AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL POWER ENG. DEPT.

MEP492 - Mechanical Power Graduation Project (2)

Green Hydrogen Production From Brackish Water

by Water Desalination For Alkaline Electrolysis
Presented By TEAM P3

NAME CODE
Presented To
Ibrahim Ezzelden Ibrahim 1805468
Mohamed Salah Hamdy 18T9033 Dr. Adel B. El- Shabasy
Mostafa Ismail Ahmed 1900167 Dr. Mostafa Abdel khalik
Mohamed khalid Mohamed 1701188
Dr. Adham Abd Elkader
Kareem Magdy Ahmed 1601007 Dr. Ghada Abd-Al zaher
Amira Osama Ahmed 1901674 Dr. Ashraf Mustafa
Nada Mahmoud Elsayed 18T5261
Omar Essam Bakr 1900944 27 June 2024
1
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Final Presentation Team P3

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Outlines
1. Introduction

2. Survey

3. Methodology

4. Results & Discussion

5. Cost estimation

6. Waste Disposal

7. Conclusion & Recommendations

Final Presentation Team P3

3 1. Introduction
1.1. Recap
1.1.1. Problem definition Source: Climate change and coronavirus: Five charts about the biggest
carbon crash
Greenhouse gases

Figure 2. Water Resources

Figure.1 CO2 Emissions
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1. Introduction
1.1. Recap
1.1.2. Color of Hydrogen
These colors indicate different
hydrogen production methods
and different sources

➢ the transition to clean and

sustainable energy.

Figure 3. color of hydrogen Indicates the method of its production

Source:CIC Energi Gune
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1. Introduction
1.1. Recap
1.1.3. Water Desalination
❑ What is Water Desalination ?
❑ Water Desalination Ways:
➢ Ion Exchange Figure 4. Desalination Process Ranges
➢ Electro-Dialysis
➢ Reverse Osmosis ( RO )
➢ Distillation

Source: Curto D, Franzitta V, Guercio A. A Review of the

Water Desalination Technologies. Applied Sciences. 20212 Figure 5. Desalination Plants
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1. Introduction
1.1. Recap ❑ Our Goal To build Water Desalination
System leading to reach 10 ppm from
1.1.4. Goal 44500 ppm

Figure 6. Old System Layout

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1. Introduction
1.1. Recap
1.1.5. Obstacle
➢ High Pressure Required
➢ High Cost
➢ Pretreatment is must
➢ Waste Disposal
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1. Introduction
1.2. New Project
1.2.1. New Goal
❑ Sample 3 is Chosen
➢ TDS Ranges from 1560
to 1650 ppm
➢ Pretreatment is minimal

❑ Our Goal To build Water

Desalination System leading to
reach 10 ppm from 1650 ppm

Figure 7. Sekum Samples

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2. Survey
Reducing the specific energy use of -seawater desalination
with thermally enhanced reverse osmosis
Conclusion
1-Heating seawater before desalination using reverse
osmosis (RO) can significantly reduce energy use (up to
33% for brackish water) at 20 to 50°C.
2-However, the energy required to heat the water must be
taken into account, reducing the overall savings to 12-
18%.

3- Achieving these savings requires the use of highly

efficient heat pumps and heat exchangers to recycle
thermal energy.

Source: ScienceDirect
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2. Survey
Performance evaluation of a brackish water reverse osmosis
pilot-plant desalination process under different operating
conditions.

Conclusion
1-This study tested a brackish water RO system's
performance under varying pressure and salinity.

2-Higher pressure increased water and salt rejection, with

the best results (98.8% rejection) at 13 bar.

3-Pressure also boosted water recovery and lowered

permeate salinity (73.3% reduction at 13 bar).

