co., et al., 107 Phil. 915 (1960)
§ Guijarno v. CIR, 52 SCRA 307 (1973)
§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, 154 SCRA 368 (1987)

Maintenance of membership agreement

§ Bank of the Philippine Island v. BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-Federation of
Union in BPI UniBank, 627 SCRA 590 (2010)
§ Alabang Country Club, Inc. v. NLRC, 545 SCRA 351 (2008)

Union shop agreement

§ Bank of the Philippine Island v. BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-Federation of
Union in BPI UniBank, 627 SCRA 590 (2010)
§ Alabang Country Club, Inc. v. NLRC, 545 SCRA 351 (2008)

Modified union shop agreement

Exclusive bargaining agent agreement

Bargaining for members only agreement

Agency shop agreement

Preferential hiring agreement

5.3. Agency fee (Labor Code, Art. 259(e) [third sentence] [248]; IRR, BVRXXVS4)
§ ABS-CBN Supervisors Employees Union Members v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation, 304 SCRA 489 (1999)
§ Gabriel v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 328 SCRA 247 (2000)
§ Holy Cross of Davao College, Inc. v. Joaquin, 263 SCRA 358 (1996)
§ Del Pilar Academy v. Del Pilar Academy Employees Union, 553 SCRA 590 (2008)
§ Peninsula Employees Union v. Esquivel, 811 SCRA 506 (2016)

6. Filing of Charges or Giving of Testimony (Labor Code, Art. 259(f) [248])

§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)
§ Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines, Inc. v. Molon, 691 SCRA 113 (2013)
§ Itogon-Suyoc Mines, Inc. v. Baldo, 12 SCRA 599 (1964)
§ Philippine American Cigar & Cigarette Factory Workers Independent Union vs.
Philippine American Cigar & Cigarette Mfg. Co., Inc., 7 SCRA 375 (1963)

7. CBA-related ULPs (Labor Code, Art. 259(g)(h)(i) [248])

Violation of the Duty to Bargain Collectively (Labor Code, Art. 259(g) [248])

7.1. Failure/refusal of employer to give counter-proposal

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 § Kiok Loy v. NLRC, 141 SCRA 179 (1986)
§ General Milling Corp. v. CA, 422 SCRA 514 (2004)
§ Colegio De San Juan De Letran v. Association of Employees and Faculty of Letran,
340 SCRA 587 (2000)
§ Ren Transport Corp. v. NLRC (2nd Division), 794 SCRA 498 (2016)

7.2. Failure of employer to provide updated financial information only when request made
in writing (Labor Code, Art. 251(c) [242])
§ Standard Chartered Bank Employees Union (NUBE) v. Confesor, 432 SCRA 308
(2004)

7.3. Negotiating with union members individually

§ The Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., Employees Association-NATU v. The Insular Life
Assurance Co., Ltd., 37 SCRA 244 (1971)

7.4. Surface bargaining

§ Standard Chartered Bank Employees Union (NUBE) v. Confesor, 432 SCRA 308
(2004)

7.5. Blue-sky bargaining [committed by SEBA]

7.6. Boulwarism [“Take it or leave it” offer]

7.7. Closure of establishment in bad faith

§ St. John Colleges, Inc. v. St. John Academy Faculty and Employees Union, 505 SCRA
764 (2006)
§ Purefoods Corporation v. Nagkakaisang Samahang Manggagawa ng Purefoods Rank-
and-File, 563 SCRA 471 (2008)

Payment of Negotiation Fees or Attorney’s Fees (Labor Code, Arts. 259(h) [248], in relation to
228(b) [222] & 260(e) [249])
§ Pacific Banking Corporation v. Clave, 128 SCRA 112 (1984)

Violation of the CBA (Labor Code, Arts. 259(i) [248], in relation to 260(f) [249] & 274 [261])
§ Guagua National Colleges v. Guagua National Colleges Faculty Labor Union, 796
SCRA 609 (2016)

C. ULP OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS (Labor Code, Art. 260 [249] [Paragraphs (c), (e) & (f) by
SEBA only.]

1. Restraint and Coercion of Employees in the Exercise of Their Right to Self-Organization (Labor
Code, Art. 260(a) [249])
§ Mendoza v. Officers of Manila Water Employees Union, 781 SCRA 631 (2016)
§ Baptista v. Villanueva, 703 SCRA 48 (2013)

2. Discrimination (Labor Code, Art. 260(b) [249])

§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, 154 SCRA 368 (1987)

3. Duty of Union to Bargain Collectively (Labor Code, Art. 260(c) [249])

§ Lakas ng Manggagawang Makabayan v. Marcelo Enterprises, 118 SCRA 422 (1982)

4. Featherbedding (Labor Code, Art. 260(d) [249])

5. Demand or Acceptance of Negotiation Fees or Attorney’s Fees (Labor Code, Art. 260(e) [249])

6. Violation of the CBA (Labor Code, Arts. 260(f) [249], in relation to 259(i) [248] & 274 [261])

PART XIII
PEACEFUL CONCERTED ACTIVITIES

A. LEGAL BASIS (Const., Art. II, S18, Art. III, S4 & 8, Art. XIII, S3, Art. IXB, S2[1][5]; Labor Code,
Arts. 219(l)(o)(p)(r)(s) [212], 267 [255], 278 [263] - 287 [272]; IRR-BV-RXXII [Under DO 40-03,
as amended by A-I & DO 40J-22]; Revised NCMB Manual of Procedures for Conciliation and
Preventive Mediation Cases [2017 Edition], or “NCMB Manual”; NCMB Primer on Strike,
Picketing and Lockout [1995 Edition], or “NCMB Primer”)
§ Hubilla v. HSY Marketing, Ltd., Co., 850 SCRA 372 (2018)
§ Philippine Blooming Mills Employees Organization v. Philippine Blooming Mills Co.,
Inc., 51 SCRA 189 (1973)

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 § Naranjo v. Biomedica Health Care, Inc., 681 SCRA 438 (2012)

B. STRIKE

1. Definition, Elements, and Forms (Labor Code, Art. 219(o) [212]; IRR-BV-RI-S1(xx); NCMB
Manual, RIII-32; NCMB Primer)
§ Gold City Integrated Port Service, Inc. v. NLRC, 245 SCRA 627 (1995)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Sulpicio Lines, Inc.-NAFLU v. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 426
SCRA 319 (2004)
§ Santa Rosa Coca-Cola Plant Employees Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc., 512
SCRA 437 (2007)
§ National Union of Workers in the Hotel Restaurant and Allied Industries (NUWHRAIN-
APL-IUF) Dusit Hotel Nikko Chapter v. CA, 570 SCRA 598 (2008)
§ Solidbank Corporation v. Gamier, 634 SCRA 554 (2010)
§ Fadriquelan v. Monterey Foods Corporation, 651 SCRA 481 (2011)
§ Interphil Laboratories Employees Union-FFW v. Interphil Laboratories, Inc., 372 SCRA
658 (2001)
§ Ilaw at Buklod ng Manggagawa v. NLRC, 198 SCRA 586 (1991)
§ Sukhothai Cuisine and Restaurant v. CA, 495 SCRA 336 (2006)
§ G & S Transport Corporation v. Infante, 533 SCRA 288 (2007)

2. Prohibition on Government Employees (Const., Art. IXB, S2[1]; Labor Code, Arts. 6 & 291
[276])
§ SSSEA v. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)
§ Bangalisan v. CA, 276 SCRA 619 (1997)
§ Jacinto v. CA, 281 SCRA 657 (1997)
§ Acosta v. CA, 334 SCRA 486 (2000)
§ GSIS v. Kapisanan ng mga Manggagawa sa GSIS, 510 SCRA 622 (2006)

3. Nature and Limitations of the Right to Strike (Const., Art. XIII, S3 “…right to strike in accordance
with law”; NCMB Primer, No. 4)
§ Batangas Laguna Tayabas Bus Company v. NLRC, 212 SCRA 792 (1992)
§ Bisig ng Manggagawa sa Concrete Aggregates, Inc. v. NLRC, 226 SCRA 499 (1993)
§ Lapanday Workers Union v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 95 (1995)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Stamford Marketing Corp. v. Julian, 423 SCRA 633 (2004)
§ Piñero v. NLRC, 437 SCRA 112 (2004)
§ Philippine Diamond Hotel and Resort, Inc. (Manila Diamond Hotel) v. Manila Diamond
Hotel Employees Union, 494 SCRA 195 (2006)
§ The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Employees Union v. NLRC, 778
SCRA 17 (2016)

