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Lesson 2

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12 views2 pages

Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Dwayne Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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02A Lesson Proper for Week 2

I. Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us About Ourselves?


§ Spotlight effect - Concerned with the impression we make on others; we tend
to believe that others are paying more attention to us than they are.
§ Illusion of Transparency - We also tend to believe that our emotions are more
obvious than they are.

II. Self-Concept: Who Am I?


§ Self-esteem is the overall sense of self-worth we use to appraise our traits
and abilities.
§ Our self-concepts are determined by multiple influences, including the roles
we play, the comparisons we make, our social identities, how we perceive
others appraising us, and our experiences of success and failure.
§ Self-esteem motivation influences our cognitive processes: Facing failure,
high-self-esteem people sustain their self-worth by perceiving other people as
failing, too, and by exaggerating their superiority over others.
§ Although high self-esteem is generally more beneficial than low, researchers
have found that people high in both self-esteem and narcissism are the most
aggressive. Someone with a big ego who is threatened or deflated by social
rejection is potentially aggressive.
§ Self-efficacy is the belief that one is effective and competent and can do
something. Unlike high self-esteem, high self-efficacy is consistently linked to
success.

III. What is Self-Serving Bias


§ Self-serving bias - The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
§ Self-serving attributions - A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to
attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
§ We exhibit unrealistic optimism about our futures.
§ We overestimate the commonality of our opinion and foibles (false
consensus) while underestimating the commonality of our abilities and virtues
(false uniqueness).
§ Such perceptions arise partly from a motive to maintain and enhance self-
esteem—a motive that protect people from depression but contributes to
misjudgment and group conflict.
§ Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it allows us to savor the good things
that happen in our lives. When bad things happen, however, self-serving bias
can have the maladaptive effect of causing us to blame others.

IV. Self-presentation
§ As social animals, we adjust our words and actions to suit our audiences. To
varying degrees, we note our performance and adjust it to create the
impressions we desire.
§ Sometimes people self-handicap with self-defeating behaviors that protect
self-esteem by providing excuses for failure.
§ Self-presentation refers to our wanting to present a favorable image both to
an external audience (other people) and to an internal audience (ourselves).
§ People who score high on a scale of self-monitoring adjust their behavior to
each situation, whereas those low in self-monitoring may do so little social
adjusting that they seem insensitive.

V. Self-control
· Self-control is like a muscle: It can get tired when you use it too much.
Willpower requires energy.
§ But self-control can get stronger if it is used more.
§ Improving self-control in one area leads to improvements in others

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