TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS:

1. Hauled Container System (HCS)

2. Stationary Container System (SCS)

1. HCS:
- Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and returned to
original location or some other location
- Suitable for areas where higher waste generation
- Types:
● Hoist truck : 2 - 10 m3
● Tilt frame container: 10 - 40 m3 -
● Trash trailer - for heavy, bulky rubbish (construction,
commercial, usually open top container);
● 2 crew per vehicle.
Haul container system (conventional system)
HCS exchange container mode
TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS (Cont.)

2. SCS:

- the container used to store waste remain at the point of

generation; except when moved to curb or other location to
be emptied.
- Types include:

- Mechanically-loaded system

- Manually-loaded collection vehicle(more common).

- Used for residential/commercial sites.

- Vehicle w/ internal compaction mechanism or un-compacted

(open top lorry - side loaded.
Stationary container system
 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
Analysis of haul container system
1. Pick up time in HCS Phcs = time spent picking up the loaded
container +time spent in unloading the empty
container+time spent in reach to next container
2. Haulage time h hcs_= time to move from collection st to
disposal site + time to reach same or next st. to return
container
3. at site S = time required for waiting to unload waste at TS
and DS +time required to unload the waste

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Off route time , W

= time spent on activities that are non productive from the
point of view of the overall collection operation
Off route time may be Unavoidable and avoidable
Un Avoidable off route time are:
checking in and out in the station
time lost in unavoidable congestion
time spent on equipment repairs. Maintenance, etc
Avoidable off route time includes
unauthorized tea breaks , lunch
talking with friends and likewise activities

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Pickup time per trip (hr/ trip)

⚫ Phcs = Pc+ Uc+dbc
⚫ Where Pc= time required to pickup loaded container, hr/trip
⚫ Uc= time required for unloading empty container, hr/trip
⚫ dbc= time required to drive between two container location
⚫ Total time required per trip Speed a b
⚫ Thcs =Phcs +s+h
km/ hr Hr/trip Hr/km
⚫ S= at site time hr/trip
88 0.016 0.011
⚫ h = round trip haul time = a+bx
72 0.022 0.014
⚫ a= empirical haul constant, hr/trip
56 0.034 0.018
⚫ b = empirical haul constant, hr/km
40 0.060 0.025
⚫ x= round trip haul distance, km/trip
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Number of trips per day Nd

⚫ Nd *Thcs =[(1-W)H-(t1 +t2 )
⚫ w= off route factor (expressed as a fraction 0.1 to 0.25
⚫ H= length of work days hr/day
⚫ t1= time for garage to first container location, hr
⚫ t2= time for last container location to garage, hr
⚫ number of trip can be compare with waste generation relation
Nd= (Vd /c*f)
Where
Vd= average daily quantity of waste collected m3 / d
C= average container size m3 /trip
f = weighted average container utilization factor
(volume actual filled/ volume of container)
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
Representative data to use for computing equipment
Time required to
empty content of
loaded container
h/trip
Time required to pick up loaded container
and to deposit empty container h/trip
Collection data Pc+Uc At site time
vehicle Loading method Compaction ratio

HCS

Hoist truck Mechanical 0.067 0.053

Tilt frame Mechanical 0.40 0.127

Tilt frame mechanical 2-4 0.40 0.133

SCS
Compactor Mechanical 2-2.5 0.008 -0.05 0.10

compactor mechanical 2-2.5 0.10

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Haul time and constant

⚫ In HCS pickup time and at site time are relatively constant
⚫ Haul time is mainly depends to distance and speed of vehicle
⚫ Therefore haul time can be improve by improving speed and reducing
distance to be travelled

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 Chapter
Chapter III III : Collection,
: Collection, transfer
transfer and
and transport
transport

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ In scs the container is not moved , the waste is loaded to

collection vehicles at site of collection leaving the container
as it is
⚫ It is more suitable for small quantity waste with small
container
⚫ for mechanically loaded collection vehicles
⚫ Tscs =Pscs+s+h
⚫ S= at site time hr/trip
⚫ h = round trip haul time = a+bx
⚫ a = empirical haul constant, hr/trip
⚫ b = empirical haul constant, hr/km
⚫ x= round trip haul distance, km/trip
⚫
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Pick up time per trip hr/trip