4. Requisites for a Valid Strike

4.1. Grounds – ULP and CBD (Labor Code, Art. 278(c) [263], in relation to Arts. 259 [248]
and 274 [261] on CBA violations which are gross in character; IRR-BV-RXXII-S5;
NCMB Manual, RV-S1)
§ Master Iron Labor Union v. NLRC, 219 SCRA 47 (1993)
§ San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 304 SCRA 1 (1999)
§ San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 403 SCRA 418 (2003)
§ Hotel Enterprises of the Philippines, Inc. (HEPI) v. Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa
Hyatt-National Union of Workers in the Hotel and Restaurant and Allied Industries
(SAMASAH-NUWHRAIN), 588 SCRA 497 (2009)

Union Busting (Labor Code, Art. 278(c) [263])

§ Zamboanga Wood Products, Inc. v. NLRC, 178 SCRA 482 (1989)
§ Pilipino Telephone Corporation v. Pilipino Telephone Employees Association, 525
SCRA 361 (2007)
§ Bulletin Publishing Corporation v. Sanchez, 144 SCRA 628 (1986)
§ Colegio de San Juan de Letran v. Association of Employees and Faculty of Letran, 340
SCRA 587 (2000)
§ Pepsi-Cola Philippines, Inc. v. Molon, 691 SCRA 113 (2013)

4.2. Notice of Strike – Filed before the NCMB (Labor Code, Art. 278(c)(d) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S7; NCMB Manual, RIII-26 & RIV)

Prescribed Form (NCMB Manual, RIV-S1)

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 Contents of Form (IRR-BV-RXXII-S8; NCMB Manual, RIV-S2)

Who may file (IRR-BV-RXXII-S6; NCMB Manual, RIV-S3)

Where to file (NCMB Manual, RIV-S4)

Service of notice (NCMB Manual, RIV-S5)

Action on the notice of strike (IRR-BV-RXXII-S9; NCMB Manual, RIV-S6)

Identification of Issues (NCMB Manual, RV-S2)

Action on strikeable issues (NCMB Manual, RV-S3)

Action on non-strikeable issues (NCMB Manual, RV-S4)

Conversion of notice of strike to preventive mediation (NCMB Manual, RV-S5)

Action on notices involving issue/s cognizable by grievance machinery, VA, or NLRC (NCMB
Manual, RV-S6)

4.3. Request for Conduct of Strike Vote Balloting (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S10; NCMB Manual, RVI-S2)
§ Capitol Medical Center, Inc. v. NLRC, 457 SCRA 235 (2005)

4.4. Strike Vote Balloting (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10; NCMB
Manual, RVI-S1)

4.5. Submission of Strike Vote Report (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10;
NCMB Manual, RVI-S2)
§ National Federation of Sugar Workers v. Ovejera, 114 SCRA 354 (1982)
§ Piñero v. NLRC, 437 SCRA 112 (2004)

4.6. Cooling-off Period (Labor Code, Art. 278(c)(e)(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S7; NCMB
Manual, RVI-S7)
§ CCBPI Postmix Workers Union v. NLRC, 299 SCRA 410 (1998)
§ National Federation of Sugar Workers v. Ovejera, 114 SCRA 354 (1982)
§ Lapanday Workers Union v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 95 (1995)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Gold City Integrated Port Service, Inc. v. NLRC, 245 SCRA 627 (1995)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Sulpicio Lines, Inc.-NAFLU v. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 426
SCRA 319 (2004)

4.7. Strike Ban/7-Day Waiting Period (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10;
NCMB Manual, RVI-S3)
§ CCBPI Postmix Workers Union v. NLRC, 299 SCRA 410 (1998)
§ National Federation of Sugar Workers v. Ovejera, 114 SCRA 354 (1982)
§ Lapanday Workers Union v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 95 (1995)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Gold City Integrated Port Service, Inc. v. NLRC, 245 SCRA 627 (1995)
§ Samahang Manggagawa sa Sulpicio Lines, Inc.-NAFLU v. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 426
SCRA 319 (2004)

Declaration/Conduct of Strike (IRR-BV-RXXII-S11)

Improved Offer Balloting (Labor Code, Art. 280 [265]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S12; NCMB Manual, RVI-
S4)

5. Strikes in Hospitals, Clinics and Similar Medical Institutions (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263];
IRR-BV-RXXII-S17)
§ Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation (FEU-NRMF) v. FEU-
NRMF Employees Association-Alliance of Filipino Workers (FEU-NRMFEA-AFW), 504
SCRA 566 (2006)

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6. Prohibited Acts and Practices (Labor Code, Arts. 278 [263] & 279 [264]; IRR-BV-RXXII; NCMB
Manual; NCMB Primer, No. 16)
§ Toyota Motor Phils. Corp. Workers Association (TMPCWA) v. NLRC, 537 SCRA 171
(2007)
§ Sukhothai Cuisine and Restaurant v. CA, 495 SCRA 336 (2006)
§ Nissan Motor Philippines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 491 SCRA 604
(2006)
§ Filcon Manufacturing Corporation v. Lakas Manggagawa sa Filcon-Lakas
Manggagawa Labor Center, 435 SCRA 209 (2004)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Luzon Marine Department Union v. Roldan, G.R. No. L-2660, May 30, 1950
§ Steel Corporation of The Philippines v. SCP Employees Union-National Federation of
Labor Unions, 551 SCRA 594 (2008)
§ Almeda v. CIR, 97 Phil. 306 (1955)
§ Air Line Pilots Association of the Philippines (Gaston Group) v. CIR, G.R. No. L-33705,
April 15, 1977
§ Malayang Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa M. Greenfield v. Ramos, 326 SCRA 428
(2000)

7. Prohibitions on law enforcement agencies or public officials/employees, armed persons, private

security guards and similar personnel in the private security agency; exception (IRR-BV-RXXII-
S19)

8. Liabilities of Union Officers and Members (Labor Code, Art. 279(a) [3rd par.] [264] “xxx Any
union officer who knowingly participates in an illegal strike and any worker or union officer who
knowingly participates in the commission of illegal acts during a strike may be declared to have
lost his employment status: Provided, That mere participation of a worker in a lawful strike shall
not constitute sufficient ground for termination of his employment, even if a replacement had
been hired by the employer during such lawful strike.”
§ Toyota Motor Phils. Corp. Workers Association (TMPCWA) v. NLRC, 537 SCRA 171
(2007)
§ Sukhothai Cuisine and Restaurant v. CA, 495 SCRA 336 (2006)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Steel Corporation of The Philippines v. SCP Employees Union-National Federation of
Labor Unions, 551 SCRA 594 (2008)
§ Club Filipino, Inc. v. Bautista, 592 SCRA 471 (2009), 745 SCRA 636 (2015)
§ Ramirez v. Polyson Industries, Inc., 806 SCRA 559 (2016)

9. Requirement for Arrest and Detention (Labor Code, Art. 281 [266])

10. Assistance to Labor Organizations [By DOLE and Institute for Labor Studies] (Labor Code,
Arts. 282 [267] & 283 [268])

11. Foreign Activities (Labor Code, Arts. 284 [269] [on Prohibition Against Aliens and Exceptions]
to 286 [271])

12. Penalties/Criminal Prosecution (Labor Code, Art. 287 [272]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S20)

13. Visitorial Power (Labor Code, Art. 289 [274])

14. Miscellaneous Provisions (Labor Code, Art. 292 [277])

C. PICKETING

1. Definition, Nature and Purpose (Labor Code, Art. 278(b) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S13; NCMB
Manual, RIII-27)
§ Phil. Assn. of Free Labor Unions (PAFLU) v. CFI of Rizal, 120 SCRA 1 (1983)
§ Ilaw at Buklod ng Manggagawa v. NLRC, 198 SCRA 586 (1991)
§ Santa Rosa Coca-Cola Plant Employees Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc., 512
SCRA 437 (2007)

2. Picketing and Strike, Distinguished

§ Santa Rosa Coca-Cola Plant Employees Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc., 512
SCRA 437 (2007)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)

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3. Limitations/Prohibited Obstruction of Ingress and Egress (Labor Code, Art. 279 [264]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S13)
§ Sukhothai Cuisine and Restaurant v. CA, 495 SCRA 336 (2006)
§ Santa Rosa Coca-Cola Plant Employees Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc., 512
SCRA 437 (2007)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)

4. Totality of Circumstances Doctrine

§ Santa Rosa Coca-Cola Plant Employees Union v. Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils., Inc., 512
SCRA 437 (2007)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Leyte Geothermal Power Progressive Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. PNOC-EDC,
646 SCRA 658 (2011)

D. LOCKOUT

1. Definition, Elements, and Forms (Labor Code, Art. 219(p) [212]; IRR-BV-RI-S1(hh); NCMB
Manual, RIII-20; NCMB Primer)
§ Association of Independent Unions in the Philippines v. NLRC, 305 SCRA 219 (1999)
§ Complex Electronics Employees Association v. NLRC, 310 SCRA 403 (1999)

2. Requisites for a Valid Lockout

2.1. Grounds – ULP and CBD (Labor Code, Art. 278(c) [263], in relation to Arts. 259 [248]
and 274 [261] on CBA violations which are gross in character; IRR-BV-RXXII-S5;
NCMB Manual, RV-S1)