4-Importantly, the water permeability constant is affected

by factors like pressure, salinity, recovery, and
temperature.
Source: ScienceDirect
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3. Methodology
3.1. System Concepts
2 Stages RO System is chosen to reduce water
consumption to provide 2 cycles of water
desalination

Cycle 1 Cycle 2

Figure 8. System Cycles

Figure 9. System Stages

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3. Methodology
3.2 RO Membrane Kw (Membrane Permeability Coeff. Of water)
Theoretical Calculations Calculations
For 1st stage, BW30-4040 membrane is used while for 2nd stage, RO-4040-FF membrane is
TDS Calculations used
As for TDS Permeate Calculations, as we have 2 cycles, 2 ❖ No. of times for Kw Calculations = 2 times
stage per each cycle
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠(1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
❖ No. of times for TDS Permeate Calculations = 22 = 4 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 =
1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦
times Thumb Rule: 0.8 bar is Required For 1000 mg/L
Q Perme𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜋𝑓𝑠 = 𝑋 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ∗ (
0.8
)
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 = 1000
Q Feed water 0.8
𝜋𝑐𝑠 = 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ∗
1000
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠 − 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝜋𝑓𝑠 + 𝜋𝑐𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑠 =
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠 2
𝜋𝑝𝑠 = 0.01 ∗ 𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠(1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) ∆𝜋𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑠 − 𝜋𝑝𝑠
𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑁𝐷𝑃𝑆
1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝑃 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 − ( + ∆𝜋𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑋 𝐴𝐹𝐶 = 2
2 + P Permeable Standards)
➢ X Permeate = 𝐴𝐹𝐶 1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑄 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
Flux (J) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Source: Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Assessment and Pre-treatment 𝐽
of Fouling and Scaling , SERGIO G. SALINAS-RODRÍGUEZ JAN C. SCHIPPERS GARY L. ➢ 𝐾𝑤 = 𝑁𝐷𝑃𝑆
AMY IN S. KIM MARIA D. KENNEDY, ISBN 9781780409856
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3. Methodology
3.2 RO Membrane
Theoretical Calculations Cycle Overview
Feed Pressure Required Mass Balance
As for Feed Pressure Required Calculations, as we have 2 𝑄𝑃1 + 𝑄𝑃2 = 𝑄𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
cycles, 2 stage per each cycle
❖ No. of times for TDS Permeate Calculations = 22 Salt Balance
= 4 times
𝑄 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑃1 𝑋𝑃1 + 𝑄𝑃2 𝑋𝑃2 = 𝑄𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑋𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Average Flux (Javg) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐽𝑎𝑣𝑔 Overall Stage Recovery
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝐷𝑃 =
𝐾𝑤 𝑄𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 2
Thumb Rule: 0.8 bar is Required For 1000 mg/L R= 𝑄𝐹
0.8
𝜋𝑓 = 𝑋 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∗ ( )
1000 Overall System Recovery
0.8
𝜋𝑐 = 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗ ( )
1000 𝑉𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙2
𝜋𝑓𝑐 =
𝜋𝑓 + 𝜋𝑐 R= 𝑉𝐹
2
𝜋𝑝 = 0.01 ∗ 𝜋𝑓𝑐
∆𝜋𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜋𝑓𝑐 − 𝜋𝑝
Source: Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Assessment and Pre-treatment of
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
•Feed Pressure Required = NDP + Fouling and Scaling , SERGIO G. SALINAS-RODRÍGUEZ JAN C. SCHIPPERS GARY L. AMY IN
2
S. KIM MARIA D. KENNEDY, ISBN 9781780409856
+ ∆𝜋𝑎𝑣𝑔 + P Permeate
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3. Methodology
3.2 RO Membrane
Theoretical Calculations
For 1st Cycle Stage 1 Stage 2
QP Total 1 = 0.139 +0.09= 0.229 m3/hr Feed Permeate 1 Concentrate Feed Permeate 2 Concentrate
XP Total 1=75 ppm Q (m3/hr) 0.74 0.139 0.601 0.09 0.511
TDS (ppm) 1650 50 2020.05 100 2358.22
Feed Pressure Req. Total = 7.838 bar
Feed Pressure Req. 4.296 3.524
R = 30.55% (bar)
“All Pressures are gages”