⚫ Pscs = ct *Uc+(np -1)* dbc
⚫ Ct =no containers emptied per trip ; containers per trip
⚫ Uc = average unloading time per stationary container;
hr/container
⚫ Np =no of container pickup locations per trip; location/ trip
⚫ dbc = average time spent driving between container location;
hr/ location
⚫

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ From waste generation relation:

⚫ Ct * c*f = V*r
⚫ Ct = v*r/c*f
⚫ v=Volume of collection vehicles ; m3
⚫ r= compaction ratio
⚫ c = container volume; m3 /container
⚫ f= weighted container utilization factor (volume actual filled/volume of container)
⚫ The number of trips required per day can be estimated by using the
equation as follows:
⚫ Nd =(Vd /v*r)
Vd= average daily quantity of waste collected m3 / d
C= average container size m3 /trip
Time required per day taking in to account the off-route factor W, can be expressed as
follows:
H= [(t1 + t2 )+ (Nd *Tscs )]/ (1-W)

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ For manually loaded collection

⚫ For number of pick up location per trip, np
np =60* Pscs * n/tp location/trip
n = no. of collection crew
tp = avg.pickup time per pickup locations; collector-minute/location
tp = dbc+k1 cn + k2 (PRH)
dbc = avg. time spent driving between container locations hr/ location
cn = avg. no of containers in each location
k1 =constant related to the pickup time per container, min/container
k2 =constant related to the time required to collect the waste from the
back-yard of a residence , min/PRH
PRH = rear-of-house pickup location, %
For two –member crew, pickup time may be calculated by
tp = 0.72 + 0.18C + 0.014 (PRH)
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

Labour requirement for manual curbside collection using a

person crew
Average no containers and /or Pickup time , collector –min /
boxes per pickup location location
1 or 2 0.50-0.60
3 or more or unlimited services 0.92

If the number of pick up locations per trip is known , the proper size of
collection vehicles can than be estimated as follows

v= vp * np /r
v= volume of collection vehicles ; m3 / trip
Vp = volume of SW collected per pickup location ; m3 / locations
np = number of pickup locations per trip ; locations/ trip
R = compactions ratio

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Calculation of vehicle operating cost
⚫ Cost of collection is made up of
⚫ Labour cost necessary to load the refuse on the collection vehicles
⚫ Expense of operating vehicles
Labour cost
◦ cost of driver + collection workers
◦ Remuneration + allowances
◦ Overtime + other payments
◦ PF leaves + other facilities

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

⚫ Calculation of vehicle operating cost

⚫ Operating cost
⚫ The factors affecting the operating cost of refuse collection system
are
◦ Initial cost of refuse vehicles
◦ Effective life of vehicles
◦ Current interest rate on capital
◦ Operation and maintenance cost of the vehicles
◦ Average quantity of refuse collected per trip
◦ No of collection trips per day /month/ year
◦ Average total mileage travelled per collection trip or year
◦ The operating cost on a single truck basis may be expressed by means of the
following mathematical expression;
◦ Total operating cost per year per truck = annual depreciation+ average annual
interest + operation and maintenance per year

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Calculation of vehicle operating cost
⚫ Cost of collection is made up of
⚫ Labour cost necessary to load the refuse on the collection vehicles
⚫ Expense of operating vehicles
Labour cost
◦ cost of driver + collection workers
◦ Remuneration + allowances
◦ Overtime + other payments
◦ PF leaves + other facilities

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport

Typical values for haul constant coefficient a and b

speed
a b
limit

km / hr h/trip h/km

88.00 0.016 0.011

72.00 0.022 0.014
56.00 0.034 0.018
40.00 0.050 0.025

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in a large

containers , some of which will be used in conjunction with
stationery compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar park it is
estimated that the average time to drive from garage to first
container and from last container to garage each day will be 15 and
20 min. respectively. If the average time required to drive between
containers is 6 minutes and the one way distance to the disposal
site is 25 km speed limit 88 km /h ; determine the number of
containers that can be emptied per day length of working day 8 hrs.
take haulage constant , a=0.016,b=0.011 and at site time=0.133 : Pc
+ Uc = 0.4 hr/trip ( given in table)
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 2