2.2. Notice of Lockout – Filed before the NCMB (Labor Code, Art. 278(c)(d) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S7; NCMB Manual, RIII-25 & RIV)

2.3. Request for Conduct of Lockout Vote Balloting (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S10; NCMB Manual, RVI-S2)

2.4. Lockout Vote Balloting (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10; NCMB
Manual, RVI-S1)

2.5. Submission of Lockout Vote Report (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10;
NCMB Manual, RVI-S2)

2.6. Cooling-off Period (Labor Code, Art. 278(c)(e)(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S7; NCMB
Manual, RVI-S7)

2.7. Lockout Ban/7-Day Waiting Period (Labor Code, Art. 278(f) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S10;
NCMB Manual, RVI-S3)

3. Consequences of Illegal Lockout

3.1. On Illegally Dismissed Employees (Labor Code, Art. 279(a) [3rd par.] [264])

3.2. When Parties Acted In Pari Delicto

§ Automotive Engine Rebuilders, Inc. (AER) v. Progresibong Unyon ng mga
Manggagawa sa AER, 653 SCRA 738 (2011), 688 SCRA 586 (2013)

4. Prohibited Acts and Practices (Labor Code, Arts. 278 [263] & 279 [264]; IRR-BV-RXXII; NCMB
Manual; NCMB Primer, No. 16)

E. DOLE SECRETARY ASSUMPTION OF JURISDICTION OVER THE LABOR DISPUTE OR

CERTIFY IT TO NLRC FOR COMPULSORY ARBITRATION

1. Legal Basis/Nature of the Power (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S15)
§ Union of Filipro Employees v. Nestlé Philippines, Inc., 192 SCRA 396 (1990)
§ Philtread Workers Union (PTWU) v. Confesor, 269 SCRA 393 (1997)
§ Union of Filipro Employees-Drug, Food and Allied Industries Unions-Kilusang Mayo
Uno v. Nestlé Philippines, Inc., 499 SCRA 521 (2006)

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 § Manila Hotel Employees Association v. Manila Hotel Corporation, 517 SCRA 349
(2007)

2. Prior Notice and Hearing Not Required

§ Capitol Medical Center, Inc. v. Trajano, 462 SCRA 457 (2005)

3. Effect of Assumption of Jurisdiction or Certification (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S15)
§ Union of Filipro Employees v. Nestlé Philippines, Inc., 192 SCRA 396 (1990)
§ Telefunken Semiconductors Employees Union-FFW v. CA, 348 SCRA 565 (2000)
§ Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. v. Digitel Employees Union (DEU), 683
SCRA 466 (2012)
§ San Fernando Coca-Cola Rank-and-File Union (SACORU) v. Coca-Cola Bottlers
Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), 842 SCRA 1 (2017)

4. Industries Indispensable to the National Interest (IRR-BV-RXXII-S16)

§ Philtread Workers Union (PTWU) v. Confesor, 269 SCRA 393 (1997)
§ Phil. School of Business Administration-Manila v. Noriel, 164 SCRA 402 (1988)
§ International Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 205 SCRA 59 (1992)

5. Company’s right to take action against union officers who participated in the illegal strike and
committed illegal not enjoined by DOLE Secretary’s assumption order
§ Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 193 SCRA 223 (1991)

6. Labor Arbiter’s Jurisdiction to Determine Legality of Strike/Lockout; Exception (Labor Code,

Art. 224(5) [217]; NCMB Primer, No. 22)
§ International Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 205 SCRA 59 (1992)
§ Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 193 SCRA 223 (1991)

7. Submission of Labor Dispute to Voluntary Arbitration (Labor Code, Art. 278(h) [263]; IRR-BV-
RXXII-S15)

8. Effect of Defiance to the Assumption Order/Certification (Labor Code, Art. 279(a) [264]; 2011
NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVIII-S4)
§ Manila Hotel Employees Association v. Manila Hotel Corporation, 517 SCRA 349
(2007)
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)

9. DOLE Secretary’s Prerogative to Temper the Consequences of the Defiance of the Assumption
Order
§ Nissan Motors Philippines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 491 SCRA 604
(2006)

F. NLRC JURISDICTION IMPLEMENTING DOLE SECRETARY’S CERTIFICATION ORDER

1. Legal Basis (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S15; 2011 NLRC Rules of
Procedure, as amended, RIV-S4, RVIII)

2. Effects of Certification (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-S15; 2011 NLRC Rules
of Procedure, as amended, RVIII-S3)

3. Procedure in Certified Cases (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVIII-S5)

4. Authority of NLRC to Implement the DOLE Secretary’s Certification Order (2011 NLRC Rules
of Procedure, as amended, RVIII-S4)

5. Effect of Defiance of NLRC’s Return-To-Work Order Implementing the DOLE Secretary’s

Certification Order
§ Sarmiento v. Tuico, 162 SCRA 676 (1988)

G. INJUNCTIONS

1. Prohibited; Exceptions (Labor Code, Arts. 266 [254], in relation to 225(e) [218] & 278(g) [263];
IRR-BV-RXXII-S14; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RX))
§ Caltex Refinery Employees Association v. Lucero, 4 SCRA 1196 (1962)
§ Bisig ng Manggagawa sa Concrete Aggregates, Inc. v. NLRC, 226 SCRA 499 (1993)
§ San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 403 SCRA 418 (2003)

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 § San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 304 SCRA 1 (1999)
§ Ilaw at Buklod ng Manggagawa v. NLRC, 198 SCRA 586 (1991)
§ Bulletin Publishing Corporation v. Sanchez, 144 SCRA 628 (1986)
§ Associated Labor Unions (ALU-TUCP) v. Borromeo, 166 SCRA 99 (1988)
§ Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions (PAFLU) v. Cloribel, 27 SCRA 465 (1969)

2. Innocent Bystander Rule (Labor Code, Art. 279(e) [264])

§ MSF Tire and Rubber, Inc. v. CA, 311 SCRA 784 (1999)
§ Liwayway Publications, Inc. v. Permanent Concrete Workers Union, 108 SCRA 161
(1981)
§ Philippine Association of Free Labor Unions (PAFLU) v. Cloribel, 27 SCRA 465 (1969)
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)

PART XIV
POST-EMPLOYMENT

A. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT BY EMPLOYER

1. Management Prerogative—Right to Discipline [To dismiss, impose a lighter penalty, or

condone an offense] in relation to the Right to Reasonable Return on Investment—Reasonable
Exercise Tempered with Compassion and Understanding; Waiver of Such Rights & Limitations
§ St. Luke’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Sanchez, G.R. No. 212054, March 11, 2015
§ Philippine Span Asia Carriers Corporation (formerly Sulpicio Lines, Inc.) v. Pelayo,
G.R. No. 212003, February 28, 2018
§ Del Rosario v. CW Marketing & Development Corporation, G.R. No. 211105, February
20, 2019
§ Philippine Airlines v. NLRC, G.R. No. 115785, August 4, 2000
§ Bicol Isarog Transport System, Inc. v. Relucio, G.R. No. 234725, September 16, 2020
§ Mamaril v. The Red System Company, Inc., G.R. No. 229920, July 4, 2018
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ Cavite Apparel, Incorporated v. Marquez, G.R. No. 172044, February 6, 2013
§ Tabuk Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Inc. v. Duclan, G.R. No. 203005, March 14, 2016
§ Santos v. Integrated Pharmaceutical, Inc., G.R. No. 204620, July 11, 2016
§ Morales v. Harbour Centre Port Terminal, Inc., G.R. No. 174208, January 25, 2012
§ Unicorn Safety Glass, Inc. v. Basarte, G.R. No. 154689, November 25, 2004

2. Substantive and Procedural Due Process Requirements In Termination Cases (Const., Art. III,
S1; Labor Code, 292(b) [277], 294 [279], 296 [281], 297 [282], 298 [283] & 299 [284]; DO 147-
15)
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ SPC Power Corporation v. Santos, G.R. No. 202379, July 27, 2020
§ Veterans Federation of the Philippines v. Montenejo, G.R. No. 184819, November 29,
2017

B. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS – JUST CAUSES (Labor Code, Art. 297 [282])