For 2nd Cycle Stage 1 Stage 2

Feed Permeate 1 Concentrate Feed Permeate 2 Concentrate
“All Pressures are gages”
QP Total 2 = 0.27 +0.17 = 0.44 m3/hr Q (m3/hr) 0.74 0.27 0.17 0.3
0.47
XP Total 2 =7 ppm
TDS (ppm) 70 2 117 15 175
Feed Pressure Req. Total = 9.677 bar
R = 59.46% Feed Pressure Req. 6.177 3.5
(bar)

❖ RRsystem = VP2 / VF = 30 Litre / 148 Litre = 20.27%

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3. Methodology
3.3 RO Membrane By
Wave
For 1st Cycle For 2nd Cycle
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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype
❑ Consists of
➢ Tanks (Feed, Brine, Permeate)
➢ Pretreatment system (Cartridge Filter)
➢ Pumps
➢ Main Treatment system (2 RO Membranes)
➢ Gauges
➢ Valves & Pipelines

Figure 10. System Schematic Diagram

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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype

Figure 11. System Side View Figure 12. System Elevation View
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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype
3.4.1 Tanks

Feed Tank Brine Tank Permeate Tank

Max Capacity = 1000 L Max Capacity = 220 L Max Capacity = 220 L
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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype
3.4.2. Pumps
Pump1: MA 1000 1 (1~ Phase /1kW/ Self Priming Pump)
Company: ASER (Italy)

Pump Selection Pump Curve

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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype
3.4.2. Pumps
Pump2: BG11(1~ Phase /1kW/ Self Priming Pump)
Company: EGYPT

Pump Selection Pump Curve

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3. Methodology
3.4. Prototype
3.4.3. Cartridge Filter
QFeed = 0.74 m3/hr

Cartridge Filter Dimensions:

Φ11.43 cm x 53 cm Height

Cartridge Filter Selection

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3. Methodology
3.3. Prototype
3.4.4. RO Membranes

RO Membrane Selection RO Membrane Selection

RO Membrane: BW30-4040 RO Membrane: RO-4040-FF
Company: FilmTec Company: FilmTec
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3. Methodology
3.3. Prototype
3.4.4. RO Membranes

RO Membrane Datasheets
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24 4. Results & Discussion

4.1 RO Membrane Theoretical Calculations
For 1st Cycle Stage 1 Stage 2
QP Total 1 = 0.139 +0.09= 0.229 m3/hr Feed Permeate 1 Concentrate Feed Permeate 2 Concentrate
XP Total 1=75 ppm Q (m3/hr) 0.74 0.139 0.601 0.09 0.511
TDS (ppm) 1650 50 2020.05 100 2358.22
Feed Pressure Req. Total = 7.838 bar
Feed Pressure Req. 4.296 3.524
R = 30.55% (bar)
“All Pressures are gages”

For 2nd Cycle Stage 1 Stage 2

Feed Permeate 1 Concentrate Feed Permeate 2 Concentrate
“All Pressures are gages”
QP Total 2 = 0.27 +0.17 = 0.44 m3/hr Q (m3/hr) 0.74 0.27 0.47 0.17 0.3
XP Total 2 =7 ppm TDS (ppm) 70 2 117 15 175
Feed Pressure Req. Total = 9.677 bar Feed Pressure Req. 6.177 3.5
R = 59.46% (bar)

❖ RRsystem = VP2 / VF = 30 Litre / 148 Litre = 20.27%

 4. Results and discussion
25
4.2 Wave Results

For 1st Cycle

For 2nd Cycle

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26 4. Results & Discussion

4.3 Practical Results
4.3.1. System vs Valve out Opening TDS vs. Valve out Opening
3000

❑ Inputs
2500
TDS Feed = 2100 ppm
Valve In is Fully Open
2000

1500
❑ Results
V out 1/4 open is the best position for lower TDS 1000
Permeate
At V out 3/4 open, no permeate is produced 500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