⚫ What is the compactor size required for a mechanically loaded stationery

container system from a residential community with following details;
a. Containers size (C) = 0.5 m3
b. Container utilization factors = 0.7
c. Average no of containers in each station= 8
d. Collection vehicles compaction ratio =2
e. Container unloading time UC =0.05hr min
f. one way haul distance = 30 km
g. Speed limit =88 km
h. Length of workday H = 8 hr
i. Average driving time between the containers = 0.1hr
j. t1 = .33hr; t2 = .25 hr
k. No of trip to disposal site per day = 2
l. Take haul time constant a= 0.016 hr/trip; b= 0.011hr/km
m.
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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 3

⚫ How many hoist truck , capacity and number of trips needed for a
community from following details;
a. Location =24
b. Containers size (C) = 6 m3
c. Pickup time =4 min
d. Container unloading time UC = 2 min
e. At site time =5min
f. one way haul distance = 6 km
g. Haulage constant 0.05, hr/trip and b= 0.025hr/km
h. Length of workday H = 8 hr
i. Average driving time between the containers = 10 min
j. T1 = 20 min; t2 = 40 min
k. Off route factor = 15%
l. There are availability of hoist truck from 4.6 cum to 9.2 cum

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ What is the compactor size required to haul waste from a residential

community with following details;
a. Containers size (C) = 0.24 m3
b. Container utilization factors = 0.75
c. Average no of containers in each station= 2
d. Collection vehicles compaction ratio = 2.5
e. Container unloading time UC =5 min
f. Two way haul distance x = 30 km
g. Speed limit =40 km
h. Length of workday H = 8 hr
i. Average driving time between the containers = 6 min
j. T1 = 15 min; t2 = 15 min
k. No of trip to disposal site per day = 2

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example

Design a residential MSW collection system for curbside collection service

with 1000 single family dwellings using rear loading trucks with two person crew to load
manually. Determine the size of collection vehicle required with following data;
a. Average no of residents per pick up location = 5
b. Family size =5
c. Density of MSW as discarded = 250 kg/m3
d. Container size = 360 litre
e. Collection vehicle compaction ratio = 2.5
f. Collection frequency = 1/week
g. No of trips per day =2
h. Round trip haul distance = 40 km
i. Travel time to 1st location = 0.2 hr
j. Travel time from disposal site to garage = 0.3 hr
k. Off route factor = 0.2
l. Length of work day H = 8 hr.
m. Haul time constants a= 0.016 hr/trip ; b= 0.028 hr/km
n. at site time =0.1 hr/trip
o. PRH = 5%
p. Ct = 122 ; waste generation = 0.5 kg/day 27
 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example

Compute the break even haul distance between a direct haul system and a transfer
station operation with the following properties;
1. Direct haul system uses 4 m3 skips
2. Cost of operation of skip vehicles =rs 9/m3 -km
3. The transfer station TS uses 20 m3 transfer trailer
4. The cost of operation of tractor trailer = rs. 3.5 / m3 - km
5. Initial investment in TS (for building, equipments, facilities)= rs . 35000000
6. Useful life of of TS = 20 years
7. Interest rate = 10 %
8. cost of operation and maintenance of TS = rs 500000/ yr.
9. Volume of waste handled = 400000 m3
10. If the average two way distance to disposal site is 15 km , what would be the
amount of money savede annually by using TS?

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

30
 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

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 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

32
 Chapter III : Collection, transfer and transport
⚫ Example 1

⚫ Solid waste from a hotel is collected by HCS basis using hoist truck
. Time taken to reach the first container site to from the garage is
30 minutes and to garage from the last location is 45 min. if the
average time required to drive between containers is 5 minute. And
one way distance to the disposal site is 20 km (speed limit 40
kmph) ; determine number of containers that can be emptied per
day based on 8 hr/ day working schedule. What would be the
amount of waste that can be collected in a day by this truck if the
4 m3 containers are in an average 75 % full.

33