1. Serious misconduct (Labor Code, Art. 297(a) [282])

1.1. Requisites
§ Stanfilco - A Division of Dole Philippines, Inc. v. Tequillo, G.R. No. 209735, July 17,
2019
1.2. Examples
§ Sexual intercourse in the work premises (Imasen Philippine Manufacturing Corporation
v. Alcon, G.R. No. 194884, October 22, 2014)
§ Committing libel against immediate superior (Torreda v. Toshiba Information
Equipment (Phils.), Inc., G.R. No. 165960, February 8, 2007)
§ Physical violence between and among employees, regardless of whether such
violence occurred during working hours and within company premises, provided that
the confrontation be “rooted on workplace dynamics” or connected with the
performance of the employees’ duties (Stanfilco - A Division of Dole Philippines, Inc.
v. Tequillo, G.R. No. 209735, July 17, 2019; Technol Eight Philippines Corporation v.
NLRC, G.R. No. 187605, April 13, 2010)
§ Uttering obscene, insulting, or offensive words against a superior (Autobus Workers
Union v. NLRC, G.R. No. 117453, June 26, 1998)
§ Fabrication of time records (Felix v. Enertech Systems Industries, Inc., G.R. No.
142007, March 28, 2001)

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 § Using employer’s property, equipment and personnel in the personal business of the
employee (Zenco Sales, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 111110, August 2, 1994)
§ Sexual harassment (Villarama v. NLRC, G.R. No. 106341 September 2, 1994)
§ Gambling during officer hours (Universal Canning, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 215047,
November 23, 2016)
§ Sleeping while on duty (Tomada, Sr. v. RFM Corporation-Bakery Flour Division, G.R.
No. 163270, September 11, 2009)
§ Contracting work in competition with the business of one’s employer (Lopez v. NLRC,
G.R. No. 167385, December 13, 2005)

2. Willful disobedience or insubordination (Labor Code, Art. 297(a) [282])

2.1. Requisites/Not Every Case Deserves Dismissal

§ Realda v. New Age Graphics, Inc., G.R. No. 192190, April 25, 2012
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017

2.2. Examples
§ Violation of company’s safety instructions (Mamaril v. The Red System Company, Inc.,
G.R. No. 229920, July 04, 2018)
§ Failure to answer notice to explain (Ace Promotion and Marketing Corporation v.
Ursabia, G.R. No. 171703, September 22, 2006; Aquinas School v. Magnaye, G.R.
No. 110062, September 5, 1997)
§ Unjustified refusal to render overtime work (Realda v. New Age Graphics, Inc., G.R.
No. 192190, April 25, 2012; R.B. Michael Press v. Galit, G.R. No. 153510, February
13, 2008)
§ Refusal to report to new work assignment (Westin Philippine Plaza Hotel v. NLRCs,
G.R. No. 121621, May 3, 1999)

3. Gross and habitual neglect of duties (Labor Code, Art. 297(b) [282])

3.1. Requisites
§ Alaska Milk Corporation v. Ponce, G.R. No. 228412, July 26, 2017

3.2. Examples
§ Failure of employee to report to his superiors the problems he encountered with the
side-seal machine he was assigned to operate (W.M. Manufacturing, Inc. v. Dalag,
G.R. No. 209418, December 7, 2015)
§ Excessive absences and tardiness (Mansion Printing Center v. Bitara, Jr., G.R. No.
168120, January 25, 2012; Worldwide Papermills, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113081, May
12, 1995)
§ Slothful work attitude, and dismal performance that led to missed shipments, delayed
deliveries, and lost clientele (Mehitabel, Inc. v. Alcuizar, G.R. Nos. 228701-02,
December 13, 2017)
§ Failure of employee to turn over his functions to someone capable of performing the
vital tasks which he could not effectively perform or undertake because of his heart
ailment or condition (Nissan Motors Phils., Inc. v. Angelo, G.R. No. 164181, September
14, 2011)

3.3. Poor Performance – a just cause if it amounts to gross and habitual neglect of duties
§ Universal Staffing Services, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 177576, July 21, 2008

3.4. Gross inefficiency – analogous to gross and habitual neglect of duties

§ Telephilippines, Inc. v. Jacolbe, G.R. No. 233999, February 18, 2019

3.5. Abandonment – a form of or akin to neglect of duty

Requisites
§ Demex Rattancraft, Inc. v. Leron, G.R. No. 204288, November 8, 2017

Examples
§ Failure of employee to report for work after she was ordered to explain the anomalous
truck-rental service she arranged and to liquidate company funds in her possession,
and then she filed the complaint to pre-empt further investigation on her dishonest and
fraudulent acts that led to her dismissal (Intertranz Container Lines, Inc. v. Bautista,
G.R. No. 187693, July 13, 2010)
§ Employee transferred to new assignment but did not report for work (Castillo v. CIR,
G.R. No. L-26124, May 29, 1971)

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 Filing of complaint for illegal dismissal may negate abandonment, but it does not
disprove abandonment
§ Torreda v. Investment and Capital Corporation of the Philippines, G.R. No. 229881,
September 5, 2018
§ Borja v. Miñoza, G.R. No. 218384, July 3, 2017
§ Intertranz Container Lines, Inc. v. Bautista, G.R. No. 187693, July 13, 2010

Failure to comply with the two-notice rule indicates that the defense of abandonment
was a mere afterthought
§ Every Nation Language Institute v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 225100, February 19, 2020

4. Fraud (Labor Code, Art. 297(c) [282]; DO 147-15, S4[i])

§ Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation v. Guerrero, G.R. No. 229013, July 15, 2020
§ People v. Balasa, G.R. No. 106357, September 3, 1998

4.1. Examples
§ Employee reimbursing his family’s personal travel expenses out of company funds
(Dela Cruz v. NLRC, G.R. No. 145417, December 11, 2003)
§ Falsification of time cards constitutes serious misconduct and dishonesty or fraud
(Felix vs. Enertech Systems Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 142007, March 28, 2001; San
Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 82467, June 29, 1989)

5. Willful breach by the employee of the trust reposed in him by his employer or duly authorized
representative/Loss of confidence

5.1. Requisites
§ San Miguel Corporation v. Gomez, G.R. No. 200815, August 24, 2020
§ PNOC Development and Management Corporation (PDMC) v. Gomez, G.R. Nos.
220526-27, July 29, 2019
§ Varquez v. Rider Levett Bucknall, Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 259776, April 24, 2023

5.2. Guidelines
§ University of the Immaculate Concepcion v. Office of the Secretary of Labor and
Employment, G.R. Nos. 178085-178086, September 14, 2015, citing Cruz, Jr. v. CA,
G.R. No. 148544, July 12, 2006
§ Villanueva, Jr. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 176893, June 13, 2012
§ Varquez v. Rider Levett Bucknall, Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 259776, April 24, 2023

5.3. Position of Trust and Confidence

§ Bravo v. Urios College (now Father Saturnino Urios University), G.R. No. 198066, June
7, 2017

5.4. Rules to determine whether loss of trust and confidence may validly be used as a
justification in termination cases
§ Bravo v. Urios College (now Father Saturnino Urios University), G.R. No. 198066, June
7, 2017, quoting Caoile v. NLRC, 359 Phil. 399 (1998)
§ Musahamat Workers Labor Union-1-ALU v. Musahamat Farms, Inc. Farm 1, G.R. No.
240184, July 6, 2022

5.5. Examples
§ Mailing coordinator entrusted with property, instrumental in the transacting group who
used fake receipts, and failed to notice them (San Miguel Corporation v. Gomez, G.R.
No. 200815, August 24, 2020)
§ Employees making it seem that they worked with greater speed and efficiency than
they actually did, resulting in clear discrepancy between the time goals purportedly
accomplished and the regular time goals, as recorded; and the act of misleading the
company which shows the employees’ inability to continue working for it, and which
gave them undue advantages in terms of their reputation in the company and thus their
treatment by peer and superior alike (First Glory Philippines, Inc. v. Lumantao, G.R.
No. 237166, March 6, 2019)
§ Comptroller’s act in assigning to himself a higher salary rate without proper
authorization (Bravo v. Urios College [now Father Saturnino Urios University], G.R. No.
198066, June 7, 2017)
§ Cost control supervisor failure to remit cash sales proceeds (Esguerra v. Valle Verde
Country Club, Inc., G.R. No. 173012, June 13, 2012)
§ District manager, who was employed to handle pharmaceutical products for distribution
to medical practitioners and sale to drug outlets, placed on company property a political
“thank you” note with the intention of distributing them to his father’s supporters, without

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 any permission from the company (Bristol Myers Squibb (Phils.), Inc. v. Baban, G.R.
No. 167449, December 17, 2008)
§ Habitual absence of managerial employee (GT Printers v. NLRC, G.R. No. 100749,
April 24, 1992)
§ Head supervisor initiating and leading a boycott (Top Form Mfg. Co., Inc. v. NLRC,
G.R. No. 65706, December 11, 1992)

6. Commission of a crime or offense by the employee against the person of his employer or any
immediate member of his family or his duly authorized representative (Labor Code, Art. 297(d)
[282])