TDS Permeate Vout 1/4 Open TDS Permeate Vout 1/2 Open
TDS Brine Vout 1/4 Open TDS Brine Vout 1/2 Open
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27 4. Results & Discussion

4.3 Practical Results TDS Permeate
4.3.2. 1 Stage vs 2 Stages Performance 900
TDS Permeate 800
700
1200

TDS (ppm)
600
1000 500
400
TDS (ppm)

800 300
600 200
100
400 0
200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0 Time (sec)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (sec) Vin 1/4 Open Vin 1/2 Open
Vin 3/4 Open Vin Fully Open
Vin 1/4 Open Vin 1/2 Open Vin 3/4 Open Vin Fully Open
TDS Brine TDS Brine
5000 3000
4500
2500
4000

TDS (ppm)
3500 2000
TDS (ppm)

3000
1500
2500
2000 1000
1500
1000 500
500 0
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Vin 1/4 Open Vin 1/2 Open
Vin 1/4 Open Vin 1/2 Open Vin 3/4 Open Vin Fully Open
Vin 3/4 Open Vin Fully Open
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28 4. Results & Discussion

4.3 Practical Results
4.3.3. System Results
❑ Inputs
TDS Feed = 1650 ppm
Valves are 1/4 Open

For 1st Cycle For 2nd Cycle

System Performance
“All Pressures are gages” “All Pressures are gages” System Performance
2000
Pin Pout Pin Pout Pin Pout Pin Pout 1800
Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 1600
Stage 2 Stage 2 1400
(bar) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar) (bar)

TDS (ppm)
(bar) (bar) 1200
6 5.8 2.8 2.6 6.2 6 2.8 2.6 1000
800
Feed Permeate Concentr
Feed Permeate Conce 600
ate ntrate 400
Q 0.733 0.416 0.3 200
Q 0.74 0.226 0.511 0
(m3/hr) (m3/hr) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
TDS 1650 75 1745 75 7 195 Time (sec)
TDS
(ppm)
(ppm)
TDS Permeate TDS Brine
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29 4. Results & Discussion

4.4 MATLAB Results
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30 4. Results & Discussion

4.4 Comparison
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31 4. Results & Discussion

4.6 Power and Energy Consumption
Power Consumed
P=0.707×V×I= 0.707×220×9.7= 1508.738 W
1508.738
P per 1L permeate = =50.291 WൗLiter of permeate
30

Energy Consumed
12 + 4
E=0.707×V×I×t =0.707×220×9.7× = 402.33 Whr
60
402.33
E per 1L permeate = =13.411 W.hrൗLiter of permeate
30

Energy Cost
Energy Consumed per month = 13.411×30 = 0.402 kWhൗLiter of permeate. 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
Cost per 1L permeate = 0.83×0.402= 0.334 LEൗLiter of permeate (Grid)
= 4.93×0.402 = 1.98 LEൗLiter of permeate (Wind)
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32 5. Cost Estimation
Components Cost (L.E) QTY.
RO membrane 2800 1
RO vessel 3200 1
Pumps 1200 2
Cartridge filter 570 1
Tanks 2850
Pressure Gage 600 4
Total 11220
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33 6. Waste Disposal

➢ Waste rejected from the desalination station

act as 69.05% of feed water with TDS of 1745

ppm (Light Brackish)

➢ It can be disposed of in more than one way:

• Sewage .

• used in growing some plants such as beets.

Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347282787_Hazardous_Wa Figure13. Waste Disposal
ste_Management/figures?lo=1
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34 7.Conclusion & Recommendations

 Using Original Membranes .
 Using Variable Frequency Driver To control the pumps.
 Using Pressure Exchanger .
 Post Treatment for The Rejection of second Cycle to make it potable.
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Questions ?
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Thank you