6.1. Requisites (DO 147-15, S5.2[f])

7. Other analogous causes (Labor Code, Art. 297(e) [282])

7.1. Requisites (DO 147-15, S5.2[g])

7.2. Examples
§ Gross inefficiency is analogous to gross and habitual neglect of duty under Article
297(e), in relation to Article 297(b), of the Labor Code (Telephilippines, Inc. v. Jacolbe,
G.R. No. 233999, February 18, 2019)
§ Employee’s attitude problem is analogous to loss of trust and confidence (Heavylift
Manila, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 154410, October 20, 2005)
§ Unreasonable behavior and unpleasant deportment in dealing with the people the
employee closely works with in the course of employment is analogous to the other
“just causes” under the Labor Code (Cathedral School of Technology v. NLRC, G.R.
No. 101438, October 13, 1992)

7.3. Not analogous unless expressly specified in the company rules and regulations or
policies (DO 147-15, S5.2[g])

C. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS – AUTHORIZED CAUSES (Labor Code, Arts. 298 [283] &
299 [284])

1. Installation of labor-saving devises (Labor Code, Arts. 298 [283])

§ Magnolia Dairy Products Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114952, January 29, 1996

1.1. Requisites (DO 147-15, S5.4[a])

1.2. Effect – position becoming redundant

§ Soriano, Jr. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 165594, April 23, 2007

2. Redundancy (Labor Code, Arts. 298 [283])

§ Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines v. Macapagal, G.R. No. 232669, July 29, 2019

2.1. Requisites
§ Lowe, Inc. v. CA, G.R. Nos. 164813 and 174590, August 14, 2009

2.2. Fair and reasonable criteria in ascertaining what positions are to be declared
redundant
§ Yulo v. Concentrix Daksh Services Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 235873, January 21,
2019

2.3. Creation of new positions or the hiring of additional employees is inconsistent with the
termination on the ground of redundancy
§ Aguilera v. Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 238941, September 29, 2021

2.4. Abolished position may be contracted out

§ Mejila v. Wrigley Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 199469, September 11, 2019
§ Coca-Cola Femsa Philippines v. Macapagal, G.R. No. 232669, July 29, 2019

2.5. “Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) Rule” when applicable (DO No. 147-15, S5.4 [last
paragraph])

2.6. LIFO, which has no basis in law, does not exclude other relevant factors in determining
cost efficient measures and in choosing the employees who will be retained or
separated
§ Asian Alcohol Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 131108, March 25, 1999

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 2.7. Nature of work and experience must be considered despite LIFO
§ Maya Farms Employees Organization v. NLRC, G.R. No. 106256, December 28, 1994

2.8. The law did not require junior employees to be dismissed first
§ Tierra International Construction Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 88912, July 3, 1992

2.9. Failure to consider seniority renders the retrenchment invalid

§ Emcor Incorporated v. Sienes, G.R. No. 152101, September 8, 2009, cited in La
Consolacion College of Manila v. Pascua, G.R. No. 214744, March 14, 2018

3. Retrenchment (Labor Code, Arts. 298 [283])

§ International Management Services v. Logarta, G.R. No. 163657, April 18, 2012
§ Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines (FASAP) v. Philippine
Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 178083, March 13, 2018

3.1. Requisites
§ Waterfront Cebu City Hotel v. Jimenez, G.R. No. 174214, June 13, 2012

3.2. Meaning of “to prevent losses” in Article 298 of the Labor Code
§ Revidad v. NLRC, G.R. No. 111105, June 27, 1995

3.3. Independently audited financial statements higher evidentiary value to prove serious
business losses
§ Team Pacific Corporation v. Parente, G.R. No. 206789, July 15, 2020
§ Asian Alcohol Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 131108, March 25, 1999

3.4. Presentation of audited financial statements not the only means to establish serious
business losses
§ Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines (FASAP) v. Philippine
Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 178083, March 13, 2018

3.5. Mere allegations of a global economic crisis insufficient to prove serious business
losses
§ Me-Shurn Corporation v. Me-Shurn Workers Union-FSM, G.R. No. 156292, January
11, 2005

3.6. Judicial notice may be taken of the financial losses

§ Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines (FASAP) v. Philippine
Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 178083, March 13, 2018

3.7. Redundancy differs from retrenchment

§ Sebuguero v. NLRC, G.R. No. 115394, September 27, 1995
§ AG&P United Rank and File Association v. NLRC (First Division), G.R. No. 108259,
November 29, 1996

4. Closure or cessation of business (Labor Code, Arts. 298 [283])

§ Eastridge Golf Club, Inc. v. Eastridge Golf Club, Inc., Labor Union-Super, G.R. No.
166760, August 22, 2008

4.1. Requisites
§ Unera v. Shin Heung Electrodigital, Inc., G.R. No. 228328, March 11, 2020, citing DO
147-15, S5.4(d)

4.2. Closure or cessation of operation may either be due to serious business losses or
financial reverses or any other underlying reason or motivation
§ Industrial Timber Corporation v. Ababon, G.R. No. 164518, January 25, 2006

4.3. Guidelines
§ Manila Polo Club Employees’ Union (MPCEU) FUR-TUCP v. Manila Polo Club, Inc.,
G.R. No. 172846, July 24, 2013

4.4. Retrenchment differs from closure of a business or undertaking

§ Alabang Country Club, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 157611, August 9, 2005

5. Disease as a valid ground for termination (Labor Code, Arts. 299 [284])

5.1. Requisites (DO 147-15, S5.4[e])

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 5.2. The phrase “prejudicial to his health as well as to the health of his co-employees”
construed
§ Deoferio v. Intel Technology Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 202996, June 18, 2014

5.3. Absence of certification from a competent public health authority renders the dismissal
void and illegal
§ Deoferio v. Intel Technology Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 202996, June 18, 2014

D. OTHER LAWFUL CAUSES OF TERMINATION

1. Grounds under company policies (DO No. 147-15, S6)

2. Grounds under the CBA (DO 147-15, S7)

3. Probationary employee’s failure to qualify as regular employee (Labor Code, Art. 296 [281])

4. Union officer who knowingly participating in an illegal strike, and union member who knowingly
participated in the commission of illegal acts during a strike (Labor Code, Art. 279(a) [264])
§ Toyota Motor Phils. Corp. Workers Association (TMPCWA) v. NLRC, 537 SCRA 171
(2007)
§ Sukhothai Cuisine and Restaurant v. CA, 495 SCRA 336 (2006)
§ Phimco Industries, Inc. v. Phimco Industries Labor Association (PILA), 628 SCRA 119
(2010)
§ Steel Corporation of The Philippines v. SCP Employees Union-National Federation of
Labor Unions, 551 SCRA 594 (2008)
§ Club Filipino, Inc. v. Bautista, 592 SCRA 471 (2009), 745 SCRA 636 (2015)
§ Ramirez v. Polyson Industries, Inc., 806 SCRA 559 (2016)

5. Defiance of assumption or certification order from the DOLE Secretary

§ Manila Hotel Employees Association v. Manila Hotel Corporation, 517 SCRA 349
(2007)
§ Philcom Employees Union v. Philippine Global Communications, 495 SCRA 214
(2006)

6. Defiance of NLRC’s return-to-work order implementing the DOLE Secretary’s certification order
§ Sarmiento v. Tuico, 162 SCRA 676 (1988)

7. Totality of Infractions Principle

§ Merin v. NLRC, G.R. No. 171790, October 17, 2008

7.1. Principle presupposes employee as guilty of new violation

§ Villanueva v. Ganco Resort and Recreation, Inc., G.R. No. 227175, January 8, 2020

7.2. Previous acts must be established in accordance with the requirements of procedural
due process, and employee must have been penalized
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017

E. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS

1. Dismissal due to just causes (Labor Code, Art. 292(b) [277]; DO 147-15, S5.1.)

1.1. Twin Notice and Hearing

§ Bicol Isarog Transport System, Inc. v. Relucio, G.R. No. 234725, September 16,
2020
§ King of Kings Transport, Inc. v. Mamac, G.R. No. 166208, June 29, 2007
§ Perez v. Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Company, G.R. No. 152048, April 7,
2009
§ Central Azucarera de Bais v. Heirs of Zuelo Apostol, G.R. No. 215314, March 14,
2018
§ Aluag v. BIR Multi-Purpose Cooperative, G.R. No. 228449, December 6, 2017

2. Dismissal due to authorized causes (Labor Code, Arts. 292(b) [277], 298 [283] & 299 [284];
DO 147-15, 5.3)

2.1. Notices
§ Marc II Marketing, Inc. v. Joson, G.R. No. 171993, December 12, 2011
§ Deoferio v. Intel Technology Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 202996, June 18, 2014

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 § Morales v. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, G.R. No. 182475, November 21,
2012
§ Wiltshire File Co., Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 82249, February 7, 1991

3. No right to be heard in dismissal for an authorized cause

§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Dawal, G.R. No. 173921, February 24, 2016

4. Mandatory Conciliation-Mediation on Termination Disputes (RA 10396; DO 147-15, S8-11)

F. SEPARATION PAY IN JUST OR AUTHORIZED CAUSES

1. No separation pay if dismissal is due to just causes, exceptions (DO 147-15, S5.5)

2. Separation pay due to authorized causes (DO 147-15, S5.5, in relation to Arts. 298 [283] and
299 [284] of the Labor Code)

2.1. Separation pay mandated under Art. 298 [283] of the Labor Code only when closure
of business is due to serious business losses or financial reverses
§ Eastridge Golf Club, Inc. v. Eastridge Golf Club, Inc., Labor-Union, Super, G.R. No.
166760, August 22, 2008

2.2. Separation pay when mandated even if closure of business is due to serious business
losses or financial reverses
§ Benson Industries Employees Union-ALU-TUCP v. Benson Industries, Inc., G.R. No.
200746, August 6, 2014

G. TERMINATION OF CONTRACT OF MIGRANT WORKER (See Part II[F]; RA 8042, as

amended; Labor Code, Art. 294 [279])
§ Prieto v. NLRC, G.R. No. 93699, September 10, 1993
§ Sameer Overseas Placement Agency, Inc. v. Cabiles, G.R. No. 170139, August 5,
2014
§ Industrial Personnel & Management Services, Inc. v. De Vera, G.R. No. 205703, March
7, 2016
§ Gopio v. Bautista, G.R. No. 205953, June 6, 2018

H. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT BY EMPLOYEE (Labor Code, Art. 300 [285])

1. Resignation v. Constructive Dismissal

§ Gan v. Galderma Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 177167, January 17, 2013
§ Doble, Jr. v. ABB, Inc., G.R. No. 215627, June 5, 2017
§ Cokia Industries Holdings Managements, Inc. v. Bug-os, G.R. No. 236322, November
27, 2019
§ St. Paul College, Pasig v. Mancol, G.R. No. 222317, January 24, 2018

2. Abandonment
§ Demex Rattancraft, Inc. v. Leron, G.R. No. 204288, November 8, 2017
§ Intertranz Container Lines, Inc. v. Bautista, G.R. No. 187693, July 13, 2010
§ Castillo v. CIR, G.R. No. L-26124, May 29, 1971
§ Torreda v. Investment and Capital Corporation of the Philippines, G.R. No. 229881,
September 5, 2018
§ Borja v. Miñoza, G.R. No. 218384, July 3, 2017
§ Intertranz Container Lines, Inc. v. Bautista, G.R. No. 187693, July 13, 2010

I. PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION
§ Maula v. Ximex Delivery Express, Inc., G.R. No. 207838, January 25, 2017
§ Mamaril v. The Red System Company, Inc., G.R. No. 229920, July 4, 2018
§ Consolidated Building Maintenance, Inc. v. Asprec, Jr., G.R. No. 217301, June 6, 2018
§ Every Nation Language Institute v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 225100, February 19, 2020
§ Premiere Development Bank v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114695, July 23, 1998

J. CONSEQUENCE OF DISMISSAL
§ Agabon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004
§ Brown Madonna Press, Inc. v. Casas, G.R. No. 200898, June 15, 2015
§ Jaka Food Processing Corporation v. Pacot, G.R. No. 151378, March 28, 2005
§ Deoferio v. Intel Technology Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 202996, June 18, 2014
§ De Jesus v. Aquino, G.R. No. 164662, February 18, 2013
§ Del Pilar v. Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II), G.R. No. 160090,
February 19, 2020

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K. RELIEFS FROM ILLEGAL DISMISSAL (Labor Code, Art. 294 [279])

a. Nature of a Complaint for illegal Dismissal

§ Nedira v. NJ World Corporation, G.R. No. 240005. December 6, 2022

b. Backwages and Reinstatement (Separate and Distinct Reliefs)

§ Genuino Agro-Industrial Development Corporation v. Romano, G.R. No. 204782,
September 18, 2019
§ Advan Motor, Inc. v. Veneracion, G.R. No. 190944, December 13, 2017
§ Wenphil Corporation v. Abing, G.R. No. 207983, April 7, 2014

c. Backwages
§ Tomas Claudio Memorial College, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 152568, February 16, 2004

d. Reinstatement

Order by Labor Arbiter Immediately Executory (Labor Code, Art. 229 [223]; 2011 NLRC
of Procedure, RV-S19, RXI-S12)
§ Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Magno, Jr., G.R. No. 212520, July 3, 2019
§ Manila Doctors College v. Olores, G.R. No. 225044, October 3, 2016
§ Castro, Jr. v. Ateneo de Naga University, G.R. No. 175293, July 23, 2014
§ Pioneer Texturizing Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118651, October 16, 1997

When Reinstatement Not Feasible/Separation Pay In Lieu of Reinstatement/Doctrine

of Strained Relations
§ Verizon Communications Philippines, Inc. v. Margin, G.R. No. 216599, September 16,
2020
§ Escario v. NLRC (Third Division), G.R. No. 160302, September 27, 2010
§ Bigg's, Inc. v. Boncasas, G.R. No. 200487, March 6, 2019
§ Rodriguez v. Sintron Systems, Inc., G.R. No. 240254, July 24, 2019
§ Philippine Savings Bank v. Genove, G.R. No. 202049, June 15, 2020
§ Musahamat Workers Labor Union-1-ALU v. Musahamat Farms, Inc. Farm 1, G.R. No.
240184, July 6, 2022

When Reinstatement Not Possible Due to Compulsory Retirement Age

§ Laya, Jr. v. Philippine Veterans Bank, G.R. No. 205813, January 10, 2018

L. LIABILITY OF CORPORATE OFFICERS OR DIRECTORS [See discussion on liability of

corporate officers or directors under RA 8042, as amended]
§ Mam Realty Development Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 114787, June 2, 1995
§ Montealegre v. Spouses De Vera, G.R. No. 208920, July 10, 2019

M. RETIREMENT (Labor Code, Arts. 302 [287] [as amended by RAs 7641 & 10757] & 302-A
[Inserted by RA 10789]; IRR-BVIRII)
§ De La Salle Araneta University v. Bernardo, G.R. No. 190809, February 13, 2017
§ Catotocan v. Lourdes School of Quezon City, Inc., G.R. No. 213486, April 26, 2017
§ United Doctors Medical Center v. Bernadas, G.R. No. 209468, December 13, 2017
§ Philippine Journalists, Inc. v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 208027, April 1, 2019
§ Santo v. University of Cebu, G.R. No. 208027, April 1, 2019
§ Pulong v. Super Manufacturing, Inc., G.R. No. 247819, October 14, 2019
§ Father Saturnino Urios University (FSUU), Inc. v. Curaza, G.R. No. 223621, June 10,
2020
§ Halagueña v. Philippine Airlines, Inc., G.R. No. 243259, January 10, 2023
§ Villanueva v. CA, G.R. No. 209516, January 17, 2023

PART XV
JURISDICTION AND REMEDIES

A. JURISDICTION OF LABOR TRIBUNALS AND REGULAR COURTS

1. Existence Employer-Employee Relationship and Reasonable Causal Connection Rule

§ People's Broadcasting Service (Bombo Radyo Phils., Inc.) v. Secretary of the
Department of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 179652, March 6, 2012
§ Tumaodos v. San Miguel Yamamura Packaging Corporation, G.R. No. 241865,
February 19, 2020
§ Comscentre Phils., Inc. v. Rocio, G.R. No. 222212, January 22, 2020

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 § Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Airline Pilots Association of the Philippines, G.R. No. 200088,
February 26, 2018
§ Philippine Commercial International Bank (now BDO Unibank, Inc.) v. Gomez, G.R.
No. 199601, November 23, 2015
§ Kawachi v. Del Quero, G.R. No. 163768, March 27, 2007
§ San Miguel Corporation v. Etcuban, G.R. No. 127639, December 3, 1999

2. Intra-corporate dispute/Corporate officers (RA 11232, S24)

§ Malcaba v. ProHealth Pharma Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 209085, June 6, 2018
§ Cacho v. Balagtas, G.R. No. 202974, February 7, 2018

3. Jurisdiction of Labor Arbiters even in the absence of employer-employee relationship

§ Santiago v. CF Sharp Crew Management, Inc., G.R. No. 162419, July 10, 2007
§ Bright Maritime Corporation v. Fantonial, G.R. No. 165935, February 8, 2012

B. LABOR ARBITER

1. Jurisdiction of Labor Arbiters

1.1. Labor Code, Art. 224 [217] (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RV-S1[a]-
[f])

Employer-employee relationship a jurisdictional requisite under Art. 224 [217]

§ Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 120506, October 28, 1996
§ Manila Hotel Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 120077, October 13, 2000

(1) ULP cases (In relation to Arts. 259 [248] & 260 [249])
§ Silva v. NLRC, G.R. No. 110226, June 19, 1997
§ San Miguel Foods, Inc. v. San Miguel Corporation Employees Union-PTWGO, G.R.
No. 168569, October 5, 2007
§ Mendoza v. Officers of Manila Water Employees Union (MWEU), G.R. No. 201595,
January 25, 2016
§ SCIPSI v. Montefalco, Jr., G.R. No. 235569, December 13, 2023 [Jurisdiction of Labor
Arbiter v. Med-Arbiter]

(2) Termination disputes (In relation to Arts. 274 [261] & 275 [262])
§ Malcaba v. ProHealth Pharma Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 209085, June 6, 2018
§ The University of the Immaculate Conception v. NLRC, G.R. No. 181146, January 26,
2011
§ 7K Corporation v. Albarico, G.R. No. 182295, June 26, 2013

(3) If accompanied with a claim for reinstatement, those cases that workers may file
involving wages, rates of pay, hours of work and other terms and conditions of
employment
§ People's Broadcasting Service (Bombo Radyo Phils., Inc.) v. Secretary of the
Department of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 179652, March 6, 2012

(4) Claims for actual, moral, exemplary and other forms of damages arising from the
employer-employee relations
§ Comscentre Phils., Inc. v. Rocio, G.R. No. 222212, January 22, 2020
§ Rodriguez, Jr. v. Aguilar, Sr., G.R. No. 159482, August 30, 2005
§ Primero v. IAC, G.R. No. L-72644, December 14, 1987
No jurisdiction over tort cases
§ Dalen, Sr. v. Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, G.R. No. 194403, July 24, 2019

(5) Cases arising from any violation of Article 264 [now 279] of this Code, including
questions involving the legality of strikes and lockouts (In relation to Art. 278(g)
[263] on jurisdiction of DOLE Secretary/NLRC as an exception, since Art. 224(a)
[217] states “Except as otherwise provided under this Code xxx”)
§ International Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 205 SCRA 59 (1992)
§ Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor and Employment, 193 SCRA 223 (1991)

(6) Except claims for Employees Compensation, Social Security, Medicare and
maternity benefits, all other claims arising from employer-employee relations,
including those of persons in domestic or household service, involving an amount
exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) regardless of whether accompanied
with a claim for reinstatement
§ Republic v. Asiapro Cooperative, G.R. No. 172101, November 23, 2007

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 § Milan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 202961, February 4, 2015
§ Cinderella Marketing Corporation v. NLRC, Second Division, G.R. No. 113758, June
22, 1998

Jurisdiction over counterclaim by employer

§ Domondon v. NLRC, G.R. No. 154376, September 30, 2005 [transfer of ownership of
company car to employee]

1.2. Labor Code, Art. 124 – wage distortion disputes in unorganized establishments not
voluntarily settled by the parties pursuant to RA 6727 (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure,
as amended, RV-S1[g])
§ Manila Mandarin Employees Union v. NLRC, G.R. No. 108556, November 19, 1996

1.3. Labor Code, Art. 128(b) – contested cases/exception clause

§ Ex-Bataan Veterans Security Agency, Inc. v. Laguesma, G.R. No. 152396, November
20, 2007
§ Meteoro v. Creative Creatures, Inc., G.R. No. 171275, July 13, 2009

1.4. Labor Code, Art. 233 [227] – enforcement of compromise agreements when there is
non-compliance by any of the parties (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended,
RV-S1[h])
§ Arellano v. Powertech Corporation, G.R. No. 150861, January 22, 2008

1.5. Labor Code, Art. 276 [262-A] – issuance of writ of execution to enforce or nullify the
final decision, order or award of voluntary arbitrator or panel of voluntary arbitrators

1.6. Section 10 of RA 8042, as amended by RA 10022 – Money claims arising out of an

employer-employee relationship or by virtue of any law or contract involving Filipino
workers for overseas deployment including claims for actual, moral, exemplary and
other forms of damage (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, RV-S1[i])
§ Augustin International Center, Inc. v. Bartolome, G.R. No. 226578, January 28, 2019

1.7. Other cases as may be provided by law (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended,
RV-S1[j])

(1) Direct contempt (Labor Code, Art. 225(d) [218]; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure,
as amended, RIX-S1; IRR-BV-RXXIII-S1)

(2) Indirect contempt (Labor Code, Art. 225(d) [218]; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure,
as amended, RIX-S2; IRR-BV-RXXIII-S2)

(3) Independent action to enforce judgment of the labor arbiter (2011 NLRC Rules of
Procedure, as amended, RXI-S2, in relation to Labor Code, Art. 230 [224])

2. Appeal to NLRC Requirements (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI)

2.1. Periods of Appeal (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S1)

2.2. Grounds (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S2)

2.3. Where Filed (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S3)

2.4. Requisites for Perfection of Appeal (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended,
RVI-S4)
§ Navarro v. NLRC, G.R. No. 116464, March 1, 2000

2.5. Appeal Fee (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S5)

2.6. Bond (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S6)

Motion to Reduce Bond

§ McBurnie v. Ganzon, G.R. No. 178034, October 17, 2013
§ Turks Shawarma Company v. Pajaron, G.R. No. 207156, January 16, 2017

2.7. Effect of Filing of Appeal (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S8)

2.8. Order of Reinstatement Immediately Executory (Labor Code, Art. 229 [223]; 2011
NLRC of Procedure, as amended, RV-S19, RXI-S12)

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 § Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Magno, Jr., G.R. No. 212520, July 3, 2019
§ Manila Doctors College v. Olores, G.R. No. 225044, October 3, 2016
§ Castro, Jr. v. Ateneo de Naga University, G.R. No. 175293, July 23, 2014
§ Pioneer Texturizing Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118651, October 16, 1997

C. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS COMMISSION

1. Original Jurisdiction

1.1. Contempt (Labor Code, Art. 225(d) [218]; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as
amended, RIX; IRR-BV-RXXIII-S1-2)
§ Robosa v. NLRC (First Division), G.R. No. 176085, February 8, 2012 [Dismissal of
contempt charge amounts to acquittal]

1.2. Injunction (Labor Code, Art. 225(e) [218]; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as
amended, RX)
§ Del Pilar v. Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II), G.R. No. 160090,
February 19, 2020

1.3. Certified Cases (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as
amended, RVIII)

1.4. Extraordinary Remedies (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RXII)

2. Appellate Jurisdiction

2.1. All cases decided by Labor Arbiters (Labor Code, Art. 224(b) [217]; 2011 NLRC Rules
of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S1)

2.2. Decisions of DOLE Regional Directors pursuant to Art. 129 of the Labor Code (2011
NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, RVI-S1)

2.3. Contempt cases decided by Labor Arbiters (2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as
amended, RIX; IRR-BV-RXXIII-S1)

D. COURT OF APPEALS

1. Petition for Certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court (Decisions of NLRC, DOLE Secretary,
and BLR Director exercising appellate jurisdiction)
§ St. Martin Funeral Home v. NLRC, G.R. No. 130866, September 16, 1998
§ Tomas Claudio Memorial College, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 152568, February 16, 2004
§ OSM Maritime Services, Inc. v. Go, G.R. No. 238128, February 17, 2021
§ UST v. Samahang Manggagawa ng UST, G.R. No. 184262, April 24, 2017
§ The Heritage Hotel Manila (Owned and Operated by Grand Plaza Hotel Corporation)
v. Pinag-Isang Galing at Lakas ng mga Manggagawa sa Heritage Manila (Piglas-
Heritage), G.R. No. 177024, October 30, 2009
§ Philtranco Service Enterprises, Inc. v. Philtranco Workers Union-Association of
Genuine Labor Organizations (PWU-AGLU), G.R. No. 180962, February 26, 2014
§ Rapid Manpower Consultants, Inc. v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 187418, September 28,
2015
§ Del Monte Land Transport Bus Company v. Abergos, G.R. No. 245344, December 2,
2020
§ Republic v. Bayao, G.R. No. 179492, June 5, 2013
§ Kondo v. Toyota Boshoku (Phils.) Corporation, G.R. No. 201396, September 11, 2019
§ Ro-Ann Veterinary Manufacturing Inc. v. Bingbing, G.R. No. 236271, April 03, 2019

2. Petition for Review under Rule 43 of the Rules of Court (Decisions of Voluntary
Arbitrators/Panel of Voluntary Arbitrators)
§ Suelo, Jr. v. MST Marine Services (Phils.), Inc., G.R. No. 252914, November 9, 2020
§ Chin v. Maersk-Filipinas Crewing, Inc., G.R. No. 247338, September 2, 2020
§ Guagua National Colleges v. CA, G.R. No. 188492, August 28, 2018

E. SUPREME COURT (Rules of Court, Rule 45)

§ Sea Power Shipping Enterprises Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 138270, June 28, 2001
§ St. Martin Funeral Home v. NLRC, G.R. No. 130866, September 16, 1998
§ Kondo v. Toyota Boshoku (Phils.) Corporation, G.R. No. 201396, September 11, 2019
§ Kumar v. People, G.R. No 247661, June 15, 2020
§ Wenceslao v. Makati Development Corporation, G.R. No. 230696, August 30, 2017

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F. BUREAU OF LABOR RELATIONS (Labor Code, Arts. 232 [226] to 239 [233]; Administrative
Code of 1987, BIV-TVII-C4-S16; IRR-BV [DO 40-03, as amended by A-I & DO 40J-22])
§ Barles v. Bitonio, G.R. No. 120270, June 16, 1999

1. Original Jurisdiction

1.1. Request for examination of books of accounts of federations, national or industry

unions, trade union centers and their chartered locals, affiliates or member
organizations (Labor Code, Art. 289 [274])

1.2. Union registration-related cases [application, denial, revocation or cancellation of

registration] of federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers and their
chartered locals, affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RXI-S4)

1.3. Intra-union disputes of federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers and
their chartered locals, affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RXI-S4)

1.4. Merger, consolidation, affiliation and change of name notice/application/denial of

federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers and their chartered locals,
affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RIV)

1.5. CBA-related cases [petition for registration/deregistration of multi-employer CBAs]

(IRR-BV-RXVII-S5)

1.6. Contempt (IRR-BV-RXXIII-S1)

2. Appellate Jurisdiction

2.1. Decisions of Mediator-Arbiter (IRR-BV-RXI)

2.2. Decisions of DOLE Regional Director

(1) Visitorial Powers under Art. 289 [274] of the Labor Code, involving independent
unions, local chapters and workers’ associations

(2) Union registration-related cases [application, denial, revocation or cancellation of

registration] of independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations
(Labor Code, Arts. 243 [236] & 245 [238]; IRR-BV-RXI-S4)

(3) Merger, consolidation, affiliation and change of name notice/application/denial of

independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations (IRR-BV-RIV)

(4) CBA-related cases [petition for registration/deregistration of single-enterprise

CBAs] (IRR-BV-RXI-S4/IRR-BV-RXVII-S5) [BLR, if multi-employer CBAs, per IRR-
BV-RXVII-S5)

G. NATIONAL CONCILIATION AND MEDIATION BOARD (Revised NCMB Manual of Procedures

for Conciliation and Preventive Mediation Cases)
§ Tabigue v. International Copra Export Corporation, G.R. No. 183335, December 23,
2009

H. DOLE REGIONAL DIRECTORS

1. Original Jurisdiction

1.1. Visitorial Powers under Arts. 37 of the Labor Code [Note RA 11641 on jurisdiction of
DMW]

1.2. Visitorial and Enforcement Powers under Art. 128 of the Labor Code, in relation to DO
238, s. 2023

1.3. Visitorial Powers under RA 11058, in relation to DO 238, s. 2023

1.4. DO 141-14 [Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment and Placement
for Local Employment] on the denial of the application for issuance of the license,
authority to recruit, and authority to operate branch office, and the
suspension/cancellation of license of the agency

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 1.5. Visitorial Powers under Art. 289 [274] of the Labor Code

1.6. Money claims under Art. 129 of the Labor Code

1.7. All labor-related disputes involving a kasambahay under RA 10361

1.8. DOLE Regional Directors/Assistant Regional Directors as Ex-Officio Voluntary

Arbitrators (DO 83-07)

1.9. Union registration-related cases [application, denial, revocation or cancellation of

registration] of independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations (Labor
Code, Arts. 243 [236] & 245 [238]; IRR-BV-RXI-S4) [BLR, if involving federations,
national or industry unions, trade union centers and their chartered locals, affiliates or
member organizations, per IRR-BV-RXI-S4.]

1.10. Merger, consolidation, affiliation and change of name notice/application/denial of

independent unions, local chapters and workers’ associations (IRR-BV-RIV)

1.11. CBA-related cases [petition for registration/deregistration of single-enterprise CBAs]

(IRR-BV-RXI-S4/IRR-BV-RXVII-S5) [BLR, if multi-employer CBAs, per IRR-BV-RXVII-
S5)

1.12. Request for SEBA certification in unorganized establishment with only one legitimate
union (IRR-BV-RVII-S4)

I. DOLE SECRETARY

1. Original Jurisdiction

1.1. Assumption of jurisdiction or petition/request thereof over labor disputes affecting

industries indispensable to the national interest (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-
BV-RXXII-S15&16)

1.2. Certification to NLRC or petition/request thereof over labor disputes affecting industries
indispensable to the national interest (Labor Code, Art. 278(g) [263]; IRR-BV-RXXII-
S15&16)

1.3. Suspension of effects of termination (Labor Code, Art. 292(b) [277]; NCMB Primer, No.
30)
§ University of Sto. Tomas v. NLRC, G.R. No. 89920, October 18, 1990

1.4. Administrative Intervention for Dispute Avoidance (AIDA) (DOLE Circular No. 1, Series
of 2006)

1.5. Voluntary Arbitration (DOLE Circular No. 1, Series of 2006)

1.6. Contempt Powers (Labor Code, Art. 231 [225])

2. Appellate Jurisdiction

2.1. Decisions of the DOLE Regional Director

(1) Visitorial Powers under Arts. 37 of the Labor Code [Note RA 11641 on jurisdiction
of DMW]

(2) Visitorial and Enforcement Powers under Art. 128 of the Labor Code, in relation to
DO 238, s. 2023

(3) Visitorial Powers under RA 11058, in relation to DO 238, s. 2023

(4) DO 141-14 [Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Recruitment and

Placement for Local Employment] on the denial of the application for issuance of
the license, authority to recruit, and authority to operate branch office, and the
suspension/cancellation of license of the agency

2.2. Decisions of the BLR

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 (1) Union registration-related cases [application, denial, revocation or cancellation of
registration] of federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers and
their chartered locals, affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RXI-S4)

(2) Request for examination of books of accounts of federations, national or industry

unions, trade union centers and their chartered locals, affiliates or member
organizations (Labor Code, Art. 289 [274])

(3) Intra-union disputes of federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers
and their chartered locals, affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RXI-S4)

(4) Merger, consolidation, affiliation and change of name notice/application/denial of

federations, national or industry unions, trade union centers and their chartered
locals, affiliates or member organizations (IRR-BV-RIV)

(5) CBA-related cases [petition for registration/deregistration of multi-employer CBAs]

(IRR-BV-RXVII-S5)

(6) Contempt (IRR-BV-RXXIII-S1)

2.3. Decisions of Mediator-Arbiter (Labor Code, Art. 272 [259])

J. VOLUNTARY ARBITRATORS (Labor Code, Arts. 273 [260] to 277 [262-B]; 2021 Revised
Procedural Guidelines in the Conduct of Voluntary Arbitration Proceedings)
§ Luzon Development Bank v. Association of Luzon Development Bank Employees,
G.R. No. 120319, October 6, 1995
§ Guagua National Colleges v. CA, G.R. No. 188492, August 28, 2018

K. DEPARTMENT OF MIGRANT WORKERS (RA 11641)

L. PRESCRIPTION OF ACTIONS

1. Money Claims (Labor Code, Art. 306 [291])

§ Arriola v. Pilipino Star Ngayon, Inc., G.R. No. 175689, August 13, 2014
§ Republic v. NLRC (Third Division), G.R. No. 174747, March 9, 2016
§ Anabe v. Asian Construction (Asiakonstrukt), G.R. No. 183233, December 23, 2009
§ Villanueva v. Ganco Resort and Recreation, Inc., G.R. No. 227175, January 8, 2020

2. Illegal Dismissal (Civil Code, Art. 1146[1] – Upon an injury to the rights of the plaintiff)
§ Arriola v. Pilipino Star Ngayon, Inc., G.R. No. 175689, August 13, 2014
§ Republic v. NLRC (Third Division), G.R. No. 174747, March 9, 2016
§ PLDT v. Pingol, G.R. No. 182622, September 8, 2010
§ Callanta v. Carnation Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 70615, October 28, 1986

3. Offenses penalized under the Labor Code and its IRR (Labor Code, Art. 305 [290]) [“offense”
contemplated refers to “illegal acts penalized under the Labor Code, including committing any
of the prohibited activities during strikes or lockouts, unfair labor practices, and illegal
recruitment activities”]
§ Arriola v. Pilipino Star Ngayon, Inc., G.R. No. 175689, August 13, 2014
§ Republic v. NLRC (Third Division), G.R. No. 174747, March 9, 2016

4. ULPs (Labor Code, Arts. 305, par. 2 [290], in relation to 258 [247])
§ University of Santo Tomas Faculty Union v. University of Santo Tomas, G.R. No.
203957, July 30, 2014

5. Illegal Recruitment

5.1. Overseas Employment (RA 8042, S12)

5.2. Local Employment (Labor Code, Arts. 38 & 290 [305])

§ People v. Duque, G.R. No. 100285, August 13, 1992

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